 topic of discussion is management. You are familiar with the term management as we apply it in our daily life also like time management and we also heard about this in case of business activities also business organizations. So, to know more about this particular concept today we have with us Dr. Roti Kanto Pataksar associate professor from Department of Management Guwahati Commerce College. Hello sir. Hello. Hello. So, sir we are discussing about management today. So, this focus on the basic concept of management what we exactly mean by the term management. Thank you that was it. Actually the management is a very broad term which is very difficult on the part of anybody to define it or give the concept in a very brief way. But basically management is a technique or art of managing people. Basically management means management of people and according to human relationists they are of the opinion that management is nothing but an art of getting all done through people. But in modern management one thing is added to the original concept that management is not only an art of getting things done through people but getting things done through and with other people that means not only through other people that management itself must be involved in the process. So, to understand management concept we can give stress on three aspects management can be treated as a group activity management can be treated as a process and management can be treated as a separate discipline. So, management as a group activity that means management of an organization is done not only by one or two people. It is a group activity the efforts of all people is necessary. So, management should be understood by that way that it is a not single activity it is not an activity done by only a single people or single individual it is a group effort and all the group should work in a team spirit for attainment of goal or objective of the organization. Secondly, management is a process that management process start with planning ends with controlling. So, it is a process of five functions planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Koons and O'Donnell they have defined that in modern management management concept of five things that is plan first plan you organize organize machine man people or materials other things then you bring people for staffing that is you organize people bring people train people recruit people or pay people properly then direct the people or move the people to do the work and see the performance of people. So, that is why management is a process and thirdly management can be also understood as a separate discipline. A separate discipline means a separate field of study. So, management is a separate field of study like say physics, chemistry, economics, law like that. But management is a complicated discipline because it is not a single discipline it consists of various disciplines. It is a combination of various disciplines in management we find mathematics, statistics, economics, psychology, sociology all together form a separate field that is management. So, basically one thing we should remember that what is management is if somebody ask you we should that management is basically management of people because if we can manage people people can manage other things behind the machines there are people right behind the production there are people they are the management of finance there are people. So, basically the art of managing people the technique used to manage people for the attainment of goal or objective of the organization should be understood as management. Right sir. So, often we heard the term administration whether management and administration are same or they are different things. There are actually in management liter as are many such terms are used management and administration sometimes confused as to be the same term. But many authors management authors also like to make a demarcation between these two terms. Management administration. Management and administration. But from use point of view in practical life generally in government organization government offices we make use of the term administration. Government administration we never say government manager. Yes, yes government administration. Yes. But in corporate houses the term administration is not used. Yes. Management. Management. But there are three concepts some people like to say that management and administration are same particularly in small organizations there is no difference between administration and management management and administration same. But some people like to say that some authors they are of the opinion that administration is above management. Administration is policy making and thinking and management is implementation of plans and programs. So, administrators are responsible for thinking function or policy making function framing policies plans programs and managers are responsible for implementation of those programs. So, they like to say that administration is above management. And a third view is that the management and administration are same no difference is a part of administration because administrator and manager together manage an organization. So, basically in big organizations or corporate organizations we can say that there is a difference between administration and management in a policy makers we can term them as administrator and those who are responsible for implementation of various plans programs policies of the company they are can be termed as managers. But in small organization, proprietary organization, partnership organization, cooperative organizations we cannot demarcate between these two terms. They are same. So, basically some management is related with people means we have to as a group work we have to work in an organization. So, there is a management. And besides that management is applicable in all organizations whether in private sector or public sector is basically it applies to all the organizations. All organizations including not only private sector or public sector but in even business organization or non-vibrate organization it is applicable to even tourist organization, management of say schools, colleges, management of universities. So, even in management of educational institutions, management of hospitals, management of business organization, management of clubs, management of charitable organizations and use everywhere it is applicable. That is why Henry Fjall who is termed as the father of administrative theory Henry Fjall of France, he while developing 14 principles of management, he in 14 principles of management he categorically mentioned that my 14 principles are applicable to all trading and non-trading organization, profit and non-profit organizations. So, management is necessary, management is important not only for those organizations which are established for economic purpose or earning of profit but also for non-profit organizations. It is applicable to both public sectors as well as private sector or joint sector everywhere. Or it is all types of organization including proprietary organization, partnership organization, company organization, cooperative organization. But intensity that the degree of importance is different. Say for management is important for very small retail organization, small trading organization or proprietary organization, sole trading organization. Even for management of a pawn shop by a small retailer, he is to manage his business. But his degree or intensity of that is different from management of a big multinational company or company. He is the owner, he is the manager in case of small business. For his decisions, his implementations, his other problems, aspects, finance, marketing, everything is done by him. But in big organizations, many branches, many divisions, many levels are created. So, it is to some complex, complicated and difficult. It means, irrespective of the nature of organization, management is applicable in all cases. Management is massed. Management is massed in all, whether it is educational or it is hospital or any other business or profit. Nothing can happen in business, minus management. It is said that minus management, nothing can happen in business. Not only in business, any organization minus management is nothing. So, management has attained a very important place nowadays. So, how it has developed? This particular subject management. Actually management, when people, if we go back to the hunting stage, when people used to live, in those days the question of management did not come. Then people started to live in societies, forming some villages and the agricultural period started. People came back from hunting stage to agricultural stage. So, in management of those villages, there were some managers, village heads, village quarters. They also managed the villages. They managed. But later on, actually the modern management is the part of, is the outcome of industrialization. When industry or machine is started, large scale production started and importance was to be given to production, finance, marketing and many other areas. It became very difficult tasks for the owners to look after each and every aspect. So, they used a particular class of people, that is managers or management. So, that way management came into the picture. So, in one sense you can say, you can say that management is the outcome or born style of industrialization. Had there been no industrialization, no machines, I think people did not think about management. Evolved from various places. Evolved. Gradually that was around 1850. Almost the management was not given much more importance. What was given importance on industrial economics? The economists in the world developed certain concepts and those concepts were used in our industries. Management was not treated as a separate discipline. But after 1880, when Taylor came, Henry Fowle came to the management field with their own contributions, the scientific management era started. And before that pre-scientific stage, some ideas were applied by some people like Robert Wayne, Charles Bebeze, these people applied certain concepts. But thing is that before Taylor and Fowle, that means before 1880, no theories of management were developed. There were no formal theory. The first theory of management was provided by Frederick Winslow Taylor of America, the scientific management theory. Then administrative management theory. Then Max Weber's bureaucratic management. After 1930, what was given importance that management of people or human relations era or social science era, that in management of people simply application of machines is not sufficient. We should give emphasis to human aspects. That means the force which is working behind the machine should be given more importance. So, that human relations era started after 1930. And after second world war 1950, modern management came into fiction. Then modern management, four disciplines or four subjects have contributed to development of modern management. First is economics, statistics, mathematics and computer. The application of these four branches of knowledge in management started after 1950. That modern era started. So, in modern management, we find psychology, sociology, that is behavior science, as well as application of computers, as well as application of mathematical formulae, statistical data and formulae, economic models, all together formed a modern management. That is the modern management is in one sense you can say that modern management is undertaking a multiple approach. We should not emphasis only on machines, only on computer at the same time psychology, industrial psychology, sociology are also equally important. Economics is equally important in management, statistics, mathematics, computer knowledge equally important. And all these things can be put together by developing certain formulae in computers. And analysis of data is possible for complex decision making through the computer. And all these process in one word known is operation research. All these. So, operation research is the outcome of 1950 onwards. Modern management. So, we are in a stage of modern management. Modern management, definitely we are passing through different stages, hunting stage, agricultural stage, machine stage, digital age. Now digital age, we have come back to the digital age. So, we are in the modern management. So, our students should also understand that modern management is applying the knowledge of psychology, knowledge of economics, knowledge of engineering, knowledge of statistics, knowledge of mathematics and knowledge of computers. All these together a multiple approach is undertaken to solve complex problems for analysis of various complex data and quick prompt and accurate decision making. Right. Which is very necessary. Which is very necessary. So, different people have contributed towards the development of this particular field. Yeah. And today we are getting the fruits of various contributions of great personalities. It is passing through different stages. And it will definitely develop, it will developing. Yeah, developing. New concepts are added in the daily. In recent years, many after 1918, after 90s, Tom Peter, Bob Waterman, Michael Porter, Harvard, Simon, before that Peter Drucker, they have contributed a lot for the development of modern management. So, whether these territories are dear, all contributions are dear, whether same management styles are applied in all organizations, within public or private, profit earning, non-profit, they are different organizations. So, whether the same style of management applies in all these organizations or there are some variations when the organization, the nature of organization changes, the management style changes, or it remains the same. No, no, no. Good question, good question. I appreciate your question. The same management style, same management system, same management pattern can never be followed in all our organizations. That is why it is said that management is not a true profession, though it is taking the shape of a profession. It is not like medicine or law. A doctor in, you know, passing from Guwahati Medical College can treat a person in, even in Africa or in Japan. But the management principles developed in Japan cannot be applied in a sum in total. It needs some modification and adjustment. That is why again I am telling you that Henry Fayol while developing 14 principles of management, he mentioned that my 14 principles are subject to verification and modification from time to time to make them more effective and applicable in different situations. So, the situation in Japan, situation in America are not same the situation in India. So, same management style we cannot follow. You cannot say that we, I will go to Japan and I shall train myself and I shall get some new ideas and apply in management of an organization in India. In total, you cannot, because here situation environment that people technology, social system, custom, working nature of people, religious faith, all these things are different. So, management is, that is why it is said that management is basically situational or contingent. We should make, we should apply a contingent, contingency approach in management. That means the same management principles applied in America or in Japan should be applied, should be kept intact, but with some modification we should go to apply in our Indian organizations. Say, for example, in Japan there is a lifetime employment. That means people generally do not retire, no retirement age. Yes, no retirement age, but in India after 60 people retire. So, we cannot say that working culture in Japan an employee can never take leaves until and unless the manager is in leave. See the culture, it is quite different. Quite different, interesting. That is why even in America, the management style is that we should give more emphasis to achievement of individual achievement, not group achievement, but in Japan say that we should achieve the target or goal of the organization in a team spirit. So, team building is the main emphasis in Japanese management. Individual achievement is the main emphasis in American management. It is contradictory, you know. American management is putting that if you can achieve, you go and go and go, forget about others, but Japanese state that you work as a team, as a group, as a member of the group and try to achieve a goal. So, that is why William Ousey in his Z theory of management, he has made a mixture of combination of these two concepts. He is going to say that the Japanese concept should be mixed up with American concept and that will that is called hybrid and that hybrid theory is Z theory and the concept of Japanese management style or management pattern should be combined with American management pattern and that will be more beneficial for the expansion and growth and efficiency or excellence of our companies. So, when nature of organization changes or when even country changes, our management styles also change? Definitely. Even situation changes. In the same country, there may be different management for different situations. Different situations. For example, Winston Churchill, when he was the British Prime Minister during Second World War, he was proved to be a successful leader in managing the or tackling or handling the war situation. But after war situation, when he was to undertake some measures for economic development of the country, he totally failed. That means, his management style, leadership style was suitable only to tackle war situation, nor for peace situation or economic development. The situation has changed. Situation changed. The terrorism problem solved in Punjab, the same people, if you bring to Assam, they cannot solve because their situation is different. They will have to develop different management strategies to tackle the situation. So, management is definitely, it differs from country to country, nation to nation, situation to situation, time to time. That is why it is a contingent approach. That means, situational approach. According to situation, we should modify it. We should adjust it to make it suitable for the society, for the organization. So, basically in an organization, what are the functions that management generally perform? You have mentioned in the very beginning that you are planning and you are controlling in the same. So, what are the functions of management? So, these are the basic functions of management. Modern management has undertaken five functions. Though classical management thinkers, including Taylor, Luther, Galli, they define that there are different functions of management. Henry Felt first identified in the world the functions of management. He called them elements of management. So, if our students should remember that when we talk about functions of management, who develop the functions of management? They should go back to Henry Felt. So, Henry Felt was the first person to identify five functions of management, but he called them elements of management. They were definitely prevoins, organizing, commanding, directing and controlling, but all functions are not accepted by modern managers. Even Luther, Galli coined a word POSCORP, P-O-S-D-C-O-R-B, POSCORP. Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. Just short form of management functions. But his reporting function is related to control function. Budgeting is a part of planning. So, modern management, five functions have accepted by the modern managers. That is given by Kuhn and O'Donnell. These two authors, according to them, that there are basically five functions of management. Planning is the first function. Any function of management starts with plans and programs. Then organizing, that is grouping of activities, division of activities, delegating authority, responsible fixing of responsibility, coordinating activities. This is called organizing. The second function. Third function is staffing. That means, recruitment of people, placement of people, training of people, promotion of people, transfer of people, payment of salaries and wages to people. All these come under staffing. That is the third important function. Then directing, that is it includes communicating with people, motivation, motivating the people and taking the leadership of people. This is called directing function. And last function, seeing or verifying the performance of the employees or performance of the departments, performance of the managers. That is performance. That is controlling function. So, all these five functions are accepted by the modern managers and modern management. Our students, they can remember that there are five important functions of modern management. Modern management have identified five important functions. Start with planning. Planning and answer with controlling. But planning and controlling are related to each other. Okay, interlinking. If there are some... If there will be no plan, question of... Controlling is... You cannot control anything if there is no plan. No plan. Because planning, because control verifies whether everything is going on according to plan. So, planning provides a standard against which we measure the performance. Definitely. Provide a standard or planning set the objectives or standard of the organization to be performed. To be performed. So, in controlling, we see whether we are achieving those targets or not. So, if there are some deviations from plan, then we have to take some measures as a controlling function in management. So, definitely controlling functions helps in improvement of the plan or redesigning of the plan or resetting of the objectives. Okay. So, if there is deviation, there may be some review of planning or review of all the activities of planning. Planning may be updated or corrected. Corrected according to the organization. So, for better planning, there is need for better control. Okay. So, these are all related, interrelated functions of management. Interrelated functions. Yes. And this is a process in a cycle. So, start with planning and answer it controlling. Next controlling means again planning. Yes, it is a cycle. It is a cycle. Very interesting. So, when all these functions are performed by all the people in an organization, is it like that? All people perform. I think you have come to the different levels of management. Yes. There are different levels of management. And all the five functions of management are not performed by all people. Okay. Generally, we demarcate among the functions of the people who are entrusted with their responsibility of management. Generally, the board of directors, C. R. Mann, managing director or CEO, CEO executive officer, they are mostly concerned with the planning function of management. Okay, sir. That we deal management. Generally, the managers, maybe production manager, finance manager, marketing manager, brand manager, advertising manager, packaging manager, different managers, regional manager, journal manager, these managers are middle managers. They actually carry the decisions of the board of directors of management and pass forward those decisions for implementation to the lower management. Okay. The middle management act as co-ordinator between top management and lower management. And lower management is also known as supervisory management. So, supervisory management is mostly responsible for controlling and your directing functions. People are instructed, given order, people are motivated to perform properly, effectively by the lower management. They are mostly officers, sales officer, marketing officer, purchase officer or supervisors, four men, they are lower management. They are actually people who in the real sense, implement the plans and policies programs of the of the top management. Though they are concerned directly with the operation. Right, sir. Operative people. Operative people. So, the five functions of management. First planning function is mostly done by the top management, the middle two functions that is organizing and stopping by the middle management and lower management is concerned with last two functions that is directing and controlling. So, all these five functions are divided into different levels of management. Levels. And accordingly the top level management perform different functions, middle level managers perform different functions and third. But they are again one interrelated. You can say that that middle management is never responsible for planning. So, you are a marketing manager in an organization. Do you think that you are not responsible for planning of your marketing? Definitely not. That is why in some companies, the marketing managers are made one of the director in board of directors. So, he have two functions. He is a middle manager as well as he is a representative in the board of directors. So, his decisions, his opinions may be placed before the board of directors for decision. That is why sometimes you can say that planning function is exclusively done by the top management. That is not correct. Even if you are a sales officer in your area, you can formulate some ideas, new ideas, new policies, new plans. You forward to middle management. Middle manager, marketing manager will carry those your decisions to board of directors. So, indirectly you are also involved in the planning function. So, all people are involved. All are involved, but according to degree or intensity, 90 degree is a 80 degree top management planning. Lower management, controlling and supervising or say directing, they are 80 degree, but 10 degree or 20 degree. So, it is quite interesting and all these are interlinked. So, actually manager have to coordinate among all these things. Definitely. He has all functions, all levels, he have to coordinate. Generally middle managers act as coordinators. So, management has developed to a very great extent. So, and most of the organized institutions are providing also management courses. So, can you say something about these courses so that our learners can benefit, get some advantages from this? The management courses are provided by various institutions. In India, during Nehru's prime minister's, in 19, as back as in 1952, an expert team from USA was invited to visit some important industry in India. They visited and they were asked to find out the causes of low productivity and inefficiency of Indian organization. What were the main causes? And that team submitted a report to government of India and they emphasized that in India, one thing is lacking that is management training. So, they suggested to start an institution and accordingly in 1958, government of India started National Productivity Council, NPC. NPC's first task was to collect the data relating to productivity and publish the data and at the same time training of our managers. That was their first task, but that was not enough. So, in 1960-61, government of India decided that in India, we should have some special institution for conducting management courses and accordingly in 1961, two IIMs at Kolkata and Ahmedabad Indian Institute of Management started, that is the starting of management. But up to 1970s in universities, there were no MBA courses. Only after 1970s, MBA courses were started and Guwahati University started it only in 1978. And after that, particularly after globalization of 1991, many private sector organizations internationally or nationally are coming forward to provide management integration to our organization. Basically, the purpose is to provide quality people, quality staff for management of our companies in the field of marketing, in the field of technology particularly or in the field of human resource management. That is why many private sector institutions are growing. You can say that there is a mushroom growing. It is not planned properly actually. We have seen in Guwahati a number of management institutions are offering management courses, but what about their quality? If they seek objective is to produce quality people for efficient management, quality managers, quality people for efficient and economic effective management of our organizations. But many organizations are expanding their management institutions here and there in different nook and corners, only you die again earning of profits. They are the only motive. That should not be motive. If your motive is only to earn profit that you are distorting, this is distortion, goal distortion. Your goal is difficult. So, that is why your question is a very good question that management institutions are growing. Our students are also in increasing number, taking admission in different institutions, but many institutions have failed to come to expectations of our students. That is why in the when they will go for recruitment purpose, for appointment purpose in different organizations, they reject, they doubt the quality. So, that is again in again I am one thing I am telling you that our management institution should try to quality managers who are globally acceptable not acceptable by on the only because most of the multinationals are offering job opportunities and they want managers who will be equally effective, successful in managing their organization in Japan, Germany or everywhere in the globe. So, our management courses also need some upgradation, modification. The contents, course contents should be according to the niche or requirements of the global organizations, not only to feed the Indian organizations. So, our purpose is not to feed the Indian organization, feeding the multinational companies that should be our objective. So, in today's discussion we have discussed different aspects of management whether it is for educational purpose or managing an organization. So, it is a very enlightening session and definitely our learners will be benefited from this. For this I thank Patak sir. Thank you sir. We will meet again. Thank you learners. Thank you very much.