 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of NIL per OS, NPO, times and identify contributing factors for prolonged NPO times. The results showed that NPO times were longer than recommended by the American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA, which could be attributed to delayed arrival times and parental non-compliance to NPO instructions. To address these issues, the authors suggested changing the calculation of NPO times to schedule operating room or time instead of arrival time and encouraging parents to give their children clear liquids at the instructed time. This article was authored by Alexander R. Schmidt, James Faire, Janice Mann, and others.