 The National Forest and Tree Planting Act of 2003 decentralised forest management to lower levels, including district governments, communities and private individual actors. The reform allocated new rights to these actors. For example, the NTFPA created community forests, which did not legally exist prior to this. This act granted management, maintenance and control of forest areas to forest adjacent communities, forest user groups and communal land associations. The act also created collaborative forest management, CFM, which did not exist before. Under CFM, a community forest user group or other organised group can enter into an agreement with the forestry authority for the purpose of managing a central or local forest reserve. This act also allowed private owners of registered forests to manage the forests. The reform also saw the establishment of supported institutions, such as the Forest Sector Support Department, which formulates policy, and the National Forest Authority, NFA, which implements policy. The reforms of the sector of forestry, for management of the forestry estate, were moving along with the reforms in the land sector. Because, you know, it's difficult for you to separate reform in the land with the reform on forest, because the forests are found on this land. But if you are managing the resource, you are managing it for the people. And if you are managing it for the people, are they involved in management for effective sustainability? So the government also had to start thinking outside the box to come up with a new legislation, to come up with new reforms that approach people, where people can participate actively in the management of the forest resource. We've did reform of the sector in terms of which institutions are managing or which kind of estates of forestry in the country. A new body called National Forestry Authority, NFA, came into being. And then we had another body instituted, known as the District Forest Services, under the District Roku government. And the remnant of the Forest Department was renamed, and it became to be known as the Forest Sector Support Department, which is an overseer to the National Forestry Authority and also an overseer to the District Forest Services under various District Roku governments. There are four categories of forest recogonized, the Center of Forest Reserves under the mandate of National Forestry Authority. Then we have the local forest reserves, which are under the District Roku governments. We have community forests, which are managed by a community at community level. And then we have the private forest reserves which are individual or company, company manager. The National Forestry Authority is tasked with ensuring the sustainable and proper management of the 506 central forest reserves in the country. In some of these CFRs, NFA works with district local governments and forest dependent communities through CFM. The communities are encouraged to form partnerships with the National Forestry Authority to manage the forests under what we call Collaborative Forest Management. The developers of these guidance include the foot and elaborate system. Some are, even it was used, some are tests. You try this before you go to step number this. You try this, go to step number this. Has it worked? Try it out for a few months and see, get the concept of the other partner, get back to paper. And it may be two, three years when you can say, yes, I'm confident enough that I can work with this partner in the management of this forest under a Collaborative Forest Management and they are able to see when going to a formal agreement that clearly spares out the roles of each partner, the responsibilities and the functions. When you work on the forestry, where do you find different CFM? It's something that the forestry industry has noticed a lot. There are different types of forestry that you can't find. Before you want to know about the forest, they start to look back at what we saw As forest managers, we are very thin on ground, but with the involvement of the communities, there is better management of the Centre for Forest Reserves. There are some challenges to the implementation of these reforms. Inadequate budgets, which constrain the implementation of activities aimed at securing local community rights, onerous processes for obtaining registration and permits which can take years to complete, lack of knowledge on rights and policies, and lack of compliance to rules by communities. Unlike in the past, what I see over the last 15 years or so is that the government has started to be much closer and engage more with the non-state actors. We've been working on this tenure project, the Global Comparative Study, connected through CIFO. We used an approach called Adaptive Collaborative Management of Forestry, which is an approach that empowers communities and enables those communities to negotiate for their rights more. And we've seen this in Central Uganda happen for some of the communities that have come into an arrangement with the responsible body of the National Forest Authority to negotiate under the CFM arrangement. Other challenges to forest tenure reform implementation include political influence and ineffective coordination among state actors, as well as between state actors and non-state actors, and in certain cases, population expansion. Increased demand for energy and agricultural products create pressures that impede reform implementation. The Ministry of Lands pursues the registration of land through a process for the community, for the communal land system. They issue what they call the certificate of community ownership, which is issued by the Ministry of Land. And that is for the land. And now the certificate for the forest is issued by the Ministry of Water and Environment, where the Forest Sector Support Department is housed. And these two ministries have not been talking on the same issue. So there is need for these two ministries to constantly exchange ideas. According to the police and according to the New Forestry Act, these three main bodies were supposed to be like the collaborators. They were supposed to be like they're working hand in hand. They are supporting each other. But of course, there have been also challenges on their way. And sometimes maybe conflicts of interest is coming. And the other body thinks they are powers by another body. Then they say, no, that is not your role. That is our role. Management of the forest resources truly is not a government thing per se. It is something that needs to bring everyone on board. Multi-stakeholder forums gather together government agencies, community representatives, NGOs and other actors in order to develop solutions to the barriers to tenure reform implementation. The solutions identified included improving coordination among key government agencies, improving stakeholders' technical and financial capacity through traditional and emerging innovative financing mechanisms and implementing policies and strategies designed to provide alternative likelihood sources for communities, thereby reducing local dependence on forests and forest products.