 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Triggy College, University of Allahabad. And in the series of discussing various issues over secondary education in India, this time I am going to discuss the last topic of this unit, that is vocational education in India, need and constraints. And the lecture is useful as well as interesting and will be useful for your competitive teaching examinations as well as for your general understanding about secondary education as well. Okay, let's start. We are going to talk about what vocational education is. That means, education in India. Or you can call it the education of education. So, we have discussed this topic many times. You can listen to one of my old videos, History of Vocational Education in India. In which you will know that since when this is being talked about, that the education that is being taught on a secondary level, on a secondary level, should be conducted. That means, the input of vocational education should be given to that child. After secondary education, he does not go into higher education. He does not have any responsibility, any caution, any capability with which he could be in any job. And in India, unemployment could be reduced. The main concern is the need. What is vocational education? It can be defined as the education that is based on occupation and employment. This is the kind of education that is based on employment and employment. Vocational education is also known as career and technical education. It is known as CTE or most popularly, technical and vocational education and training. Technical and vocational education and training. Or only known as VET. So vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning. The old apprenticeship system that is being run in learning, it does not have to be taken from that. It consists basically of practical courses through which one gains skills and experiences directly linked to a career in future. And this is mainly taught by some practical courses through which you can take some caution and experience, through which you can link to a career in future. Like in the future, you can link to a career in the future with this skill and experience. Okay. What is the need? So the need that I have just talked about, I have to take that from the need itself. Look, if you have heard that video, the linkage between secondary education and higher education, we had come to the conclusion that secondary education is biased. It is a pre-conceived notion that a child will go into higher education. And that is why it does not cater to any input, any multi-purpose school, any diverse styles, diverse capabilities and learners. So what happens is that the child does not have any option that after secondary education, he has only one option that he goes into higher education. So every child does not go into higher education. There are many reasons for that. There is a family responsibility. After secondary education, parents do not have the money to teach them further. And also there can be a lot of socio-economic conditions. So you know that there was only 25% earlier and now there is some 27% higher education. So out of every 100, 27 children go into higher education and every child leaves their education. So how important is the vocational education that when we know this situation, when we know that we cannot give our child higher education because we do not have that much infrastructure, neither do we have teachers, nor do we have institutions, nor do we have online education that is so popular here. So why do we not strengthen secondary education and flourish so much, and give so many options that every child after secondary education, he is capable of standing on his feet. So this is not understood from today. The Indian education system acknowledges the role of education at all levels. We should be vocational. And it acknowledges the role of education at all levels and specifically vocational education. That means that in India, the education system believes that every type of education has a role and especially vocational education. So from the Barda scheme of basic education, that is, this system is already being talked about when the Indian Commission, the Kothari Commission, the Kothari Commission in 1964, the UNESCO's learning that took place in 2013, all the NPEs that were made, NEPNP, whatever name you know, in 1966, 1986, 2020, everyone has said that we have to give a lot of importance to vocational education. Then, if you look at the regulatory framework of vocational education, which are the sanskhae, which are the neyamak sanskhae in the language of vocational education, the central government agencies, what are they? They are the Ministry of Human Resource Development and Ministry of Education. Apart from that, Department of School Education and Literacy. Why? Because we have to give a secondary education, vocational education, that is why the School Education and Literacy Department has been given this work, Responsible for Running BET, Vocational Education Training Programs and Senior Secondary Schools. Apart from that, Ministry of Labor and Employment, Shram and Rojgar Mantral, Electricity General of Employment and Training, National Skill Development Council, all these are the central government agencies that work for vocational education and state government agencies as well. Like the Directorate of Technical Education, of the private sector, Councils for Technical Education and many NGOs are involved. Now, let's see what is the problem? What are the problems? Why is the implementation of vocational education so difficult for us? Why are there no problems? So, the first and foremost problem that you will understand is that there is a high dropout rate at secondary level. So, if you don't get a target group for them, then who will you teach? Private and industry participation is lacking. See, there are many points that can be repetitive. So, you can let it go. Private and industry participation is lacking. Meaning, the industry for which we have to prepare students, there is no luck in that. Less number of vocational institutes in the country. There are very few institutes in the country. No uneducated number of trained faculty. And even there, there is a lack of education and education. Vocationalization at all levels has not been successful. At every level, we have not been able to succeed in vocationalization. Lacking of new sectors of vocational education and skills training. There have been a lot of new news. We lack all that. There is no vocational education. A cute shortage of skilled instructors and teachers in the country. In the country, there are very few instructors and teachers. Lack of opportunities for continuous skill upgradation. If there are skill courses, they need to be continuously upgraded. So, there is no need for that in the country. Absence of monitoring committee. There is no committee that can monitor, tell and regulate all these things. There is no skill gap. We supply the industry and the demand in the industry has a skill gap. The difference between the courses is known. That is why children do not get a job. They are not able to get involved. We are not able to make the industry what they want. Most of the vocational education training institutes are characterized by structurally rigid and outdated centralized education. In that, what we need is not taken from us. It is outdated and rigid. So, these are the problems. And the shortage of VT institutions. Limited or restricted curriculum. The indifferent attitude of the people. Poor perception and public mindset. People think that just by studying and going to higher education we do not have to show any course or skill. Generally in institutes, if you study in English, the child feels the problem. The language which is not understood in English. Insufficient practical exposure. If you take admission, you do not get exposure. Shortage of continuous education. Lack of coordination among government agencies and regulatory bodies. The government agency who is teaching like this and the regulatory body is not the only one. Multiplicity of regulation, certification in curriculum. There are many types of regulatory bodies. There is no one body who certifies and regulates. Demand-supply mismatch has been talked about. Inadequate academia-industrial linkage has been talked about. Lack of proper infrastructure. The schools and institutions do not have proper infrastructure. See, in one classroom you can study again. So, there are so many problems in vocational education. So, what should we do? There are some solutions. What can we do? Rejuvenating vocational education at school level. It is very important to rejuvenate the academic or psycho-education. How can we rejuvenate? Introducing relevant curriculum. It is important for today's time to introduce such curriculum. Engaging quality teachers. Improved public perception of VET. Such training awareness program in which people's perception of VET is changed. Vocational education training is also a course of education. Collaboration of the private sector international development partners and other stakeholders. There should be collaboration between the stakeholders. Establishment of good relationship with industry. The relationship between good and bad. Bringing skill development programs under one roof. One regulatory body. One Niyama. Revisiting the Apprenticeship App Act. Upgrading and expanding of the craftsman training scheme. Capacity building of VET system. How can we overhaul it? Can we improve it? Introducing multi-skilling pattern in VET. Update the curriculum. Improve soft skills. Improve quality of teacher and trainer. Give financial support. Providing accessible and affordable training. It should be accessible. It should not be affordable. Ensuring training according to the market. So that the child leaves the institution and gets employment. It will motivate them to learn and support services after training. Even after training, the child needs support services. It should be provided. I have covered this one. One more. We need monitoring and evaluation. We need monitoring, evaluation, establishing employment exchange, training and placement. Bridging the gap between VET in higher education. A central board and state board of vocational education, CBVE and SBVE should be made. Accreditation, affiliation, examination, certification. And committee should be made. Everything is there. Monitoring, evaluation, update the curriculum. Make it relevant. Get a good teacher. We need to improve the financing. Everyone knows that these are the problems. Solutions are in front of us. Policy makers are understanding. We can expect that in the near future, our secondary education will be vocationalized. It will benefit our youth a lot. The burden of higher education will be less. Everyone will get employment. The GDP will be good. This is a good thing. In this way, I have covered secondary education in totality. I have covered primary education. I have covered secondary education. It means two units have been completed successfully. In this way, I have completed this very much topic. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.