 The development of molecular market technology in the 1980s has revolutionised plant breeding by facilitating crop improvement through sequencing technologies and providing deeper insights into genetic diversity available for crops. Recent developments in genotyping by sequencing and association mapping based on next generation sequencing technologies have further facilitated the identification of novel genetic markers for complex and unstructured populations, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of molecular markers and breeding strategies. This article was offered by Mohammed Azhar Nadeem, Mohammed Amjad Nawaz, Mohammed Kaseem Shaheed and others.