 Hello, the first thing we saw was actually good application of technology. I will talk about where technology and Society usually tends to collide Basically increased productivity and connectivity Have have had huge impact they shifts or it shifts society currently Which are similar to the industrial revolution and what's going on today echoes basically what was going on back in the day It basically changes how people live together and to act and that's basically the very heart of politics politics from Greek polar city, which is basically everything related to off for or relating to citizens or how people interact so Like roughly 200 years ago. There's actually a big struggle which is to humanize technology technological progress and There is no really Tight definition of what a smart city actually is but what it boils down to in most cases is that you use machines to help run society and Leveraging data to inform public policy isn't exactly new. This for example is a map drawn by John Snow. Yes, actually the name He was a doctor in London and it's a map of the cholera outbreak of 1854 So he basically mapped where all the sick patients were and was able to track down a pump Which was the source of the infection. So that's basically using data for public policy for good This is the the front cover of the solcoge Torp report It basically tells the annihilating of 30,000 Jews in the Rochelle ghetto in 19 in May 1943 and it was possible in part to the complete census data the Nazis had So basically this report trumped it the the fulfilling of a public policy goal using data But not only data itself has been used even computation automation Has been used in the last hundred years for for politics or to shape how societies work and the Cold War actually Provides a well-documented case There was one side which had a revolution in 1917 and the Bolsheviks basically wanted to make a society where everyone would be equal and free which is sort of what's promised with smart cities today and like today like many Utopias today technology was at the very heart, but also Remind I want to remind you that equality doesn't mean equity equality is basically everyone having the same start But equity is actually about everyone having the same outcome, which also a thing that often gets confused But in the Soviet Union the technocrats basically looked at people as atoms and they believed that Marx had discovered the scientific laws of society So engineering became a guiding principle on how to reach this new utopia and technology became central Basically electricity became the ICT of the day and it was of the heart of the Golera plant the first five-year plan by Lenin As it said, can you can read down here? It says communism. Sorry Communism equals Soviet power plus electrification of the whole country People were supposed to be or to supposed to become scientific beings They were to understand and control the machines rather than being enslaved by them and as Trotsky put it man will become Immeasurably stronger wiser and subtler his body will become more harmonized his movements more rhythmic his voice more musical All forms of life will become dramatically dramatic The average human type will rise to the heights of an Aristotle a Goethe or a Marx And above this rich new peaks will rise So the power to shape this new society where with those who could master technology They were called the bourgeois specialists of the time because they were a leftover of the revolution They of course thought of society as a machine-like thing and of course they have read more engineers and This actually became so dominant as the Anatoliy Vasiliev-Nachovsky who was the first People's Commissioner of Education actually said to Stalin It is as if discovering it is possible to live with four fingers. They have decided to cut off the extra finger So in 1937 there was a purge by Stalin mainly targeted the old Bolsheviks Also, the special engineers were replaced by young party cadets Among them Leonid Brezhnev and Nikita Khrushchev and their narrow education as pointed out by Luan Kholzky before They made them not question Stalin There was a new society the new society would be planned like a piece of engineering because that's what we're the train to do And it's actually stems from experience in World War two where efficient factory planning saved Russia from from the Nazis So now there were to be technical solutions for everything the Gauss Plan Was a bureau to decide and control everything from Moscow information was collected a great plan device information spread out You can think of it as a giant map reduce on a whole society They were they were using plan indicators and they plan for everything They plan for a number of toothbrushes to be needed that plan for a number of coffins to be needed They even plant a number of arrests to be made by the secret police What started as rational planning actually yield absurd behavior? For example, one plan indicator was the tonnage of freight transported per kilometer and that resulted in trains full packed with lumber and wood just going around in circles because that was the indicator for success So in 1953 Stalin died and Krushchev came to power and he realized that route will actually at the Complex he would actually at the root of the problem and he also realized that Stalin's brutal terror Holds society together and not scientific planning So he attacked the bureaucracy openly and now prices were introduced and that means centralized prices for over two 15 million items 25 million items So and also they shifted power away from Gauss Plan the central planning energy and added more regional planning but this basically just added more complexity and As this didn't turn out well, they turned to the new science of new so-called science of rational control or Cybernetics cybernetics from the Greek Kuber now to steer drive governor direct Now computers were to be used to focus scientific and technological brokers Later Brezhnev was replaced by Krushchev But Brezhnev still believed in the promised land now consumer reports were introduced and While the standard of living on average was rising until 1975 it then plummet and yielded the so-called years of stagnation so the Soviet leadership gave up all attempts Attempting to reform the plan and the economy basically turned it to a strange pile of rituals So the other side was shocked by Sputnik in 1915 Sputnik one brought broadcasted a signal of scientific progress which was Not expected by the Americans But what was basically a metal sphere could also be a nuclear warhead and you have to remember that just 12 years ago The deadly or a never-fading kisses of you know, like a M boxcar, which is on Nagasaki now Rishima We have just 12 years ago. Does anyone know what that is? That is a shadow of a person who was standing near the site in Hiroshima where the bomb got dropped and it's shadow Got burned into the wall so you can't remember what a hellhole that must have been and of course the Americans knew that and so they were afraid of the Russians and So the US strategist also believed that Uncertainty led to chaos and chaos would to war eventually So they turned to mathematics because mathematics sounded rational and reasonable and would hope to cope instability So the rank operation was set up the rank operation was staffed by young scientists and financed by the US Air Force They use mathematical models and computers again to calculate and predict the world They turned to game theory to because it offered guidance and uncertain environments Everyone was supposed to be a rational player with some information on what the capitability of the other side was So it was the job of the strategist to keep the equilibrium to keep the balance and The most rational move in this environment is to ensure your own survival and not shoot first So Albert James Wallstetter devised the system of missile silos Submarines and 24-7 bomber fleets in the air to ensure the capability to strike in case the Soviets would strike It was called the delicate balance of terror This strategy was refined further than the John F. Kennedy and Robert McNamara who became Defense Minister Robert McNamara has run the Ford Company before and used rational planning to reap our profits there But then there was the missile gap And it turns out that while the Americans were afraid as the Russian has lots of missiles as you can see on the different graphs The Russians actually ordered Soviet actually just had four of the six hundred projected and since their locations were known and the locations of military installations were known a new doctrine became the one of selective strikes So Herman Khan actually argued for control nuclear war So cities became pawns in this global game of chess and civil defense was taken seriously That's where a lot of the duck and cover videos come from you may know from that era So then was the Cuban missile crisis and was the ideal testing ground for all these new theories but then when faced with an actual crisis the strategist couldn't advise John F. Kennedy and so what he did on October the 22nd was to To promise a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union in case those missiles are launched Selfie and exchanges solve this crisis and not mathematical reason So in this whole process The Cold War becoming became an engineering problem the product the idea of a political conflict faded away You were to supposed to keep the balance between power and sister and that also Faded away the very idea that this conflict could be solved with political means It also became more absurd in Vietnam where systems analysis in game theory was used extensively In Vietnam there even were flow charts and how soldiers should proceed on enemy bullet enemy villages And all it was big was so severe that it culminated in what's called the McNamara fell see these days Which is relying only on quantitative observations without taking others into account And if you want a recurrent example look at the strong drone strikes, but after by the United States Michael Hayden actually said they kill people based on metadata if you fit a pattern no matter why and then you're basically fair game and The patterns they used as it came out They they trained them on for couriers of for so-called terrorists not the actual terrorists themselves And it's if like you say you take a poodle or you take an image of five poodles Train a computer on it and then require him to identify all dogs And then you bring a parrot a hamster to fishes and then you decide they're all secret poodles To use an inappropriate color scheme in this game White people win brown people die So machines basically a hard-coded racism and this basically reflects Power and privilege on a global scale and it's made possible by running by letting machines running large parts of it So what the rationalist usually offer is a controllable world, but what they actually create is a fiction Then it's actually called the aortic disease from Greek Ayatris healer These are usually pains or sufferings inflicted by attempting to heal or fix something One popular example is Adam Adam Ada Lovelace. You may know Well, you know her as one of the first computer programmers. She actually had an opiate habit I really really bad one, but she managed to kick the habit, but but then was bled to death by her doctors So most people think that there was a simple enough system to be controlled by the methods of engineering and science But look at how the crumbling Soviet Union Actually yielded all the complexity in the chaos the USA feared in the beginning So rolling out technology on large scale and letting it interfere with politics on large scale Tends to freeze the world and power and therefore tends to privilege those who already have all the privileges So but free open source software has ways or can offer a way to cope with it And I'm actually taking some of my background in disaster response and so there are things to learn and just to Remind you the freely problem source principles are basically you can run the program as you wish You can study the program how it works and change it You can redistribute copies and you can distribute copies of your modified versions So if you think it the first two actually Your first two actually are about access You should have access to a very fabric your life runs on and the other two are about participation You should be able in participating in how your life is governed So they're both are about actually about enabling change and to do good things with computers There's actually more than just creating a repository and declaring coders law So along the same lines I offer four similar principles. The first one is Do whatever you do do it with a purpose Think about what you're building and why you're building it Has it already been done? is Is what you're making actually likely to creating good contributions also put some thoughts on it is What you're actually seeing as a problem actually a problem and also look at who has left out of your solution like what about Accessibility what about people with impairment people can be blind people can have missing links Then also think about what is your minimum baseline in terms of technology? Do I need a constant network connection? That's one of the reasons why Bitcoin failed in Africa and also think about nefarious users and on that Oh, yes, we should talk about data Mitigate risk for of data early on data is basically a toxic waste and like every poison it can help in small doses But usually kills a large quantities Try to collect as little as possible and try to anonymize as early think about what happens if all your data gets Don't end all leaked who is at risk What are the other data sets out there which the information you're collecting? Could be correlated with and also if you absolutely have to collect data from people and can rely on non-personal open data Ensure and form consent and then form consent means consent is freely given Inform so people know what they're giving up and why unambiguous and specific So just saying I'm collecting this data and certain laws may apply is not enough Also think about data ownership like who owns the data So then further on talk to your users and don't talk about them There are processes like co-design to engage the community you're working with or you're trying to help with early on collect feedback from your users, but avoid tracking them as possible and Finally be an adult Know when your project is done and Communicate when that is reached Document what you do document why you do what you do the scope of what you're doing what explicitly is not in scope And yes, please use open source software Because then you actually can be accountable to everyone who's using a software and since we're engineers we are used to a world where Problems have answers or problems have solutions There is something called wicked problems and especially if you deal with people Wicked problems are bound to arise So how to recognize a wicked problem? It's there are some warning signs like if you can't describe the problem definitely and there seems to be no stopping condition It's like How do you know that you have a good social system? There isn't any hard metric for it Then if your solutions can't be true or false but only good or bad or even you only have to can choose between two worse options if Your problem can be seen as an indicator of another problem or if you have just one attempt at trying your solutions then step back Take a deep breath because it's a really serious problem. You're tackling so and after all it's okay to abandon an idea so yes Dream about the smart city dream about what a better world looks like and Do it in terms of technology if you wish dream but talk about how life for most people will be and Tell me tell me how people can share or not share what they want and tell me how people can contribute what they can and Tell me how people can get the safety and protection they need to prosper as they should So yes use your machines to make the world a better place and please take care of your fellow humans Thank you. Are there any questions for you about the smart city? If not, I have one. Okay. Are you you outlined some principles earlier on right? Yes about project design and responsibility Are you personally in a position to? Play any role in influencing this? Yes, every actually everyone is Depending on where you are You're either in the technical position by making certain technical choices about what you use Then maybe you have access to people who run those things Maybe people who run those projects come to you for advice. That's why also I lined out a few hints on where to get further information So yes, there are different levels of access, but basically everyone can contribute