 Welcome to another session of the industry and today I will be speaking about the topic of radiographic anatomy in the max land mandible or the radiographic analytical landmarks that you see in the max land mandible. Why is it necessary to appreciate these structures of these landmarks? It is just simple to identify any variations or any pathology that has been affecting these landmarks. So, it is highly easy as an appreciable differentiate between the normal from that of the pathological conditions. Tooth, as you may know, we have enamel, dentin, the pulp. Today in this topic we will be speaking about two terminologies as the radiolucency and the radioplasticity. In radiolucency is nothing other than these darker areas that you may see here and radioplasticity is found to be this wider areas that you see, opaque areas. So, in this you can see that the enamel which is highly mineralized around 90% of mineralization is seen. So, that is where you see more radioplasticity. Then you have your dentin which is around 70% of mineralization. That is where you are able to differentiate from that of enamel. Then you have the pulp which is a soft tissue which carries your blood vessels and your norming formations. There you may see a radiolucency. This is your broken end space, your radical pulp and this is your coronal pulp. Then you have your cemento enamel junction that is located over here. Cementon is not that appreciated in your radiographs because it is found to be less mineralized than compared to that of your dentin. That is where you do not appreciate much of your cemento in the radiographs. It is only you can demarcate the cemento enamel junction that is located here. These arrows that are pointed out here is nothing other than the cervical bone out. It is nothing that is like a normal configuration that you see sometimes in some radiographs when you see them in the cervical area, you might see this kind of a decreased x-ray absorption that is seen between the ablacrust that of your cervical region of the tooth. So, how to differentiate that from your tooth carries or your cervical carries is by seeing the outline. As you may see here the outline is found to be normal. There is no disruption in that outline. So that is why this is considered to be a cervical bone out, not that your caries relation. Next, we have your alveolar bone, where you have your alveolar bone proper or to the bone in the cancerous bone. In your alveolar crust, first and foremost that you should know about alveolar crust is nothing other than a radiopathal line that you see a flat line that is seen between the two adjacent teeth that are being pointed out here. This is your alveolar crust. Why do we need to know about this alveolar crust is that you can differentiate the condition called as the pathological condition called as a pyridontitis based on the level of the alveolar crust. So, you can detect your bone loss in such cases when there is a receding person, bone loss, you might say that there is pyridontitis condition. How do you appreciate that? It is just that the alveolar crust is said to be not more than 1.5 mm from that of your cemento enamel junction. If it is more than that, then definitely you might see that there is a receding of the alveolar bone levels that you can consider as a bone loss and it is indicative of your pyridontitis condition. Next is your minor duela. This has a lot of significance of clinical significance in most of the cases, especially in your periapiculations and your other cystic conditions and all. In your minor duela, the other name is hardlea. It is so called because of its radiographic appearance. There is nothing in the radiopay outline that you might see here. It is extending from your alveolar crust around the periapics and then going on to the other side. Between this radiopay outline and to the dent, you will see a radiolucent outline. There is nothing other than your pyridontal ligament space. Pyridontal ligament space contains your principal fibres and your pyridontal ligament fibres. That is why it seems to be a radiolucent outline. Then you have your particular bone as a cancerous bone. In your cancerous bone, you have your de-tobacilli or the other name for a cancerous bone as a de-tobacilli of a bone. It is also called because you have some kind of radiopic outline, rods and plates that are seen with some marrow spaces. You may see here a linear kind of radiopic outline. Then, between that, you have some radiolucency that is circular kind of a small marrow space. This is what a cancerous bone is about. This is how to differentiate that of each that is from your anterior mantle and anterior mandible, that of the posterior mandible. Here, you can see that in your posterior and anterior mandible, you will see it forms a more denser de-tobacilli pattern. Then, compared to that of your maxilla, you might see a little more sparse, fine, its kind of grainy like that you see in your posterior maxilla. The marrow spaces in the posterior aspect, when compared to your anterior, you will see that marrow spaces are formed to be more larger than that of your anterior. Moving on to the structures, the anatomical landmarks that you see in the maxilla, we will divide this from each aspect, that is each region, that is your incisor, maxilla incisor region, what all of the anatomical landmarks that you see under the incisor region. First, the incisor for anus, when you have taken a skull view, that is, you must have studied in your osteology classes. In the palatal aspect, you will see that between the two central incisors, there is in the midline one structure wherein you might see the depression. The depression that is seen between this suture, this suture line is nothing other than your medial palatin suture or the intermaxillary suture, which is extending from your alkyrest, which goes posteriorly. So, posteriorly extends to your palatal. And here, you can see a depression. This is nothing other than an incisor for anus. In here, the radiograph, you will see it as a radial lucid outline. But sometimes, you might see an ill-defined or a well-defined video pic outline surrounding it. It is seen on either side or bilaterally with that of your main palatin suture, that is, within the middle third to the apex region of your central incisors, the roots of the central incisors. Next, in the skull view, as I said, I already explained to you what is a medium palatin suture. Then, a suture line that you see extending from your alkyrest. Posteriorly, it extends to your palatal. You might see this in your radiograph as a radial lucid outline or radial lucid line that is seen extending from the alkyrest level. It improves till your anterior nasal spine. You can see the radial lucid outline. Next, in the skull view, you see a nasal fossa, facial aspect. You might see it here, that is, lying in the midline, either side of the midline of your central incisors above the root of the central incisors. It's considered other name also in white and far roots given as nasal aperture or the air care, because it's an air-filled cavity. You can call it a nasal fossa too. You can see a radial lucid hollow structures that are seen bilaterally or laterally to the midline of your nasal septum. This is a radiopic structure that you see as a nasal septum. The radiopic line that you see posted into the anterior nasal spine posted into that is your nasal septum. What you see here is an inferior conquer in this skull view that you see in the facial point of view. You can see here, this is like a mucus membrane that is covering that of your inferior conquer. You can see it as a more like a homogenous radiopic mass leg that is seen posterior to your nasal aperture or your nasal cavity. Then you have your superior foramina, the nasal palatine canals. Then you find your nasal palatine vessels and your nose, you know, we did through these canals. It is found to be located superiorly to that of your incisor foramina. So here is your nasal fossa. Just about that you will see either side is your superior foramina which is a radiolucid structure. Always remember the hollow structures are air filled cavities and mostly radiolucid areas. Then you have an anterior nasal spine which is found to be 1.5 to 2 centimeters above your alveolar crust level from that of your between the central incisors has been located. So this is a radiopic B leg shaped structure that you see is your anterior nasal spine. And sometimes in some radiograms you might see this kind of homogenous end of an alkaline radiopic alkalino here. You can see here there is nothing other than your nose itself that is your soft tissue of the nose. This is soft tissue of the nose. This is the soft tissue of your lip. You can see here it's a green. Now to summarize your maxillitis incisor region model of the structures that you see. You can see here the A part. This is your radiopic line that is seen posterior to that of your anterior nasal spine. This is the nasal septic. This B that you see a homogenous radiopic mass leg. This is your anterior conga. And then this is your radiolucid well defined radiolucid avoid structures that you see bilaterally adjacent to that of your medium belt and suture. This is your incisor for an anterior nasal spine. You see here the B shape structure. This is your inferior conga. The B that has been pointed up. A is the nasal septum. And this red ROZMB mark is your soft tissue shadow of your lip. What is this red octetal mark that you see? As I said there is a clinical certificate that you might notice with your lamina dural. You notice that the lamina dural in the structure has been disrupted or it's going to be discontinuous. And then you can see a kind of radiopic mass over here. Already an RC treated tooth. So it's kind of a lesion that you see here. So let me explain into the next chapter there's a bulk in periapical lesions in that. Others speak about this. Nothing and then periapical lesion that you see here. Okay. Might be also another differential diagnosis you can give is a periapical scar too. Because already you can see that as R, B, and RC treated. You can see that differential diagnosis of periapical lesion, what a periapical scar. Moving on to the cancer recanine region. The maxillary canal is in the facial aspect of human skull. You can see the depression that is seen between your lateral incisors with that of your maxillary canines. You can see that a depression between the roots of these two structures. You can see in the radiograph you can see that is a radial loosened structure that is seen here. It's in a curved shape or it's on a long shape. It is seen between the roots of your lateral incisors and that of your canine. This is one of the favorite questions that are asked by certain white ones. This is also for short notes too. This is called as a white inverted Y-line of NS. NS, the spelling E double N-I-S. This is the structure that is being formed by two different landmarks i.e. your floor of the nasal cavity or the nasal aperture and the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Please remember this blue outline, the blue marked arrow is pointing out towards the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. This is not the end of the floor of the maxillary sinus. The floor of the maxillary sinus is seen in your posterior teeth and especially near the apices of your or above the apices of your fold of the maxillary molars or the pre-molars. Here in the canine region you will see that the inverted Y-line of NS is being formed by the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Then you see one structure that is a radial loosened, sorry, radial pick, mass that is seen here. This is nothing other than your soft tissue shadow of the nose. The red mark that you see here, the oblique and radial pick outline that you see is your nasal labial. Summarizing the structures that you see in your maxillary canine, it's your floor of the nasal cavity. Then you have your anterior border of your maxillary sinus. Then the C that you see here, the oblong of the radial loosened structure that you see between the roots of your lateral incisor and your canine is your lateral prosci. This is just a diagrammatic representation which I've already explained previously. What are the structures that you see in your maxillary cospits? With this you can see that sometimes the anterior border of the maxillary sinus, you can see that it might pass across your periapics of the maxillary canine. Sometimes it can be encircled over the periapics. So always try to differentiate from the pathologies by seeing the variation laminar dura, appreciating your laminar dura opposite, whether it is continuous or whether it is discontinuous. Then you can notice that there's any pathology of any kind of variations that are seen to these normal structures. With this one you can see that the white arrows that are pointing out is your flow of the nasal cavity. Then the adjacent maxillary sinus, this is your anterior border of the maxillary sinus. Now next is the structures that you see in the maxillary molar region. Your favorite question to be asked is your maxillary sinus. Your sinus as you have already studied in your anatomy, you have the pyramidal structure and air filled cavity that you see in the posterior maxillary posterior area. So it's found to be one of the largest paranesial sinuses that you see in your skull. And here you can appreciate that this is where the maxillary sinus is located. In this you can see that when I was treating a radiograph you can see this is the flow of your maxillary sinus. As I previously mentioned you can see that here it's passing across your periapyces of your folds of maxillary molars. You can see a radiopic line. And then the arrow that is being pointed out here is the septic. Septic is nothing other than a radiopic line that is found to be running across vertically from the floor of the maxillary sinus. This septic molar does is that it helps to divide or it helps to perform compartments within your maxillary sinus. Sometimes as each progresses or if you see a missing tooth what happens is that your maxillary sinus tries to move inferiorly towards the alveolar crest web. So you can see here there's a missing tooth and that is it's pontic below that you can see the floor of the maxillary sinus that is almost reached in the alveolar crest web. And this red arrows that have been pointed out is your radioloscent outline that is seen. You can see here with the radioloscent structure with the radiopic lines between them. There's nothing other than your neuro vascular canals wherein it supplies your posterior superior alveolar nerve canals and nerves as well as other superior alveolar vessels and nerves. You can see that it's passing across the maxillary sinus. So remember that this is your radioloscent structure with the maxillary sinus the radiopic line that you see here is your floor of the maxillary sinus. Then this is your neuro vascular canals. Next you have this aromatic process of as you know this is an aromatic arch. It's found to be lateral lipid it extends laterally from your maxillary so you might see that it's formed by the zygomatic process of your temporal bone and then the zygomatic the zygoma or the malabone also it comprises that of your zygomatic arch. So what do you see here in the radiograph? You can see that it's found to be a U-shaped U-shaped or a J-shaped radiopic structure that you see here this is your zygomatic process of the maxillary. The black surface that you see here is a zygoma. So as I said this is your malabone malabone, your zygoma that once you're taking a radiograph see this as a G or a U-shaped radiopic line that is seen above the floor of the maxillary sinus. This is your zygomatic process of the maxillary. Next is the maxillary tuberosity. You see it as a radiopic mass that is seen posterior to that of your third molars wherein you can see as past tabacillations that are seen here. See the tabacillations that are seen here. This is your maxillary tuberosity. So posterior to the maxillary tuberosity you have the structure called as a teribot plates. That is located here wherein the attachment for your medial teribot is your teribot plates the pink shift arrow that you see here and then inferior to this teribot plate is your hamler projection or the hamler process that you see here. When taking in the radiograph you can see here as a homogenous radiopic mass that is seen posteriorly located to that of your maxillary tuberosity. This is your maxillary tuberosity. Here is your teribot plate and inferior to this teribot plate is your one another homogenous structure that you see here. The kind of projection that is seen here is the hamler process. Then most commonly seen one of the mandible structure part of the mandible that is seen in your maxillary posterior region especially when you are taking third molar maxillary third molar's radiograph. You see this kind of homogenous radiopic triangular shaped mass that is seen here. You can see here to your third molar's maxillary third molar's you can see here coronoid process of the mandible. So this is mostly seen because when you are asking the patient to open their mouth wide open this coronoid process normally what happens is that the coronoid process tries to move forward and downwards. So when it moves forward and down while the patient is opening their mouth when you try to take the radiograph of the maxillary molar's you will see this kind of a radiopic triangular shaped projection that is seen here this is the coronoid process of your mandible. Now to summarize in a diagrammatic representation of all the structures that you see in the maxillary molars this is your maxillary tuberosity that is seen to be located posterior to that of your maxillary third molar's then you have your coronoid process of the mandible and above you mentioned then posterior to that of your maxillary tuberosity you have your terugot plate which is want to be a radiopic structure and then just inferior to the terugot plate structure of your terugot plate is your another projection that you see is a Hamilton process then you have the floor of your maxillary sinus which runs through the periapis of the roots of your maxillary molars then just above that you might see a J shaped or a U shaped radiopic outline it's nothing other than your diagrammatic process of the maxillary so to summarize we have spoken about the anatomical landmarks that you see in your maxillary that is the actual incisor region then we came on to the maxillary that is your canines the structures that you see there is your lateral fossa you see the the inverted byline of NS in the maxillary canine region sometimes you see the soft tissue shadow of the nose as well as the nasolabial fold then we moved on to your maxillary posterior region wherein you see the maxillary sinus is aigmatic process of the maxillary the maxillary tuberosity amyla process and ocular pleats