 Principles of guidance and counselling, there are several principles that guide counselling procedures and these need to be kept in mind while we are implementing these programs in schools. When we talk about principles of guidance and counselling, there are very important features such as continuity, assistance, support and respecting individuality. These are some basic principles that need to be safeguarded and need to be implemented in schools. First of all, let's talk about continuity. What does continuity mean to us? Continuity means that we should develop a permanent and permanent relationship with students. We should not consider the issues that the students face as one-off events. When we create permanent relationships with students, when we give them a continuous support system, we consider the students to not only understand the issues, but also solve them together. That is why we are saved from these major issues. These preventive actions are also there which we take with us. This continuous relationship ensures that students do not land into further problems. When it is a question of making a choice, we are there to provide that continuous support system. When it comes to counselling, we are there to provide that continuous counselling support. That is why the principle of continuity is very important. Student also needs to understand that counsellors are there, guides are there who are there to support them. Whenever there is a need, they would refer their problem to the particular counsellor or the teacher who also acts as a counsellor. Apart from this, what is important is the assistance. Now what do we mean by assistance? Assistance helps in the developmental process of individuals. It develops the problem-solving skills of students and it basically enhances the self-discovery process. When we provide a permanent assistance to a student, we develop self-awareness. We are trying to discover ourselves. And that self-discovery is very, very important because through self-discovery, students become reflective. They begin to think about themselves. In this, the process of egocentricism, which is a very natural phenomenon, with small children, it becomes less and less with time. And students realise that they exist in a society of people. And they have to go with a well-fairest attitude. So there, assistance is very useful. It is very important to support with assistance. Giving support, be there all the time for students, that is an important feature. And that must also be respected. We usually see that when students need teachers, either they are very busy, or they are unable to give support at the right time. So there, it is important that students whenever they want to take the support of the teacher, whether the teachers are present or if the counselors are present, they are there to give a permanent support. Now that again is a very important feature and for that, teachers need to be ready all the time. Along with this, which is very important, is respect of individuality. Students are different. They have different issues. They have different academic issues and they have different behavioural issues. So one needs to understand that if there are 20 students in the classroom, they may have 20 different problems. They may have 20 different academic issues and 20 different behavioural issues. We cannot deal with students in one way. We have to respect their individuality and look at their personality to help them. That is why the question of diversity is very important. If we come to the concept of diverse learning in the classroom and we understand that students are diverse learners, we understand them in different ways, we understand them in different ways, then it becomes easy to solve the classroom-based problem. But if we solve the problem in one way, then we will also face difficulties and we will face difficulties for the students. So respect of diversity is extremely important. We should look at the issues of students that is dependent on their domestic backgrounds, the environment from where they come and that needs to be taken in account while we are solving their problems. So these are some principles that must guide and counsel students appropriately and it is very important that we take these things along and fully support them. Stakeholders' position While we are talking about the principles of guidance and counselling, it is very important to determine the stakeholder's position. When we talk about the stakeholder, then who comes into the stakeholders? First of all, there are teachers, parents, students themselves, the community in general, the community in particular and apart from this, the administrative staff and the vice-principals they are all part of the stakeholder's community. But the most important are parents and teachers who have a lot of influence on the student's life. When it comes to stakeholders, the first important thing is that the stakeholders, whether they are teachers or parents, they need to be trained. What does training mean to us? Our training means that teachers need to be prepared to act as counsellors. Parents should also envision their roles not only as that of parents but also as that of being counsellors of their own children. After that, the problem can be solved properly and strongly. Otherwise, the problems they would keep cropping up and they would keep making piles around the student. Those things are wrong. We need to solve the problem and we need to see how the people close to the student have a strong influence on them and how they can be influenced. So, training is very important. Training may need expert advice and where it is needed, there is no harm in getting expert advice. Usually, it is seen that there are very few counsellors in schools. Some schools don't hire counsellors for their services. Where you feel that there is a need for counsellor in a school, keep counsellors there so that an expert advice is available all the time. Because teachers and parents if they get education in counselling, it is a different matter. But they can also have some limitations. It is very important to have expert advice there. What is important is when teachers they need to discover their roles as counsellors. As I said earlier, the people close to the student are either teachers or parents. Primarily, it is the parent and then when a child enters school, it is the teacher. So, both of them should be prepared and well groomed to act as students or their child's counsellor. That is very, very important. If this is not the case, the student is at risk. If parents cannot solve the child's problem then the student stands at risk. It lowers down his or her self-esteem. He or she feels extremely deficient in the psychological manner. Similarly, when a child enters school and enters a classroom, the teacher is in command and teachers need to emerge as a counsellor and provide that supportive role that is required in the classroom. So, becoming a teacher or understanding the student's problem is very important. So, the three people who are students themselves are parents and teachers. These three become a triangle and these are the support systems that provide each other. As I said earlier, self-awareness and the process of self-discovery is very important so that the student himself understands or understands. Similarly, teachers and parents through proper communication channels and through proper support can provide the right kind of advisement to the student. So, student himself or herself together with the support of the parent and the teacher can solve the problems. So, this triangle is very important. Being strong in this triangle is very important. So, apart from this triangle what is important to understand is that the guidance programs have a very important assessment of how these programs work. Their evaluation is very important. Their continuous assessment and yearly evaluation is extremely important to find out if there is a problem that still exists and how can those problems be eliminated and things can enter a reformation stage. So, the evaluation of guidance and counseling programs is very important. Because what is their intention? The intention is the overall development of a student. So, for an all-round development it is very important to train all these stakeholders. And apart from this, it deals with every aspect of life. It is not just a practical act it is also important to take care of all the things. It is also important to train them. And until these stakeholders are not in full command and not fully trained an overall personality development is not possible. Cooperation and flexibility Another very important principle of guidance and counseling is that it requires a lot of cooperation and flexibility. Now, what does cooperation and flexibility mean to us? Cooperation and flexibility means that it applies to all irrespective of gender, class, ethnicity. It applies to everybody. It is not necessary that there are special students who require guidance and counseling. Usually, it is said that these are the issues in the children of special socioeconomic status. These are special children who are across the board. Any child has a problem at any time. Usually, it is said that the children who come out of domestic violence have a lot of issues. It is possible that they have a lot of issues but the children of families who are not victims of domestic violence can also have issues. So one needs to realize that this principle needs to be applied across the board. This principle is something which should not be done in schools. Usually, we target children with a problem when we start labeling them. If we know the child's domestic background and we know that there are domestic issues with the child then we start labeling them without looking at whether they really have a problem or not. So we should see that the problems should be objectively and impartially dealt with. Because if we go with a subjective element then we will have a very prejudiced and biased behavior. We will not deal with things objectively. So the first thing to understand is that flexibility has to be applied. So we need to be very cooperative while we are dealing with students because all students from different backgrounds different socioeconomic status can have different sorts of problems. And those need to be handled in separate manners. So labeling is something which need not be done in the schools. In addition, what is important is that guidance and counselling requires cooperation among persons. Cooperation means that all stakeholders present in the school are very important. For example, if a teacher wants to do something or wants to do something and she is not being supported by the school then guidance and counselling cannot be implemented. So all of us need to be on the same platform while we are dealing with students and that is a very important issue to understand unless all people cooperate, guidance and counselling principles cannot be implemented in schools. So it is very important to have guidance in this as well as the guidance of various stakeholders within the school. As long as the guidance of the parents is not available then the support mechanism cannot be developed So the guidance between the school and the house is extremely important for the successful implementation of guidance and counselling programmes. In addition, what is very important is the element of flexibility. When we talk about guidance and counselling and let's talk about guidance and counselling for the help of students in different schools, then we should tailor-made them. Tailor-made means that every student has specific needs, specific preferences, a few issues related to education related to education you may have to develop a specialised programme. For example, it is not good in Riazi but the rest of the students are fine. For that student, you will design a specific remedial programme. You will tailor-made the programme according to the needs of that student. Similarly, some students have a very low self-esteem. They don't think high of themselves. For them also, you will have to develop specific programmes. It is important to know that guidance and counselling are not applicable at all. To deal with different issues of different students and to develop their programme according to their needs is the right way of implementation. And that needs to be properly thought out and properly planned in the school setting. Self-awareness and dignity of individuals. A very important feature of guidance and counselling is the development of self-awareness among students. Not only that, the dignity of an individual needs to be respected. A very important principle of guidance and counselling is the provision of self-awareness and provision of dignity of the individual. In students, developing self-awareness is a very important act. Because self-awareness is a self-learning process. Through self-awareness, it understands itself. It knows its strengths and weaknesses. It analyzes them. It reflects on them. So this process of reflection is very important. In the educational system, reflection is very important. Analyzing things is very important. Why is something happening? Is there any other way? All these things are very important for students to know. A student needs to be a thinking individual. And one of the ways that we can make students thinking individual is to raise the concept of self-awareness in them. Students have a personal identity. Parents should know this and teachers should know this. Every student in the class has a personal identity and it is very important to respect them. Generally, teachers or parents say why don't you become a student? Why don't you become a student? Students have their own identity. Every student can't be a star performer. Similarly, every student can't be a weak performer. Keeping in mind the individual differences that students bring with themselves, it is important to respect the dignity of the individual. That is why we say that self-awareness itself and students should know this well. Because what happens with this? Students know themselves better or know. Because knowing yourself is very important. What am I? What is my personality? What are my strengths? What are my weaknesses? Because your strengths and weaknesses help you in making choices. For example, if I am not I should not be the part of a cricket team. I should give the opportunity to others. But if I think that I should be a part of that team whether I play or not then this is wrong. When you have self-awareness then you will give the opportunity to others. So knowing yourself and your strengths and weaknesses is very important. If I know that I am a good writer then I will invest my energy in being a good writer. Then I would not for example, waste my time in being an artist. Because I do not have skills there. My skills are in writing. So that is why it is extremely important for teachers and parents to develop the concept of self-awareness in students. Apart from this self-awareness the benefit of this is that students know themselves better and then their actions are different. They are not trying to be a star performer because they know their weaknesses and strengths. They are not investing their energy in those works which will not benefit them. So that is an important principle or the championship is in some other area. And there the proper investment is necessary. So the other important issue is to respect the individuality of people. Dignity of individuals need to be respected. In a class we need to respect our students and we need to develop the dignity of individuality in students. They should respect themselves also. I should respect my own self because if I respect myself I will respect others also. So this is another important concept that needs to be inculcated among students. Dignity and respect both are important principles. Apart from this the important issue is personal attitudes. The building of personal attitudes among students because they are based on students' perceptions. Students sometimes have low self-esteem, sometimes have high self-esteem and that is dependent on the kind of perception that they have. So it is all a matter of development of feelings. Feelings and behaviour have a very deep relationship because thoughts create feelings. When you think the feelings are created in you. Feelings they determine human behaviour and the human behaviour reinforces your thoughts. So this is a cyclical process and that needs to be respected and needs to be inculcated among students. Student focused Another very important principle of guidance and counselling is that guidance and counselling they are always student focused. Both guidance and counselling they have student at the centre. Student focused means when we talk about guidance and counselling then the student is the centre of attention. Our aim is to centralise the problem to the student and to keep the student in the centre and to find the solution to the student's point of view. So it is a problem which is solved keeping the student. The individuality of the student is very important in this regard. Students' difficulties is the main feature and those difficulties are handled keeping in mind the personality of a student. This is very important. If we are looking for a generic solution then the generic solution is that we cannot go towards a specific solution. If a student has a problem and you have found a solution then it is not necessary to find the solution along with a different student. If you are student focused then keep every student in front of you and keep the specific needs in front of you. So respect of individuality as we mentioned is very important and concentration on the student and the specific difficulties are also very important to keep in front of you. Because generic solutions are not there. They are specific solutions if we want to talk on the practical or the practical then every student has different academic standards or behavioural activities are different. Apart from this the effectiveness that is determined by the student's readiness to accept change. Is the student ready to bring change and is the counselor prepared to bring change so the readiness needs to be there. And readiness can only be created when a continuous relationship with the students is maintained. Parents and teachers triangle is very important that support system that proper communication system is very important because that will bring the readiness to make change. If the student knows that the people of Irdgirt think about me or if they feel that they will bring change. That again is a very important part of principal of guidance and counseling. Apart from this how does change readiness come? Change readiness comes from two things. First is the commitment to change and second is the capability to change. If the student has the commitment to change then he will have will or conviction he will want to change himself or he will want to. And if the capability of change is there then the individual skills and enablers will come forward. This means that skill will be developed and then it will be enabled. Then that thing will come forward objectively and you will see change. So change readiness it is dependent on the commitment of the student to change and the capability to change. If there is a commitment that there is no capability if there is no commitment then change cannot come. To bring change commitment and capability both are necessary. Along with this counseling effectiveness is a very important thing in relationship with the counselor. One has to have a good relationship with the counselor. If you do not have a good relationship with the counselor then there is no chance of change. Because good relationship with the counselor that basically determines that readiness is there and change will come within a stipulated time because a counselor knows the student has been working with the student has been providing the required support to the student so the readiness, the commitment and the capability are nourished and change will come. Either it is a behavioral change or an academic change that will come but it will take time. Gold directed and confidential another principle of guidance and counseling is that it is always a gold directed activity. It is not only a gold directed activity it is a confidential activity. When we talk about gold directed it means that any student's action counseling is done when we face a goal. Whether it is an academic action or a behavioral action we take it towards a proper goal. For example if a student is weak in a language so we are basically constructing a remedial program for the student so that a student reaches a particular goal. So what we do is that we have specific objectives for that students. Every day we have certain outcomes learning outcomes for the student so that he or she reaches a particular goal at the end of say six weeks or a quarter of a year or maybe six months. So an important principle to be discussed and to be implemented is that guidance and counseling is always corrected. And its orientation is necessary for the student. With that counseling activity if it is done the student should know that it has a particular purpose. And the purpose is that after a period of a few weeks or a few months a student should be able to reach this particular point. And that is why we hold remedial programs that is we offer assistance to students so that they enter into a kind of commitment with the counselor that they would meet a particular goal within this particular time. So this being a goal oriented activity is very important. Another very important feature of guidance and counseling is that it is confidential. Student or counselor who can be teacher, parent or principal or any other administrative staff can have a relationship with the student. But this does not mean that it should be communicated to other people as well. If there is a problem with the student and it is a behavioral issue so that is a confidential activity. If you are working with a student with a particular behavior then do not discuss it with other students. It is usually seen that the students' behaviors and their academic activities are being discussed loudly in the staff room. And if the students listen to what is going on then they blow it out more. The problem of the students is that it is important to keep them clean. Because again the dignity that needs to be maintained. Self esteem, a student has dignity, a student has respect and that needs to be maintained and properly taken care of. Usually we do not bring this up and we openly discuss the students. The students who have some domestic issues do not need to discuss those domestic issues in the staff room. If a particular student has confided in you and discussed his or her domestic issues with you in the future then it is not important that you make it a public affair. That needs to be respected. And if you have to bring it better in the student and better in his behavior then it is even more important to respect his or her dignity. If a student has confided in you so please, maintain that kind of a relationship with a student whereby a student does not feel ashamed in any way. So these two things are very important and the privacy of a student is a key feature. Because students have different issues and those issues should not be public. The first thing is that we should be goal oriented. And if there are such issues that need to be discussed then the relevant people should be discussed with them. Not everyone should be discussed. Even if they are discussing it then it is very important to maintain the element of confidentiality. Because if the children get to know or anyone that their issues are being discussed then they feel very low. It lowers down their self-esteem and we need to work on building the self-esteem of a student not to limit it down. That is very important to understand and that is a key feature of guidance and counselling. Empathetic understanding Another key feature of guidance and counselling is that a counsellor should be an empathetic listener and an empathetic performer as well. The principles of guidance and counselling that we talk about a common thread that runs is a social and emotional aspect of human behaviour. Empathy is an important part of it. When we talk about empathetic understanding, it means that a counsellor is an empathetic listener. He listens to the student with all his attention and tries to solve his problem. Empathetic understanding means that students and counsellors they not only enjoy a good relationship but socially and emotionally they also fully understand each other. Before moving on we need to talk in detail about empathy. When we talk about empathy empathy is a very huge concept. Empathy means that it is the power of understanding and imaginatively entering into another person's feelings. This means that if I am feeling something then you should think how will you feel? If I am traumatised then you should think if I go through a similar trauma then what will happen to me? This is what empathy is. Because if you put yourself in another person's shoes you understand what another person feels. And in that decision making helps and in that it genuinely creates a feeling of solving. Similarly, in empathy you identify yourself with others and try to understand their feelings and motives. Empathy is a very broad concept and sometimes empathy and sympathy are correlated. However, they are different. Sympathy is that you feel sorry for the person but empathy is that you enter into the life and you try to portray yourself as that somebody and try to feel the same. In that, it happens that we try to solve the problem with the proper feelings of the counsellor. In addition what are the levels of empathy? There are two levels of empathy. The first level is called primary empathy. Primary empathy means that you respond to the student that you are listening to him and understanding his feelings. The primary empathy is that you try to understand the student. You try to understand the problem of the student completely which means that you have to be a patient listener and you have to provide a continuous support system so that you are in line with the problems that the student is facing. That is the first level of empathy. In addition the empathy the primary purpose is listening. We have already talked about this and we have seen that counsellor is a patient listener and along with that you give counsellor proper attention but in this the importance of listening is very important. You can only give attention when you listen to him and genuinely listen to him and try to solve his problem. So this is the first level of empathy. The second level of empathy is what we call advanced empathy. This means that you have listened to the student and after that you enter into a process of reflection and analysis as to why something has happened. This means that the student tells you the problem and then you go on an exploratory journey in which you do proper analysis of his emotions, his feelings and the different themes on which he is talking to you you do deeper and close monitoring and analysis through which you reach the conclusion that this benefits these two levels of empathy that in the first level you have listened to the student and you have seen what he is telling you and in the second level you have tried to examine and monitor him. When you go along with these two levels then you go towards a positive and better solution because when you counsell student you counsell students by thoroughly understanding him or her completely. Genuine concern for students A very important principle of guidance and counselling is that a counsellor has a genuine concern for students. He or she means the good for all the students. In this this action is very important and it is very important to know and it is very important to act on this that you demonstrate the genuine concern of the counsellor. The meaning of this is that the student should understand that counsellor is not only a guide he is like a parent he or she is like a parent who is genuinely listening to the problem and who is looking for a solution. This is very important so, sincerity and honesty of the counsellor is extremely important. The counsellor will listen to the problem or will honestly work on it the counsellor the student will have the problem so this is one of the prime principles of guidance and counselling that you have to show genuine concern for your students. Only then we can arrive at possible solutions. Otherwise the hit and run solutions cannot be proved for a long time. If we want to go towards permanent solutions then showing the genuineness is very important. Apart from this the genuine behaviour of the counsellor transparency is very very important. Transparency means that the student should have full trust on you should have full trust on your procedures and he should know that whatever you are doing and whatever you are saying, there is a genuine sincerity in it. Because you want students to reach a specific goal and they can reach a specific goal where honesty and sincerity both principles are not only implied but they are also applied. So this is one important concept that we need to understand. Now when we talk about the genuineness the congruence comes. What does congruence mean to us? It means that you are consistent in your words and behaviours. When you show concern when you show genuine concern for students there is a consistency in your own attitude as a counsellor. Because if you have consistency then the student will have full trust on you. So when you are interacting with students so one of the attributes that you need to have is that consistent behaviour. Along with that what is important is spontaneity which means that you clearly express your thoughts. You have to be rather blunt in what you say in which you if you want to tell both positive and negative strengths and weaknesses then tell them genuinely. When you hide what you are saying then the problem will not be solved rather the carpet problem will be solved further. So spontaneity is one of the important features of being genuine with your students. What is more important is giving positive regard to the counsellor. Positive regard means that you respect the individuality of the student. Individuality means that a student has a special problem that has fallen into a special problem. Again those problems can either be academic or behavioural or they can be connected to the student's life outside the school or inside the school. So the nature of the problem is that we have to respect the individuality of the student and we have to give regard to his self esteem. Self esteem must not suffer. That is very important to understand as a counsellor. So when we are dealing with children when we are dealing with students we have to show genuine behaviour which basically includes consistency, spontaneity and giving positive regard to a student's life in school and also outside school. Raising awareness and respecting uniqueness One of the key principles of guidance and counselling is that it helps to create awareness among students. Not only awareness it helps to create respect among students. Now that respect can be too prompt. It is self respect and as well as respect for others. When we talk about principles of guidance and counselling awareness raising it is very important. What does awareness raising mean to us? It means to give such insights to some students and such awareness sessions to some students that they can genuinely feel their strengths and weaknesses rather than just look at them and then act on them. Work on the weaknesses so that the weaknesses become strengths and work on the strengths so that they can be maintained and they can be withheld. So these things can come when counsellor consistently works with his counsellor or development of awareness it works deeply. Now when we talk about insight, insights can be several. The insight is that the students have different skills and potentials. Now if a student has a remarkable skill and he or she is an extremely creative writer there is potential there is skill but there is no application. The potential is there and maybe the student doesn't have awareness. He doesn't even know that he has a wonderful skill and he is a good writer. Now the teacher if he is working as a counsellor the teacher will work with the student and he will first realise that he has this skill and he will work on it and that skill comes as his strength. By giving awareness the immediate behaviour is his second step. The skill and the application are two different things and the future is more important. And that is the awareness we need to give to our students. They may have so many potentials they may have so many skills but the application lacks because of proper guidance and counselling and teachers because they have to handle 25 to 30 students the discovery is not possible. And if proper guidance and counselling procedures are in place then these discoveries can be made and the students can know their potential and gain awareness and then work on their strengths so that the strengths and the application can be achieved. That is something which needs to be worked on. Apart from this the counsellors should not generalise the unique issues of the students. We had said earlier that if a student does not have the skill to write then we should not label him wrong. Usually the students who are a bit deficient then we label them that maybe they are dyslexic. Maybe they are there and maybe they are not. Problems are unique and those unique problems cannot be generalised. Sometimes we learn the terms and then we follow the application without authenticising whether the problem is or not. So the unique issues should be handled uniquely. If there is one behavioural issue then the solution cannot be applied to the other students. Because it is possible that the other student has a different solution because the problem can be started somewhere else. So it is very important to understand the unique issues and to solve those unique issues. We should not try to generalise issues and not look for generalised solutions because students are individuals and they have individual problems and those individual problems need individual solutions and not generalised solutions. Development of self-efficacy and repo. Development of self-efficacy and repo building are very important for guidance and counselling. We talked about self-esteem and self-efficacy both are important principles. The counsellors should play a very important role in student's self-efficacy development. When we talk about self-efficacy we tell students that you stand here in self-efficacy development. We try to show the mirror to our students and tell them that these are the strengths and these are the weaknesses. When self-efficacy is developed students are able to make better decisions for themselves. So the development of self-efficacy is very important. Where do I stand in terms of an individual? What are my strengths and weaknesses? Where self-efficacy will automatically build self-esteem. When a counsellor works with a student he understands himself. Again it is a process of self-discovery and when you discover yourself when you discover your strengths and weaknesses do you automatically develop self-esteem. So the development of high self-esteem is only possible when students have self-efficacy and they discover themselves. They have self-awareness about themselves. With this the low self-esteem automatically diminishes and automatically ends. Those students who do not have confidence those students who feel ashamed to speak those students who are very shy who cannot speak with full confidence usually they have very low self-efficacy and self-esteem. It is necessary for teachers to identify such students and work with them so that their self-esteem can be raised. The first thing is to know why their self-esteem is low. Are they not good students are they are academically weak or they are bivorially lacking or there are some standing issues at home these students very low in self-esteem. It is necessary to know all these things only then we can work with students and they can be bivorially smart students. As I said earlier the academic part and the bivorial part they go together and when we create curriculum we should keep these two things in front of us. So one should look for academic side and bivorial side and attitudinal side both have to go together. When the part of curriculum becomes these things then in every classroom in syllabus designing and in lesson planning we take these things together. Apart from this what is important is that counsellor should develop good rapport with students. Good rapport building is very important. If you have good connections with students then students express their thoughts without fear and along with that your comfort zone develops. Whenever there is a problem they come to you immediately and talk to you and they don't feel ashamed. Many issues are solved by themselves when people talk with each other. When issues are not expressed to them they keep simmering. And a small problem takes the form of a big problem ahead. So we should try to build good rapport with students. We should have good relationships with students. The result is that problems will be solved together and problems will not be big. And one important thing is element of care. One should always have a caring attitude towards students. The element of care is extremely important. When we reach out to students it is important that we show caring behaviours. Usually the stakeholders in which teachers are self-hearing we are so busy in our lesson plan that we don't think about this. And sometimes the affective attitudes in which caring behaviours are empathetic understanding and pro-social behaviours the part of social-emotional intelligence is missed. So we are fine with the lesson plan we do the lesson plan but we don't care. We do not build good rapport with students. In order to do that we need to show the element of care which is a very important principle of guidance and counselling. Warmth and encouragement of decision-making showing warmth towards students is extremely important and helping them to make decisions on their own is equally important. Warmth se hamari kya murad hai. Warmth se hamari murad je hai through verbal and non-verbal means we should try to show warmth and caring attitudes towards students. We need to show a genuine concern for students. Students ko yeh mehsoos ho na chahiye ke jab wo aapse baat kar rahe hain to aap genuinely unko sund rahe hain aur genuinely unka masla hal karna chathe hain. Attitude me jitni warmth hogi jo student hain uska aap ke saath comfort level utna zyada hoga aur warmth jo hai wo sirf verbal expressions ke through nahi dijaati. Warmth jo hai wo non-verbal expressions ke through bhi dijaati hai. Ham jab non-verbal expressions ka zikar karte hain to isme aapka student ke saath eye contact, aapke gestures, aapke facial expressions, aapke body language, yeh sab cheez hain jo hain, yeh non-verbal communication me aati hain. Aur inse jitni zyada aap caring demonstration de sakte hain empathetic demonstration de sakte hain utni zyada student ke aapki rapport building hogi aur automatically demonstration of warmth hogi. Verbal aur non-verbal expressions jo hain both are important. We need to show to students through our actions through our behaviour that we are with them all the time and we are there to solve their issues. Issues jo hain wo chote bhi ho sakte hain bade bhi ho sakte hain lekin aapki maujodgi usko sunna jo hain wo bohot zoroori hain aur yeh bohot zoroori hain ki issue ko suna kaise jaar hain sunne ka tarika ke hain uska sabse bhihtar tarika yeh aap jo hain wo warmth and caring attitudes jo hain uski demonstration karein. Automatically students jo hain they will have a comfort zone. Yeh bilkul usi tarahi hain yase hain kisi doctor ke paaz jaain aur apna masla bayaan karein dey aur ek pade ache rawaiya ke saath aapko sune aur aap se baat kare. Aadha masla wohin par hal ho jaata hain. Ache rawaiya apnaana jo hain behal zoroori hain. So warmth is an important feature. Iske saath saath warmth jo hain that should be directed towards the development of those individuals who are facing issues and problems. Warmth jo hain usse hain yeh kahna hain ki students who are facing problems unko hain apne saath bitha hain aur unke saath ek tafseeli behas karein. Behas ka matlab yeh hain ki student jo baat karein to aap e continue a support system ke through usko uski jaanj pataal bhi saath saath karte jaain. Agar pehle usko sunna zoroori hain aur uske saath saath usko ussi wak mashpire de ne usko esaath milkar cheese per reflect aur uska analysis karna jo hain yeh bahot zoroori hain. Those students who are facing problems are at risk students. They are those students who can falter at any moment. They can end up with bad grades or they can end up with bad behaviors. Both are detrimental in the student life. Aur yeh dono nahi hone chahin hain. Kare yeh bahot zoroori hain ki wo students who are facing problems those students are shown genuine warmth. Iske saath saath jo cheese behat zoroori hain wo yeh hain ki decision making jo hain usme students ki help karne jaaye. Decision making ultimately student ke khud hain jaaye. Student jo hain wo aapki bataevi decision ko apnaane ki koshish na kare bata sune, aapka mashwara sune aur apni self-awareness aur apni self-discovery ke through kisi na kisi netijye par panchne ki koshish kare. Counselor ka yeh hi kaam hain ke wo students ko encourage karein ke wo apne faisle khud karein. On faisle mein wo students ke saath toh hota hain, lekin faisla jo hain, wo ultimately student kahi hota hain. Ta ke students jo hain wo apne problems ko on karein and through this process of awareness and self-discovery they arrive at their own solutions to problems. Counselor ka kaam hi yeh hain. Agar faisla aapne kar diya toh phir you are being judgmental. Let the students decide. Let them find their own problems aap and solutions. Aapne jo hain unko rahat dikh hain aapne unko mashwara diya aapne unke saath milkar analysis kia lekin faisla bhar hal aapne liye khud kar na chahi. Iss se hi student mein self-awareness develop hoti hain aur iss se hi students jo hain wo apne masail ki tashhees pih khud karte hain aur masle ka hul bhi khud talash karte hain. Focus on social adjustment. A very important principle of guidance and counseling is that it helps students to socially adjust themselves in their surroundings. Students ke liye yeh bahut zoroori hain ke wo socially adjust kar sakein. Aam towar par students jakh schools mein aate hain to unka khayaal yeh hota hain ki unne sirf apne tadrisi amal par tavajjo lehni hain. Schooling jo hain uska maksat jo hain wo preparation of an individual in totality hota hain. Jisme society plays a big role. Ultimately, students jo hain usne jaakar society ka hissa banna hain aur jo school hain wo ek miniature society hota hain. Isliye tadrisi amal ke saath saath tutorial applications zoroori hain aur student ko yeh batana zoroori hain ki kis tara wo apne apne aapko adjust kar sakein hain apne ravaiye wo mein tabdili laakar. Isliye yeh bahut zoroori hain ki students ko flexibility sikhahi jaye. Yeh zoroori nahi hain ki ek ravaiye ko leke jo ke ek manfi ravaiye hain usko leke chala jaye. Usme tabdili kaana zoroori hain aur student ko yeh jaana zoroori hain tabdili laak sakta hain yeh laak sakti hain. So, flexibility is something that needs to be worked on. Counselors normally help students in bringing that flexibility in themselves. Flexibility jitani ravaiye mein hogi utna zyada human functioning wo ease out ho jayi ki. Lekin agar ravaiye mein flexibility nahi hain, stubbornness hain yo jo dil mein that does not pay you in life. So, teachers, parents and if there are counselors in the school, they should be working on this thing to make students flexible individuals. Isme counseling jo hain so it basically influences the mental and physical capacities of students. Jis ka matlab yeh hain ki students jo hain So, wo hain par uski jo mental adjustment hain jo physical adjustment hain uspar kaam hota hain. School mein jab student jo hain klas mein baitta hain to ho sakta hain ke uske saath student baitta hain uske saath talibiln baitta hain uske saath social adjustment hain ho rahi. Ek a saan hal yeh hain ki aap unki seats padal dein. Magar yeh koi permanent posibil hain jab rahwayo mein flexibility lai jai. Jab adjustments ki jai. So, these adjustments are extremely important in human lives and they need to be worked on. Iske saath jo focus hain social adjustment mein usme koshishe karne chahiye ke bachhe jo hain, jo students hain un mein adaptability hain. Wo apne aap ko change karna chaat hain seksiyat ko evolve karein. Iske saath saath jo hain improvement ki taraf wo apne aap unki jo strengths hain unko bhi jo hain mazeet powerful strengths mein lekar hain aur jo weaknesses hain unko strengths ki taraf lekar hain. Isi ko human growth kaitin hain. Isi ko personality growth kaitin hain. Aur ye adjustments jo hain ye personality reforms ki taraf lekar hain. Yeh tamam, aamal behat zaroori hain. Aur counselor, parents aur tamam stakeholders jo hain unko, ye chahiye ke wo in, aamal ke upar seriously kaam karein. Schools mein, jaisi main kaha ke aam tarpar jo hain wo tadrisi aamal par bohot zada focus kiya jaata hain. There is a lot of emphasis on the academic development of students. That is nonetheless a very important activity. However, together with that we need to have socially functional human beings. It is the responsibility of the school to prepare socially adjustable and functional individuals. Usme yeh bohot zaroori hain ke counselling ko ek professional activity ke tera liya jahin. Aur counselling ke zariye hain hain students ko prepare karein ta ke wo apni zindagi mein adjustment jo hain usko easy banasak hain. Aam, hain hain hain hain hain hain ho ne kaal ko adults pankar society ka ek functional hissa banna hain to wahapar phir personality mein flexibility kahona bohot zaroori hain. Aur wo tabhi payada ho sakti hain jab hain shuru se bachhe ke saath wo it mustakil kaam karein aur usko groom karein so that he or she becomes a functional and adjustable human being later on in the society. So this is a very important principle of guidance and counselling that needs to be given a lot of thought in the school life of a student.