 So this is a demonstration, a detailed demonstration of the structures which are located in the entire anterior abdominal wall. Let me show you the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a canal which is the site which marks a location where the test is descended during embryonic life in males. Theoretically it is present also in females because the round ligament of uterus passes through that, but it is a clinical significance only in males because by virtue of the descent of the test is, it takes a process of peritonium with it called the process as vaginalis which can be a site of inguinal hernia which is much more common in males. So let's take a look at the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a one and a half inch canal which is located just about one centimeter above the inguinal ligament and parallel to the medial two thirds of the inguinal ligament. So this is the approximate location of the inguinal canal. If we were to imagine a rectangular box, it has got four sides. Anterior wall is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis and laterally it is formed by the internal oblique. At this juncture I can mention that some of the fibers of the internal oblique, they take origin from the lateral part of the inguinal ligament and we can see those fibers here, these fibers. So these also forms part of the anterior wall. The roof is formed by the conjoined fibers of the internal oblique and the muscle deep to that, that is the transverse abdominis which also takes partly origin from the inguinal ligament and these two sets of fibers which take origin from the inguinal ligament, they curve over the inguinal canal and these curving fibers, the conjoined fibers of the internal oblique and transverse abdominis, they are referred to as the conjoined tendon. They form the roof and we can see that also here. And this same conjoined tendon also forms part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. To continue with the roof, the roof is also formed by the inferior free margin of the fascia transversalis which is known as the ileopoeic tract. The posterior wall is formed by the conjoined muscle which I already mentioned. It is formed by the fascia transversalis and on the medial most side, medial one fourth of the posterior wall is formed by a reflection of this inguinal ligament called the reflected inguinal ligament. So these three structures form the posterior wall. The floor is formed by the inferior upturned margin of the inguinal ligament called the poopar ligament and the lacquer ligament. Just above the external iliac artery, this is the location of the ring and we can see that ring here that is known as the internal inguinal ring and it is through that ring that the ductus difference passes and we can see the ductus difference here. This is the ductus difference which we have lifted up and this is one of the most important contents of the inguinal canal. Internal ring is an opening in the fascia transversalis and likewise we have an opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique and that is this opening here and this is known as the external ring and the external ring has got two crura, a medial crust and a lateral crust and passing through the external ring we have this chromatic cord which we have lifted up and the most important content of this chromatic cord is this structure which is the ductus difference which I mentioned here and if you look closely here when I exert traction here it moves here and when I pull here it moves here. So this is the ductus difference. So this is an important content. Another important content of the inguinal canal is this nerve here. This is the ilio-inguinal nerve which is piercing through the conjoined tendon and it is running and it will supply its structures in the thigh and in the scrotum. Another content is the genital femoral nerve we cannot see and the other muscles that we see here these are derived from the conjoined tendon and muscle and that is referred to as the cremastric muscle which plays a different role in the scrotum. So this is the inguinal canal. This is a site of inguinal hernia and in this particular cadaver he had already undergone a surgery for inguinal hernia and we can see the remnants of the suture material. This blue color that we see here this is non-absorbable suture that we use for inguinal hernia repair and that is proline and I can show you some more remnants of the same structure here also and we can clearly see this blue structure this is non-absorbable proline which is used for inguinal hernia repair especially when we are strengthening the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. So this is about the inguinal canal and its clinical relevance. The inguinal canal is present in the females as I said it gives passage to the round ligament of uterus but because there is no testis inguinal hernia as such is very rare in females. Now let me mention something about incisional and other hernia. The quickest is the midline incision through the linealba. It can be super umbilical inframilical this gives very rapid approach. The thing about incisional the linealba is that when we are closing it because the linealba is relatively avascular we have to close it with non-absorbable material. I personally prefer nylon loop and that gives a very strong repair. I have seen people repairing with absorbable material and the patient comes back with incisional hernia one year later. Incisional hernia can occur anywhere if it has not been repaired properly and if there is a muscle weakness or the nerve has been cut. We can have hernia coming out through the umbilicus and that is not very uncommon in children. That is known as the umbilical hernia. In 93% of cases the umbilical hernia children closes by one year of age so it does not require any surgery. Only 7% of them require surgery and that has to be repaired. In adults the hernia does not come out through the umbilicus. It comes by the side of the umbilicus usually above the umbilicus just above. It is known as parambilical hernia. This difference is very important and umbilical hernia is common in children. Parambilical hernia occurs in adults. In umbilical hernia the umbilicus is at the apex of the hernia sac. In parambilical hernia the umbilicus is at the wall of the umbilical sac. So that occurs only in parambilical occurs only in adults. In many thin walled individuals we can see a gap between the superior rectus above the umbilicus. And especially when you lift up the head from the bed without using their hands you will see a bulge. That is referred to as the dive adication of recti which is usually commonly seen in the upper part of the abdomen. So these are some of the incisional and other ventral hernias that we can get in the abdominal wall depending on what situation it is. So that is all for now. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.