 Good morning. Are you all right? I do not see smile on your face. Are you doing well at your exams, quizzes? Why you, what a pity. Let me take over as the director of this institute and then I abolish examinations. I will say anyone who attends OAT regularly gets the B. Tech certificate. You know we have been talking about production of speech sounds and we saw how human beings are able to produce a variety of speech sounds and with those variety of speech sounds a larger variety of words is still larger variety of sentences is still larger variety of discourses poems short stories speeches quarrels friendships love affairs divorces all that happens happens through the combination of those speech sounds. We also saw how speech sounds are produced classified described what terminology is there and now we will move into the second unit of the course which is called please write phonology or how speech sounds are put together. So far we have been talking only about one speech sound at a time correct. So we have been talking about but after this module we will talk about how and how are put together how an e are put together or how more than two sounds are put together. What grammar is there does is just as there is a grammar of how words can come together is there a grammar of how speech sounds can come together is there a rule that sound x comes before sound y or do they occur anyway anywhere we will look at some of these questions in the next module. But before we step into that it may be a good idea for us to review what we have done so far and if you have not by chance you see there is a lot of learning pressure on you I realize I understand and I appreciate that you are doing a variety of courses including this and in suddenly one month somebody bombards you with 100 new terms I am very sure you had never before heard words like Wheeler or words like vocal chords or voiced sounds or voiceless sounds or you know plosive or africate am I right am I right. So it is a it is a it is too much of a load on your memory in a limited period of time that is partly the fault with our educational system partly human being survive so what I am trying to do is I am trying to help you understand what you have got alright easily and what is yet to be learnt properly and therefore this review this test is not for grading okay but I expect you to participate whole heartedly if you make a mistake tell me you have made a mistake if you have done well allow me to pat your back verbally I mean not physically you know my hand will break correct shall we start okay so I am going to present a screen with questions look at the questions and write their answers is that okay just the answers you do not have to write the question I am anyway going to mail these PPT slides to you okay let us see number one first right and then answer then speak right one or two words say for example why can dead people not speak why can the dead not speak what is your answer. They have the vocal cords no breath please write that is the correct answer they have no breath they have everything else they have the teeth they have the heart pallet they have lips they have alveolar age they have everything except that air has gone out of their body it can neither get in nor get out so dead people cannot speak okay number two what is ingressive airstream mechanism right and then quickly tell me somebody please what is ingressive airstream mechanism and if you cannot say just write DK just write cannot say DK is do not know do not say do not know say cannot say CS what is ingressive airstream mechanism the air that goes from outside into our mouth from which we produce a speech sounds there are very few speech sounds with that airstream such as okay any other example no that is whistling there you throw air out but when you say you are sucking air in when you say you can feel it keep your hand here and click your tongue and you do not see any air do not feel any air going out air gets in okay but there are very few sounds human language is used with ingressive airstream mechanism let us go to the next why do men most men not all men not all women but why do most men sound different from most women please write that word on your notebook and then answer me I give you just 30 seconds easy it is you know fastest fingers first okay now tell me what is the answer please raise your hand so that my friends behind the camera can capture your lovely face okay raise your hand does not matter if you make a mistake how does it matter there is no price there is no punishment what is the answer why do men sound different from women because women have give me the proper answer because women have a shorter aditinoid cartilage in the case of most women it is how long 18 millimeters long only whereas in the case of most men it is 21 millimeter long lovely great okay why do adults sound different from children the same reason adults have a longer aditinoid cartilage and that changes their voice quality they have bigger jaws bigger tongue you know there are lot of other reasons right number five what are voiceless sounds right and then tell me in the production of which please write and tell me quickly you know the three or four words in the production of which vocal cords do not vibrate okay or in the production of which vocal cords are wide open there is no vibration number six now you have a good question I am sure lot of people here can answer it when is format frequency higher in the production of consonants or in the production of vowels okay let me also check by answer I am not too sure yeah consonants have higher fundamental frequency check your answers okay give yourself marks if you answered correctly so anyone who got six on six or five on six I also pat myself on the back okay anyone who got less than two on six or only two on six marvelous everybody here passes let us go to the next screen okay what do you mean by tone in linguistics what is tone you know a little more difficult question than that shall we pass come on try somebody please what is tone yeah right variation in the frequency of what variation in the frequency of what variation in the frequency of the vibration of vocal cords that is tone or change in the frequency of the vibration of vocal cords I am going to give you these ppt's except when you are attempting an answer you do not have to write okay you know when we define vowels we say question number nine vowels must be oral continuous and unobstructed that is what we said continuous voiced not voiceless vowels must be oral continuous and voiced okay next is there a language which has round front vowels where E is produced with rounded lips yes there is one there there not more than one there is French and there are other languages among the better you know more widely known languages French has in French the word for in in French the word for T W E to is do sorry is is is is do you know with flat lips okay they also have similarly front round vowels there you might remember vowel trapezium we showed you some red symbols those red symbols are exception look them up I am going to ask you again at the examination at the quiz all this will also form portion of your quiz before the end of this month right what is vowel trapezium we have been talking about vowel trapezium what does it mean what is it it is an imaginary area it is an imaginary area in the oral passage through from which different vowel sounds are produced okay don't many people don't seem to have got it right how many cardinal vowels are there the vowels at the extreme points if you remember vowel trapezium you will remember extreme points and you can quickly say how many are there many people say eight but there can be more right how many cardinal vowels are rounded three yes lovely and what are those O O and O or O O and O okay what is a diphthong can you write quickly I will give you 30 seconds and then you can possibly answer better and compare your answer once you write what is a diphthong compare your answers okay how many people got seven on seven six on seven please don't capture it on the camera ignore it okay sorry four on seven thank you God bless you at least three on seven okay so you pass somehow please pay attention to this area you have the slides and you have the book okay come to the third set what are centering diphthongs thinking now you know I will give you 40 seconds for each question what are centering diphthongs you can write and then answer you might make mistakes but it doesn't matter you know please try you know you can say centering diphthongs or those vowel sounds where the tongue moves from this position to the next position so fill in those blanks from and to what are centering diphthongs the answer is there in the question right what is the answer moves towards the centre you know moves towards the centre centre in the centre of the vowel trapezium that is centering diphthong so you know fronting diphthong is where the final movement is towards the front of the mouth closing diphthong where the final movement is towards the closed position in the mouth backing diphthong where the final movement is towards the back of the mouth etc you know you can you can say that right consonants differ by consonants from one another differ by voice whether they are voiced or voiceless by place of articulation and manner of lovely please write what are semi vowels please write what are semi vowels they are produced like vowels but but I told you yesterday okay right we will check why is it is not n what is it that sound question number 19 why is that not a vowel sound. It is nasal it is not oral okay otherwise it is voiced it is continuous there is no obstruction in the nasal passage but it is nasal and therefore it is not a vowel sound alright what is a fricative sound write the answer please fricative sound is that sound which is produced now complete the sentence which is produced yeah with partial or extruction through audible friction that sort of thing what is an affricate sound okay who can answer it total abstraction but yeah that speech sound which is produced with total obstruction but gradual release okay compare your answer and give yourself ticks and crosses how many people got seven on seven six on seven five on seven let us continue and you know I want you to do this exercise back home back in your room again before some of these appear at the quiz please write definitions what is a plosive sound write it on your notebook please write number 22 what is a plosive sound number 23 using three term level describe as in home English word okay number 24 using relevant three term level describe as in away you can look into one another's notebook after you have written okay not before first write your own definition you know this is a self test self appraisal I am I am getting you to see how much of the course has already seeped into you number 25 using relevant three term level describe a as in away it is a dip thong it will take two descriptions have those descriptions from X to Y position number 26 what is an active articulator write the definition and active articulator is that organ of articulation which now complete the sentence you can also say an active articulator and then complete the sentence number 27 you can say yes or no is opera you know opera lower teeth is tooth and active articulator yes or no no how many knows raise your hands please capture them okay right you know this is the kind of picture I would like to show the world you see my students give always correct answers other pictures I will delete I will ask them to please cut out those seconds from the recording number 28 to order what kind of sound is you will a lowered nasal please write okay check your answers once again see if you got all the seven right particularly check the three term levels okay in a sudden sense it you know it is a very good test of your understanding of the phonetic processes give yourself you know take our cross your answers okay who got seven on seven this time six on seven K thank you lovely five on seven four on seven okay I want to ask I am embarrass you more than that please please answer what is the state of vocal cords when we whisper into the ears of others okay what is the state of vocal cords when we whisper there are you know either vocal cords can be either wide open or tight shirt or loosely together what is the position of the vocal cords please write number 30 our nasal sounds voiced or voiceless write your answer 31 what kind of speech sounds are produced when you will I raised please write when you will I raised 32 what are the two major classes of sounds which all of speech sounds which all languages of the world have what are the two major classes of speech sounds what are the two major classes of speech sounds which all languages of the world have next are all back vowels rounded yes or no no some are also unrounded 34 can women produce all vowel sounds yes or no yes yes obviously 35 can children produce all consonant sounds depends on the sound very young children take time but you know once they cross in fancy they can produce all consonants and all vowel sounds but in friends take time check your answers okay this time it should have been easy how many people got seven on seven one two three four not bad six okay five okay great okay I am going to answer this question okay going to give you some test in transcription now I am going to write some words in phonetic alphabet and I want you to transcribe it into the common Roman orthography sorry ask me so you do not have to write that yes no language of the world has all possible sounds okay so the question is what kind of symbols do we use and I advise you to look up Google say Google IPA symbols and you will get a big chart that chart has possibly all symbols and diacritics what is a diacritic diacritic is the extra mark are you with me everybody please are you with me everybody please diacritic is the extra mark which you use to indicate additional feature say for example in Hindi you have to write K and R how do you write it in Hindi you write it this way this is your symbol and this is the diacritic or in Hindi you want to write KU how do you do this you write this is your symbol and this is your diacritic in Telugu you can write this and what is this so this is the diacritic Telugu also has caps shoes sticks you know Indian writing systems we make fun of it you can make fun of English writing system but writing system everywhere has basically I am trying to get organized a lecture on writing systems by one of my colleagues in the department of biotechnology he has designed a script using which all Indian languages can be written with greater efficiency so one day I am going to ask him to come and talk to us and I would like you to come for that lecture please so there is diacritic so what we do is say for example in Indian languages we have ta ta da da na now ta is produced with you know tip of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth okay this symbol how do we indicate that symbol so we say this and now we add a diacritic this is ta as in my mother tongue the word is sorry what is this teen 3 in Hindi also there is teen 3 in Telugu there is ta ta okay so this is dental so you indicate it through diacritics so IPA chart international phonetic alphabets chart gives you symbols and gives you diacritics using which you can by enlarge describe all possible sounds in all possible languages have I answered you yes see all languages have only some sounds okay no different language has all the sounds say for example for Englishman this was a very difficult sound no Englishman could in India pronounce no when I say no I mean many many Englishman could not produce ta okay so Tamil has some sounds which are unique to Tamil but Tamil has don't doesn't have some other sounds that doesn't matter I told you yesterday that each language has only some sounds out of a possible box of sounds out of a possible range of sounds but to describe those sounds phonetically we have the terminology and we have the tools the tools are IPA symbols and the chart is that okay right shall we continue okay I am going to give you a test in using because you know in the coming weeks you will have to use lots of phonetic alphabet to describe any example I will say please use phonetic alphabet and when we come to phonology how do is two speech sounds come together we will still need these symbols okay so please get them right right I am going to write words in phonetic alphabet you can write in roman alphabet and check whether you got the symbols right please write you you you just have to write the roman word I am giving you transcription okay and you can use roman alphabet latin you know the alphabet that we use to write the English language okay I will give you exactly 30 seconds write it in roman alphabet write it in roman alphabet please whenever you use phonetic alphabet you should first use slanted bars by convention it means that you are now going to use phonetic alphabet it is not the letter of any particular script it is the symbol of international phonetic alphabet okay check whether you got it right or wrong this is church how many people got it right lovely that is great church this is judge and this is theory okay now I am going to write words in roman alphabet and I expect you to write it in phonetic alphabet shall we do that shall we do that okay please okay got it use phonetic you know use these slanted bars please check anyone who got them all correct okay you got at least say 80 percent of these symbols right okay one okay got at least 50 percent right okay okay okay okay okay you need some practice I am going to write a name tell me what you know I want to see how you transcribe it okay please okay then Ali Raman okay I am going to give you a difficult name now okay everybody please write your own name in phonetic transcription now done okay my my surname my first name is Shree and my family name is Chaudhary write my family name in phonetic alphabet the way I pronounced it Chaudhary okay check with mine this is how I will write it but you know there can be variations okay final test last you know in one minute and then I am going to stop I am going to write some words in phonetic symbol don't pronounce it immediately look at it make up your mind and when I say please pronounce then pronounce that word anyone together or separately as you like okay here is the word what's it this is an English word oh you see oh you see oh you see a word okay what is this got got got this is got okay what is this wait wait wait as in cat as in rat what is this four four four what is this what is this four four four what is this four what is this toy toy okay I think I will stop here well all I have tried to do is you know please don't believe please don't have the impression that I have tried to tell you guys know nothing you know a lot already these are the only few instances where you have made a mistake but these are typical okay I will add the quiz later this month ask you some of these things and I expect everybody to get full marks 10 on 10 or 20 on 20 if you have any doubts any questions please consult me look up the book have some practice and have a good day nice weekend right thank you