 We are live live live live. This is the live broadcast of the this week in science podcast and This week it is a solo show not a sold-out show Be nice to have a sold-out show. You would make my twist Solo show sold out my doctor Kiki's science hour Of science fun. Oh, yes the one Mike show. Who am I talking to? I'm talking to you everybody and thank you for joining me. There may be edits This may be a shorter show than normal Maybe not the full 90 minutes even that we try to reach every single week But I am so glad to have you all here with me to talk about science this week So without any further ado, let me not change my camera or do anything because it's time to start the show Oh my goodness in a three to this is Twist this week in science episode number I Get back to that again. What number is this? It's so many. I don't even remember anymore. We're gonna start over again. Okay in three two This is Twist this week in science episode number 861 recorded on Wednesday February 2nd 2022 Why is one the loneliest number? Hey everyone, I'm dr. Kiki and tonight on the show. I will fill your head with Trojans guts and T cells but first disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer Like the ever-changing surface of the sea so goes human history It's strange. We search for stability when what is optimal is always shifting The wind blows and creates ripples across the sands of time yet humans search for a cave Where they will be protected from the elements where their dancing shadows will be forever etched against the walls We ache for safety security certainty and This week in science coming up next I've got the kind of mine that can't get enough. I want to learn everything new discoveries that happen every day of the week There's only one place to go to find the knowledge I seek Good science to you Welcome everyone to another episode of this week in science and yes, you may have noticed that it's only my voice so far I'm dr. Kiki and tonight I am the only host of this show Justin is taking care of a sleepless baby and Blair is really not feeling well So unfortunately it was a last minute Maneuver and I have no co-hosts but I'm here because We always try and bring you this week in science when we have said that we're going to bring you this week in science So thank you so much for joining us for another week of science discovery curiosity a little bit of uncertainty I hope and We will dig in to the science together on this week's show. I have science news I've brought to you stories about Trojan asteroids a stronger plastic Capybara guts alcoholic monkeys and our weird vision Yes, we have not weird visions, but we have weird vision Yes, our eyes and our brains and where they work is very odd and we will get to that toward the end of the show As we jump in tonight, I do want to remind you that if you have not yet subscribed to this week in science You can do so look for twist for this week in science on your favorite podcast platform We also stream weekly and are available on YouTube Facebook and Twitch You can find us as twist science TWIS CI ENCE on Twitch Twitter and Instagram, but if all these things are hard to remember just go to twist org. That's our website for more information Wow, it really seems like the front part of the show goes so much faster when I'm not talking to anybody else It's just me and you everyone. Are you ready? Are you ready for all of the science news? Okay, let's jump in to the stories that I brought this week This week we have news of a second Trojan asteroid Sharing Earth's orbit. That's right There are Trojan asteroids around many planets in our solar system and we've even sent Lucy a Craft where it's a mission that will be investigating the Trojans Trojan asteroids Trojan moons around Jupiter and We have our own which is pretty cool. This particular space rock exists at the L five Lagrange point. It's one of those kind of weird gravitational dwell points where everything's kind of balanced out and There's not as much push or pull going on And so within this L L five region there is 2020 XL five and 2020 XL five is about a kilometer and a half wide It's about it's over a kilometer wide and they've just reported Researchers out of the University of Barcelona and their colleagues, which is an international team, but the observations were made From an earth-based telescope that is located down They've looked at some used several earth-based telescopes actually in order to make the observations of this earth Trojan published Their confirmation in nature communications it's pretty exciting because it When you think of what a planet is you think of a planet as having completely cleared its orbit and now We have the moon, which is right near us and we can see it and it shares the orbit with it It is tracking with us. It's the moon is trapped in our gravity and is Basically, you know, even though it wants to pull away it's inching away and we will eventually lose the moon someday Not any time soon though. So if you have youngsters who are listening And you can ensure them that there's no no problems with the moon they'll be able to look up and see the moon for, you know, hundreds thousands of years to come and We take that for granted and then we consider there are asteroids, but we never really think oh, we've got other bodies Sharing our orbit and so these Trojan asteroids the first one having been discovered back in 2010 in the L4 Lagrange point and It it's just very exciting to know that we're not alone in our rockiness in our orbit This particular rock 2020 What is it 20? What would I call it? 2020 XL 5 it sounds like a car like it's going to be some kind of a model of a BMW or something this 2020 XL 5 It is going to be perturbed by other gravitational forces and eventually make its way Out of our orbit in about 4,000 years So perhaps perhaps we will be seeing it some day some day And I did want to bring another space storage is super quick because this is kind of my Trying to keep track of all those predictions that we made at the beginning of the year and our prediction show I Said that the SLS and the art of Artemis mission This might not make it this year. Well Artemis has officially been postponed again They haven't given it a launch date. They say they're looking at dates for April or May March or April May time to look at Launching Artemis one which relies on the SLS which isn't going to be tested until March itself So the fact that they have pushed it back haven't given it a particular launch date I think they're giving themselves wiggle room to continue to push that mission back. We'll see Will the massive SLS that space launch vehicle actually get Things into space will we go to the moon? Will NASA take us there? Yeah, we still have to find all that out But I don't know so far my prediction. I think is pretty it's Staying on track. So we're gonna keep track. I will keep track of that. You can maybe help me keep track of it during the year John Hogan I too would like to see a launch in person I have never seen a space launch in person the timing and the locations and distance from where I've been I've never made it very easy But it yeah with the number of space launches that we have now With regularity and those numbers are increasing now that the private commercial space industry has ramped up I think we're we're going to see many more launches and all of us will have more opportunities to Get ourselves. Maybe perhaps more opportunities to to see some of these massive Matt the the massive proof of our human technological ability Welcome everybody, okay, let's keep moving forward in the science Beyond our Trojan asteroids beyond the uncrewed Artemis mission Let's talk about fake photosynthesis. Well, not really photo fake photosynthesis. It's it's it's artificial leaves That's what we will talk about. We want to talk about carbon capture using artificial leaves researchers have developed a system in which they have Basically created they're using wet and dry chambers and They're using oxygen and hydrocarbons and pH to enable the transfer of or the isolation of carbon dioxide out of Regular air. So this could be the kind of thing that would be used in flue gases in industry or it could potentially be used it Just I'm imagining this as something that would be maybe a small size that you could Have in your home to capture carbon dioxide from your your own home may be powered by Solar cells. So you have solar power powering this this new artificial leaf system Which is very modular. They say it's about the size of a backpack and You could isolate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere within your home And it could be tapped into a seltzer fountain in your in your kitchen or in your You know in your wet bar Yeah, I know I have I have ideas and thoughts about about very silly things sometimes but These uh, these uiC College of engineering scientists they've pretty much distilled down this new method that Allows the cost of carbon capture to be significantly decreased materials. They're using which is a very basic Basic electrochemical membrane that allows the transfer of the molecules to get across from the dry side to the wet side across the electrodes Allows the Concentration of carbon dioxide to happen in such a way and in such efficiency that they're estimating. It would be about $145 per ton of carbon dioxide which at this point is about For most carbon capture technologies, they're looking at about 600 dollars And they say to be competitive and to really make this kind of technology carbon capture technology start to work Ideally we would be getting down under 200 dollars. That's what the united states government wants us to get for to get but um to really work on our atmosphere and drawing down carbon We need to get to a price point of about 50 to 60 50 to 60 dollars per metric ton of Of carbon dioxide being removed from the air, but this is a very simple Solution and they say it only for their backpack sized module It uses about the same amount of electricity as a light bulb So it's not incredibly energy intensive either. It just needs a bit of electrical charge to Charge the membrane that's in the middle of the of the unit so anyway Yeah carbon capture Basically, I mean, I'm really imagining these things perhaps maybe not on every house But this could be the kind of setup that would be on hotels or maybe you put them in hospitals or you know Yes in the flues In the in industrial applications where they capture those mixed gases that are coming out But are able to isolate the carbon dioxide And which is such one of the big problems that isolation is actually Being able to do efficient isolation in in an easy price effective way This is what we're looking for and this seems like a really great solution. So we will see where it will go And no jg. I am not telling you that you can turn wine into champagne but you can Turn wine into champagne if you have um, yeah, if you had carbon dioxide seltzer machine in your house White wine. I I don't I wouldn't recommend doing that with red wine. It might not taste as good But yes, yes, I've actually done that with a nice bottle of rosé yeah When lacking your rosé bubbly go straight to your soda fountain All right, let's move forward from this one bit of technology to another fun piece of technology that I thought was kind of neat this week researchers at mit have developed a new thin strong Plastic polymer. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, we need more plastic like I need a hole in my head Kind of it. It might be the thought that's coming into your head at this moment in time But this new polymer is made from monomers single units of melamine And you might know melamine from the those acrylic plates There are lots of little like lots of the hard acrylic dinnerware or cookware is melamine and Yes, it can be toxic if it is not treated correctly, but mit chemical engineers engineers have devised a way to get instead of polymers to create long String like polymers, which is what normally happens you have monomers and they attach like a chain and they create like a long String of spaghetti polymer and you kind of mush all those things together and the polymers can be can create All sorts of different forms, but they have not yet been able to create single sheets a two-dimensional sheet That's lightweight and strong has been something that Chemical engineers have been trying to develop for a very long time What ends up happening in most cases is that they start to grow the little sheet But then a little monomer pops up in one direction or another and then it blurbles out in the wrong direction destroying the integrity of a single two-dimensional sheet of polymer So now they have Devised this way. They've published in nature this week their methodology for creating this melamine two-dimensional Flat polymer sheet, which they say is as strong as steel, but incredibly lightweight So this could create new coatings for automobiles. This could create new shells for computers it could the applications for this kind of a moldable Polymer that's very strong And as long as it's not brittle like steel can be in some cases It can be incredibly useful. So they've got these sheets, but once again melamine It's toxic. So are we just adding more toxic stuff to the environment if you can't figure out what another thing and plastic Do do we really need more plastic? Can we start figuring out other things that are more sustainable yet? I mean It's not the 60s anymore anyone well two-dimensional jg and When I say two-dimensional, I I mean in a very flat sense where it's got an x and a y axis as opposed to XYZ axes where you would think of it being more of a cube or a sphere This is a single molecular layer That can spread out and be Like a flat sheet of paper which yes Yes, if you're really cutting hairs that fine splitting hairs um It is three-dimensional, but Yes, I yes, I yes, I will agree with you on that one Moving on from melamine polymers Let's talk about microbes Who out there loves microbes? Have we learned to love microbes yet? I do I do I do love microbes. I I We don't think of them as our friends all the time, but indeed indeed they are and they're everywhere in this world Some researchers just published their work looking into the microbial world to look for a particular Uh Yes, both love and hate love and hate microbes. Yes, actually you love some of them not all of them, but yes We don't like the little viruses that make us sick, but we love the phages that like to attack the bacteria that make us sick There's there's so many that we love we love the the bacteria that are in our yogurts that are in our pickles The things that give us the good food. No, let's not be mad at microbes Let's look at them as the wonderful wild world that they are Anyway, these researchers were looking for a particular capability that they found in a certain strain of bacteria that had been Easily grown in their laboratory that they had been looking at for a really long time And these bacteria that they had discovered were able to And this is a quote unquote breathe rocks And so what is what what I mean by breathe rocks? Well the microbes Can establish an electrical connection So they use what they call EET. This is not E. T. It's E. E. T. Extracellular electron transfer so across their cellular membrane The bacteria are able to transfer electrons and usually this has something to do with say A proton pump or some kind of pour in the membrane that allows things to pass one direction or another um, and so there's a trade-off of energy and electrons in this breathing this respiration they bring in electrons which power Their metabolism and so At initially they were just like wow. We've got these bacteria shawanella Onidensis One of the first EET capable organisms They looked at it in the lab. They had it in the lab for a long time and they were like Oh, nobody else is going to have this skill. This is super special this E. E. T.ness Delvin to the microbial world and really take a look around And oh, yeah It's everywhere and in fact microbes are sharing it with you cut with each other through Horizontal gene transfer, which is the trading of genes back and forth has nothing to do with reproduction They just go. It's like playing cards and they're like go fish. Okay. I'd like to take that one out of your pile And these genes get swapped between different bacterial species and so the they've found that across the bacterial environments different bacterial species uh are capable of extra cellular electron transfer EET this breathing of material in the environment and what they believe is that The the bacteria as they gain these genes They probably make adaptations so that they can specifically use EET in whichever environment they're in to take advantage of the resources that exist where they are so that they can live in The most efficient effective way possible, which is what we all want to do, right? I'm going to take advantage of what I've got here. Oh, I've got a new tool in my tool chest. Oh, yeah But I you know, I can adapt it a little bit and make it work Yeah, so the thing that comes from this though is when you think of The bacterial worlds and how bacteria Have existed for millennia longer than other life forms the more complex quote-unquote complex life forms such as humans mammals etc Microbes have covered the earth and we think of ourselves as amazing architects, but bacteria have Formed the earth as much even more so than we have bacteria have led to the oxygen that we breathe bacteria have Altered the surfaces of the planet throughout its evolution as long as life has been Living so our planet is a form and function of the life that is on it Which is really very very cool Okay, no more microbes are you ready for um capybaras the world's largest rodent We love capybaras. Don't we capybaras are so cute And just they're just these gentle grass eating rodents that are massive Seriously capybaras they some people have capybaras as pets other people think capybaras could be raised and Uh used as a food source um, you know, I'm I'm not of the eating cap capybara persuasion, but Capybaras How do they eat? How do they digest what they digest? Well Course researchers have been fascinated by the way that capybaras digest their food and oh How do they do it with the help of microbes just like us? That's right. Oh the microbes the microbes give the capybaras the ability to digest The grasses that they eat and so when we think about grass eating organisms normally we'll think about cows or deer The foregut fermenters. Maybe they have multiple stomachs. Maybe they have multiple chambers Maybe they uh, maybe they digest early in the intestinal area region Foregut fermenters are one kind of grass eater They have bacteria that allow them to break down the cellulose and the lignin and all of the food that they're eating Capybaras being rodents they do it differently and so they are what are called hindgut fermenters That's right. They ferment in their cecum That's that's their large intestine. So capybaras Nice big rodents They've got a bunch of gas in their guts And it's all because of the microbes that live there and according to this new study that is out in That is out in nature communications. I think this week. Yeah, nature communications They're saying gut the their title is gut microbiome of the largest living rodent harbors Unprecedented enzymatic systems to degrade plant polysaccharides and I just wanted to share with you a quote that I pulled from the paper because it The author of this paper Is A brilliant wordsmith Yes, the science gets across and it's done very well But the words and the way they're melded together their their poetry. So let me just read this to you here These findings highlight the potential of the capybara gut microbiome as a reservoir of uncharted enzymatic systems for carbohydrate processing And thereby expanding our current understanding of gut microbial strategies from hindgut fermenters To overcome the plant cell wall recalcitrance Which might be instrumental to foster the development of value-added products from lignocellulosic agro industrial materials I honestly love scientific writing When it's done so well using the exact words that are necessary to explain so what is this saying? In in the gut of the of the capybara, they have found microbes that have really cool enzymes that they haven't really considered before Which could potentially be used to help maybe with biogas development or other materials that come from industrial breakdown of plant material So from the capybara gut to the future Of our our sustainable energy program, perhaps I love capybaras fada. What have you done there? It's not capybara. It's a kukaburra, but I do appreciate it Capybara sits in the old gum tree, merry, merry king of the bushes. He laughs capybara. Let dance capybara Gay your life must be but it's a kukaburra. The capybara would just be sitting there chewing The grass Because they're so mellow and they just want to chew the grass. Oh these little capybaras So this was my Ode to Blair's animal corner Talking about the guts of the capybaras. Does it take guts? Do I need to show you a picture of a capybara? I should have Showing you a picture of a capybara these cute little capybaras These wonderful capybaras with their serious faces Yes, they're serious faces. They look like giant guinea pigs And they're very friendly and Maybe I will move To brazil and start a capybara farm that might be a nice way to Go into my old age Happily with a capybara farm Enzymes from the capybar gut. Oh my goodness Thank you for joining me for this episode of this week in science I'm so glad to be here talking with you about science and I'm glad that you decided to spend this hour with me If you enjoy it, please share it with a friend Okay, let's move on from capybaras to kovid What a transition Wow Okay, so Most everyone is aware of omicron The latest variant of kovid 19 SARS-CoV-2 virus at this point in time omicron has surprised Scientists by having a related sister called va2 the original omicron strand is called va1 Some researchers think however that the va2 strand Shouldn't necessarily be considered exactly the same as omicron because they found that they have differences One of the interesting differences that is concerning is the fact that va2 is more transmissible than va1 so va2 has been spreading rapidly in areas and possibly gaining dominance against omicron Now the original omicron va1 Has a lot of mutations that have allowed it to escape from vaccine Coverage so the vaccine efficacy efficacy has decreased three doses of the mRNA Vaccines have been recommended to this point in time to enable the antibodies that normally Battle do battle in your primary immune system Response to be able to fight off the infection Well, va1 Kind of gets around that a little bit. So we have a lot more breakthrough infections of va1 va2 however is Little bit more similar to the original delta strain So a lot of the mutations that are there in va1 that allow it to escape vaccines Are not there in va2 so va2 Gets hit by those antibodies a lot harder. So even though it's more transmissible It is getting captured and controlled by vaccines a lot more easily so What this means is more unvaccinated people are getting the va2 strain and spreading it to each other Whereas people who are vaccinated are more likely to be getting sick with the va1 version So all that said Antibodies are very important va1 is battling those antibodies and trying to avoid them va2 Less able to avoid the antibodies But a new study is out showing that T cells T cells if you've been vaccinated You have the coverage the that the the vaccines are allowing Coverage from alpha to omicron All of them the T cells recognize and respond to So at this point in time that does explain why there is less severe disease With omicron than there has been previously especially as more and more people have been infected through time So it's very exciting in that respect And then additionally there's been some recent work looking at predictors of long covet and a new study has been published in cell that reports a number of predictors for individuals who Who will potentially come down with long covet? And so it is great in one way because it's going to make it easier to predict long covet occurrence and potentially offset that long covet occurrence some of the the things that they've been looking at there is the reactivation of latent viruses during initial infection and The things that we're thinking what we're talking about in that respect are like epstein bar virus of viremia There's also At issues with people who have type 2 diabetes If there are high levels of SARS cov2 RNA antibodies if there's lots of levels of high levels of the virus and antibodies in the blood at the time of diagnosis that is also very likely to lead to To lead to long covet so there's more severe disease early on and I'm going to sneeze Wee that was exciting It's all me down here sneezing in my basement science science it makes me sneeze whoo-hoo other things that are Related are specific on auto antibodies that they can measure for so The detectability is important. It may lead to Like I said the understanding of the emergence of more chronic conditions after covet infection And maybe treatments before that does set in Uh jg you're saying you want to get more boosters well if you've only if you've had your normal shot You've got had one booster Unless you are immuno compromised It is not recommended that you get another booster shot that isn't recommended at this point in time They probably will be releasing that kind of thing in about six to 12 months Oh chi just lost another tooth everybody. Yeah, I've lost 14th in the past year whoo-hoo That's science. That is the most gruesome human biology It's gruesome Yeah, okay, did you pull it out? Congratulations tooth fairies coming tonight Uh-oh seriously teeth Are gruesome like they're like Like they push out Honestly, it is To me one of I love it I love it But it is one of the most gruesome Processes that we have in our development as human beings. That's right. Take that teeth. Woo-hoo. He's getting into the adult teeth here It's very exciting My baby's growing up. Oh my goodness Oh, my goodness Uh beach. Yes your comment the whole thing about the virus is it is adept at evading our immune systems from the very beginning And that's true. It's also, uh, the way that the actual cellular infection happens there are a couple of mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 accesses the cells and the difference between the alpha through delta Which affect the lungs a lot more and why we have had much more respiratory Symptoms and disease from SARS-CoV from those variants of SARS-CoV-2 infection Then omicron is that omicron actually, uh, it The way that infects the cells might make it less able to cause the disease in the lungs And so that's why we're seeing more sinus and throat kind of uh, kind of symptoms coming through But Yes, oh Covid their Researchers are learning. Um, and like I said last week, we don't know Where it's going to end. We don't know what is going to happen in the long run um As we shift from the pandemic to endemic But remember that diseases like malaria are considered endemic in other areas of the world So endemicity does not mean not dangerous And that is something that we just do need to consider as we look forward Into the future of living with covid Right jg no one cheers when we lose teeth anymore So can I go back to the dentist and put this back in again? um an additional note that I thought was Um Oh, I totally lost that train of thought. You know when you're standing here with a microphone all by yourself You have things to say and then they go away and there's nobody to save you That does happen. It totally happens and So that was a thought that went away Yeah, kevin I think many of us have forgotten what normal was and in fact, um, it's good To not go back to normal because Normal is what got us this pandemic and if we go back to normal It's very likely that it will lead to more pandemics that are are Hopefully, you know would likely be as devastating as this one has been maybe even more So can we move forward to a new normal in which we live sustainably and are able to Develop a public health system that works in a way to prevent future pandemics from affecting us as much I mean, that's what you hope. Can we learn from our mistakes? How humans learning is good learning. We like the learnings. Yes Oh my oh my This is this week in science. Thank you so much for joining me for this episode if you Enjoy the show every week. Maybe consider supporting us as a patron donor Uh patreon donor if you head over to twist org you can click on the patreon link And that takes you to our little community over on patreon Where you can choose your level of support ten dollars and more will get you thanked By name at the end of the show. We have lots of other thank yous and there are gifts that are sent out by patreon periodically We do hope that The gift of twist is enough for you though. Thank you for your support. We really can't do this without you all right, I only have a few more stories here and um as I sit here and Drink my water I'm not thinking about a glass of wine After this show is over. I'm not thinking about a beer or whiskey one whiskey Wait, how does that I'm that song I lost it A whiskey uh something in a beer I've totally lost it anyway Researchers I've been trying to figure out how to get people To drink less alcohol Especially people who have problems with alcoholism. How do you reduce? The cravings. How do you reduce alcohol consumption? And of course they've done many many experiments in mice But what can we do in people? That's the fun one right? Well, they still haven't Done anything in people along these lines monkeys monkeys will definitely do the trick. Let's use monkeys so researchers published just yesterday in cell metabolism their study looking at vervet monkeys that Had a strong preference for ethanol that little alcoholic monkeys. There we go um and research had suggested for years that a particular hormone related to Fibroblast growth factor it's um and there's a particular factor that's produced by the liver There's a number of them that are produced but this one particular growth factor Fibroblast growth factor 21 fgf 21 specifically has been implicated in control of metabolism control of Of weight gain weight loss muscle wasting or atrophy and also craving for protein in your diet or avoidance of sugars and So this is over the years been a very It's been a hormone of interest and they know that it affects the brain. They know it affects the dopaminergic system They know it affects the nucleus accumbens, which is part of the brain that's in the reward pathway involved in sugar cravings and all that kind of stuff And so these researchers were like, okay We know that we have some of these pathways in the mice We have done this work and we know that if we give them fgf 21 It reduces alcohol cravings in mice This is it going to work the same in the monkeys? Because you know it works in monkeys. It's much more likely to work in people So they gave these vervet monkeys fgf 21 and The monkeys consumed 50 less alcohol They reduced their alcohol intake intake Now what I want to know that they did not look at they didn't look at any other dietary factors, but since fgf 21 mediated suppression of sugar intake usually happens with an increase in intake of protein I wonder if like these monkeys were like, I'll have the steak and eggs breakfast, please please I don't know if that's what they were if they wanted to increase their protein intake at all But this is a hormone a factor that is produced by your liver Naturally, if you are not eating enough protein Fgf 21 gets produced by the liver and the liver goes dudes. I don't like this You need to eat more protein and it kick starts a pathway To get you consuming more protein So you have less Less muscle wasting. Um, it's also and there's some interesting relationships They've found with between like ketogenic diets and fasting and so it is very Dietarily related, but in this particular case, they were able to show that it triggered suppressive neural circuits within the brain That led to suppression of activity in the nucleus accumbens. So suppression of that reward pathway And so fgf 21 Potentially is Is something that can be used to reduce alcohol alcohol intake in people who would like to Reduce their cravings a bit But we haven't done any work in people Unless we want to consider our monkey ourselves monkeys. We're not monkeys. We're not monkeys at all Are related but there needs to be more research before you start go you start looking for those fgf 21 supplements And I already did a search and there aren't any really you can buy like lab grade fgf 21. So Just don't even go looking Um Gaurav Sharma hamsters Some hamsters have a high alcohol capacity probably genetically determined and depending on their livers main livers are the organs that help to clean the blood and to Detoxify with the alcohol dehydrogenase and all that other stuff that the good stuff that goes on in the liver to to clean up your blood and Um, I'm I'm guessing that they probably have a similar system involving fgf 21 because this is a very conserved hormonal system involved in Dietary intake and it's not necessarily alcohol intake, but we do know that animals throughout history if they we became Introduced to alcohol With fermenting fruits probably somewhere way back in our family history our evolutionary history. So Where we came from Where did we come from we were eating little berries on the trees and some of the little berries were fermented and suddenly oh We're drinking alcohol sugars as opposed to just eating sugar and our body had to deal with some of that but it It probably is linked in a similar pathway to control it Yeah, and jg. Yeah, I mean fgf 21 or less impending doom That would work as well Oh my goodness. Oh, okay, let's move move move move from fgf 21 Suppressing. Oh, I had a whole picture as well. I keep I keep forgetting It's me by myself. And so I keep forgetting to To show off pretty pictures that we've got. Oh, that's a very tiny picture right there. There we go Let's make him bigger there. You can see the liver and the fgf 21 and the mice and the monkeys having beverages Because somebody thought that would be funny Enjoy the wine. Yes Yes, but anyway It's pretty interesting that we have these hormonal pathways from our liver to our brain That control what we want to put in our bodies Right, so that's a very fascinating process. It's all connected in there deeply Okay, moving on two more stories two more stories. We don't want to talk about balanced diets I want to talk about a mash-up of our vision Oh, yeah, so this story I think is super fun and what I enjoy about it is the research that The that the scientists have embarked on So these scientists Let's see if I can get my video up here Work in the way. I have to open up a different window So that I don't show you all the advertisements. I don't want to show you advertisements I would have had more time to set this up if I had co-hosts. So this is hopefully a part Of the podcast that gets cut out Okay, here we go. We're going to look at this wonderful video visual instability here Researchers who have Just published their work Are interested in how our brain gives us visual stability so You know we move around and if you've ever tried to like take a video with your phone as you're walking and moving Really quickly you Can see the the way that things blur past and your camera Potentially has a hard time keeping up with the images that move past you as you move How does our brain stabilize? perception Within our visual field so These researchers in this particular video they're giving an example of How our visual field moves around if you're looking through say a little tiny hole And trying to track your world through a little tiny straw. You're going to just be getting snapshots and very incoherent In stable Represente unstable representations of the world around you as opposed to the much larger This is now sending me it. Oh, I'm learning about object oriented programming in python No, we're not going to do that right now. We're going to do something else. Um and so What they did is what what they tested they gave uh, they gave volunteers videos of time tracking the aging of an individual so One side of the screen showed an individual aging over time and the other side showed the individual just staying the same age So they through artificial intelligence artificially aged a person over time and when they asked people to let them know how old The person on the left side of the visual field was uh, everybody Estimated the age as the age not where the video ended But at a point prior to the end of the video And so what they're hypothesizing is that our brain is pretty much procrastinating in how it tracks the world And that our perception of the world is actually about 15 seconds behind what's actually going on and it's a mashup That our brain has pretty much taken like all these bits and pieces and mostly it liked the first Instance the first perspective it got and it's like oh, that's great. We're going to keep an eye on that and so this is why it's so easy for Something to change in your visual field and you didn't miss it entirely why um, why we are why we succumb to visual tricks so often is that our brain is like no, we're just gonna I like all these things and we're gonna we're gonna dither So if you're if you understand the idea of digital dithering That is what our brain is doing. It is taking all the snapshots of if you're look even if you're just looking Not moving and just looking at the scene around you for a minute or so Your brain is taking constant pictures But it doesn't need your brain's like i'm lazy nothing's changing. Why do I have to pay attention? And so it doesn't And it gets lazy and it just goes okay, we're gonna cut and we're gonna put it together here We're gonna mash that together. That's the same. Oh, that's the same and then Your perception is not actually keeping up with reality So we're behind because our brains are lazy Which is I think just It's just hilarious really My brain I want my brain to be on it. Why is my brain not on it? Why is your brain not on it? well because Our brains like to conserve energy any way they can Let me see if I can find uh, this video for you of the faces So that those of you who are watching the video right now Will be able to kind of track this yourself. Let me know what you think of it. Um people on the podcast this won't really Won't really make sense for Let me get this Move that over and I'll put this over here. There we go. Okay Adding it to the stream okay So the images you've got the image on the left and the image on the right They're two identical twins. They're the same age. Okay How old is the person on the left? You just make your judgment and you're just gonna watch that face Just watch that face. Keep watching it Keep watching the face It's watching you. Are you watching it? watch the face How old is the person? How old is the person? How old is the person? Do you know? So you might not have really perceived that much of a difference But the face on the left aged by a little over 10 years from the original Time and now they're going to show it again with an age counter So from the original age now, it's a year older year and a half two years Two and a half years three years older three and a half years older four years older four and a half and so Your brain doesn't keep up with this this movement of The aging and the change in the little features your brain is like man. Okay general gestalt. That's good And our perception likes to stabilize our chaos By biasing towards the past and what it knows to be more true or more reliable It's pretty fun, right? It's a neat little trick So how old was the face when it started and when it ended? Let me see from this story Did they report it in the story? I think it was they just they just uh reported it being a number of years older, but I think it was probably like Like seven or six or seven and then probably Like under 20. It's not not old at all in the uh In the video It's very young very young all right my last story for the night Is one that's kind of close to my heart because I mean I like I want to age gracefully as hopefully many of us would like to try to do and As you get older and oh for those of you who are young and watching this Oh, yeah, you've probably noticed the people who are people who are older in your life Complaining about aches and pains a little bit more as they get older. Maybe you too are starting to Oh my aching back. Ow Grote you wake up in the morning and you're growing a little bit more at the pain Wake up with random pains. You didn't have when you went to sleep the night before Researchers from the University of Portsmouth have uh have done a study in which they examined 5800 people age 50 or more And they looked at them over 10 years And over the 10 years they wanted to determine How many of them you know deteriorated in their physical state? How many started complaining more of pain? How many had chronic pain? How many were dealing with it and what were the differences what potentially made the difference in people who suffered from musculoskeletal pain as They aged at the end of the 10-year period And what they found is that the people who worked out really hard are the ones Who had the least aches and pains at the end of the 10-year period So they examined the experience of chronic pain alongside gender bmi age and wealth over this 10-year period And it's high levels of physical activity that appeared to lower the risk of that musculoskeletal pain developing um risk factors definitely and You know, we've talked about social factors that are involved in this kind of thing uh In the past being poor being female being overweight or obese All independently are risk factors for suffering for musculoskeletal pain according to their study and we probably could have told her that They uh, but they they think from their study that their findings suggest If people want to avoid chronic pain Yeah, become wealthy Don't be female. No, these are not the things that um that that they're suggesting but it's not even just moderate exercise and we talk about Exercise levels, you know, oh, it's just going for a walk or yeah You're exercising when you're vacuuming the house or doing dishes. You're standing up. You're not just sitting down, right? No, moderate exercises like light dancing walking stretching gardening these kinds of things were not even able to Keep the pain away. It was high energy vigorous physical activity that led to the differences um Yeah, so So the idea is that um, it's not even just uh mild exercise. It is uh, it's It's heavier exercise that you have to do Um intense exercise To avoid the pain so if you want to avoid the pain Go running play tennis Tackle football wait. No, maybe not the tackle football Soccer do the headers. Ah, maybe not that. Um, I don't know But more intense Probably not so intense that you are injuring yourself But more intense exercise is probably better and I'll say from my own Uh experiences with back pain that The more I actually do workout and do exercises that support My musculoskeletal system um The better it makes me feel and the less pain aside from The workout pain I have I wake up with fewer aches and pains Ah Yeah, oh, yes, we have uh dark humor. I have dark humor as well dark humor everyone And yes, yes, ashley. You'll be golden as you age Yeah pain from minor injuries not from sedentary lifestyle Oh my goodness I made it I did it. I went to came to the end of the show With all of you and you stuck with me and I really appreciate you being here for the science this week And um, I want to thank all of you for enjoying the science bringing your commentary being a part of The twist family. Thank you for joining me once again and for Everyone out there. I guess it's time for me to say good night. Maybe I'll do a little bit of an after show With uh and talk with you all in the chat room About things about little things we missed flair and justin this week but They hopefully will be back next week Justin I'm guessing he's not going to be back right away because he has a newborn child. So we're not Promising on that one. We'll see. I'm gonna I'll have I need backup plans for my backup plans moving forward I hope you all enjoyed the show Shoutouts to fada. Thank you for your help with social media and show notes gourd. Thank you for manning the chat room Identity four. Thanks for recording the show this week. Rachel. Thank you for your editing and your assistance And I would also really really like to thank our patreon sponsors Who I need to put in the proper place because this is always what I do at the end of the show is not have Everything located in the right place for actually showing the list Here it is. Whoo. 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So i'm setting up shop got my banner unfurled It says the scientist is in i'm gonna sell my advice Show them how to stop the robots with a simple device I'll reverse all the warming with a wave of my hand and all it'll cost you is a couple of grand This week science is coming your way So everybody listen to what I say I use the scientific method for all that it's worth and i'll broadcast my opinion all over the air Because it's this week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That what I say may not represent your views, but I've done the calculations and I've got a plan Oh Yeah, I've been writing a newsletter This is the after show. Thank you all so much for sticking with me for the show Never mispronounced a name I try to ruin I I do try If I can get all of the words out, um, okay Good night, Kira. I hope you have a lovely night after enjoying your wine Um, where is that link? I'll get you my link To my thing. Uh, what's this just saw this Rising temperatures were causing some plants to flower almost a month earlier Yeah, we've been recognizing stuff like this for a long time and it's been shifting First it was a week and then it was two weeks and now it's a month And that kind of a shift can be really dangerous Not just because the plants are blooming earlier. You're like, oh flowers earlier than normal. Why is that a big deal? Um When it happens there becomes a potential disconnect between the pollinators and the flowers and the animals that all live in the ecosystem together and so You have the potential for the ecosystem to fracture and Because of that fracturing the time dependency um being limited, uh You you end up having uh problems With populations able to maintain themselves. You have animals who can't find food. You have like everything Falls apart Your avocado tree started blooming this week. You're up in seattle That is weird That's weird Paul that is whoa. Whoa. Whoa. Whoa. Whoa. Wee. Wow. Wow. Wow Ah Yeah, and I mean normally in a normal shift You see the plants moving slowly and the animals and the insects and everything tries to keep track as everything moves Slowly together as opposed to Things are no sun changed. It's sunnier. It's warmer. I got a flower and that's not going to work anymore Okay, I'm looking for my newsletter link That's not it because I'm not spelling it correctly Nope, because I can't type I can type Oh, you don't want to do it Here, maybe I'll look over there. I have to sneeze again See you fata. Thank you Indoor avocado. Okay. I can I can get that I can understand that So let's see. Not episode issue four. How do I get this? To share with others Here for peoples to subscribe. Yes Okay, here we go Well, I'm just gonna copy the whole thing even though I know most of it is just tracking There's a link. Okay Get review. Yes. So I'm using get review for my newsletter And I have done I'm trying to do it's my new I will write practice because if I create a writing practice Then perhaps chance perhaps I will be a writer Write something worthwhile Yes, so I'm trying to publish this newsletter weekly and So far I've talked a bit about Misinformation and trust in science. I share science stories that I don't necessarily share here on the show and I have like Sometimes I think this last newsletter I put in a recipe that I made up And I also include movies that I'm watching and yeah and thoughts on movies Rick Loveman wanting to know what streaming software I use Are you asking me? I use It's a platform called StreamYard and it is browser based entirely so Everything that's done is through the browser. I have no hardware other than my Audio videos just mixers that are here Um Yes, so that's what I do and StreamYard allows us to connect to youtube and facebook and if I paid more money I could add you know other things so we do our youtube and facebook and twitch through here um Yeah I like the stream yard. This is good This is very good and it seems to be it's been bought by um They were recently bought by a an event online event company that I'm blanking on right now But the guys who built it are still in charge of it and it's They're just really they seem really nice and I don't know. It's a good company so far. I'm still happy Everything's good on my end over here And just like the avocado tree I have no idea what month it is either. How is it February? How is that even possible everybody? When did that happen? How do we get how did we get here? Ha my brain cpu needs a nut upgrade to shoe brew. I'm going back through some discord comments there Well Unless we have more science to discuss um You are oh who wanted to do somebody it asked about I think it was Eric nap whether Blair had a cold She actually has TMJ. She was diagnosed with TMJ and apparently, uh, it's induced from Uh holding her jaw in an odd way, uh during uh while wearing a mask all day long So Yes, gourd still February 2020 That's exactly it Oh whoo 2020 it's gonna be great when we finally hit 2021 And I haven't aged the last two years. Hello Yeah, but Blair has TMJ and uh, she initially texted me but I missed her text And so she had to call me and I felt bad afterwards because she's like I can't do the show because my jaw hurts so much And I can't talk and I don't know if I can spend 90 minutes Doing the thing that makes me hurt so fingers crossed that she'll have gotten the inflammation down by next week and Be getting things under control Uh TMJ. Yes It see the the actual let's look the oops. Okay. Let's look up TMJ and how it This is a learning moment everyone TMJ Yeah, temporal mandibular joint dysfunction Okay, I want that to open come on I want to see that picture And it's interesting because I was complaining about my jaw popping the other day and I've been wondering if mask wearing could actually impact this And apparently because you hold your jaw differently for whatever reason while the mask is on it can Uh, it can impact your jaw and inflammation And uh, let's look at this one the Mayo Clinic. I trust the Mayo Clinic for its images. Let's open that up share share share TMJ disorders Da da da Yeah, we're looking at uh this joint Here where your lower jaw fits into your upper jaw And you have the cartilage in there and then you have the muscle and so the nerves in that Joint can become very inflamed um And the cushion the cartilage can actually get worn down Over time which can cause like a permanent dysfunction, which it can be no fun But it's yeah, all the stuff that's involved in jaw movement and you know As you're talking like this all the time you get imagine that I went hard to I'll tell it all that And so she took tonight off But it was the last minute Oh, that's great. Your dentist always checks from it. That's cool Um other symptoms from mask wearing. I know people also, uh If you're wearing a mask all day long if you're not cleaning your masks People can get skin uh Have skin problems. You can get skin disorders peri oral dermatitis and others can be aggravated Um because you're creating a little humid environment that is around your mouth on your skin. That's great for bacterial Growth and pH change and all that kind of stuff. So, you know Yes, jg. I think your comment there is great switching up between different types of masks switching between different masks Trying to switch if you're wearing your mask for eight hours a day Consider changing it a couple times a day if you can I mean there's all sorts of Yeah, all sorts of things but um Yeah, a c-pap full mask could cause that too probably for sure yep but uh, yeah, it can be tmj can be debilitating it can lead to migraine headaches because of the inflammation of the nerves you can also It can aggravate or cause tinnitus tinnitus, which is the ringing in your ears Because those those nerves are right next to your ear. So it can you know, there are lots of things pain and Pain in your head is one of those things that is very hard to ignore Sometimes you can be like, oh my knee hurts. I can ignore that. But when you're you it's in your head toothache jaw achetic like Yeah, no, I hope Blair went to bed and got is getting a good night's sleep. I hope that's what's going on Yeah, cool savage shield. I haven't seen that one. Yeah, I mean there are all sorts of designs. Um, I mean the big thing is you want to make sure You know, depending on the use and what you're doing where you are how many people are around you want to just have as close of fit as possible And 95 k and 95 if you possibly can Um, whether that is a single strap around the head whether it's two straps around the head Whether it's around the ears whether, you know, there are all sorts of designs and I'm going to sneeze again I think there's a bunch of dust down here in my basement I Need to vacuum and dust I guess Wish you wish I gotta Sneeze all over the place Oh, Kevin. So you had it about 15 years ago. Yeah, it can really really it can really hurt So I understand why Blair asked to take the night off um And she asked she said are you gonna do the show and I it was like six o'clock at night when she called and I was like Yes Show must go on the show must go on I don't know. I might have been able to if I'd really scrambled Been able to find a co-host somebody to banter with but you know It was okay. It was all right just to be here with you tonight Not as fun as the banter as normal, which I know that's a lot of what you all enjoy so much Yeah, so Gaurav. Yeah questions about um annual shots Or uh, you know, it's it's what people perceive as risk, right? What do they think their risk is going to be For getting the flu even here in the united states. We have a very low annual Flu up flu shot uptake so in the united states We really don't have the kind of flu vaccine coverage that we wish we did and because of that There's a very low flu shot effectiveness over time um But because it changes every year and we've had a bit of you know People maybe have had it in their life and so they have the t-cell response in addition to b-cells You know that works, but yeah, it's a big question gaurav What are people going to do? here in the us or elsewhere Are we are are they gonna get this shot over here? I don't know. I have no idea I have no idea Oh, thanks, Eric my one band my my one kiki band Oh, yeah, rick loveman. Yes, I I've seen some of these olympic village stories And I totally forgot to mention during the show that yes, the winter olympics are ongoing in beijing right now And that's super fun. I can't wait to be able to actually sit down And take some time to watch some of the olympic events. I do love um curling Sweep sweep the ice Prepare the path sweep the ice What's the other one? Um the luge. Yes the luge That's that's a good one There's a winter sports are so much fun. So I can't wait to watch some you know figure skating and other things and see what happens even though it is Completely an abnormal year, but at least it's happening Yeah And they've had the uh quarantine people have had to quarantine for two weeks or so before Actually getting in to uh compete There's there's a lot going on. It's very neat. I want to I want to check out some of the tech features that they're working on That's a really interesting point There's a lot there's so much we could do so much everyone can do The olympics I don't know once upon a time It was like the olympics and I was so excited about them and it was bringing the world together and You know and then then you realize it's like oh, well there's all these politics around it and I'm just gonna go back to my science Let's just just go back to the science But now the science is like the politics and it's all the everything. Yeah, you can't get away from it people or people Oh, canadian scotties women's curling tournament going on now Well, how can I keep people from that? Why would I do such a thing? Oh gaurav, you're right I can kind of get around the politics for your vision because It's your vision and it's so excited I love your vision and the fact that it's coming I can start getting excited about all the pre contests and all the Contestants and the songs that are gonna come for this year. So oh you all are gonna hear about your vision The next couple of months Little bits and bobs everywhere. Yeah Yeah, kira. I'm looking forward to all the olympic events so much. I think it's just gonna be it'll be great. Like, yeah You know we need I I don't know we need these These things that we do these competitions these moments of humanity um And if you need something just you know in addition to The olympics that are going on I cool runnings is always just a fantastic movie to watch Just it's a great movie Bobsled To makin bobsled team so good. I yeah highly recommend cool runnings If you haven't seen it Or if you haven't seen it in a very long time Oh, they already had all the curling Kevin perichan says that there's women women's curling going on right now Get into it Yep, can't get away from the politics. You just didn't yep philosophy politics. It's all all about it Beach that yeah, the movie is so great too. Like it's really really good. It's just it's got a lot of heart Just like that team Yeah Okay, they really did earn that privilege for sure And the fact that that's a true story is It even makes it even more It's just it's not just a hollywood movie. It's like this is it and yes, it's dramatization and storytelling but But still it's a true story and it's really amazing That's Humanity that's people. That's what we can do. So, you know to find those moments where we're reminded about Who we all are on this planet, right? We can do this Let's make it forward together everyone Oh my goodness rick loveman from kitchen to table visitors to the olympic village are served entirely by catering robots Which flip burgers drop food right onto athletes tables and even do deliveries I love robots. That's awesome. Just don't look them in the eyes Don't look the robots in the eyes. It slows down your response time so Just note for the future when when you need that information Yeah, based star a true story Yeah, I would imagine no group dining. Yeah, that sounds like the kind of precaution that would make sense for the olympic village Fingers crossed that they get through it with very relatively few infections I mean Beijing has been so careful, but at the same time Mlaw this is omicron. It's kind of crazy, but It is what it is It is what it is Kevin that's right. We don't need athletes. We just watch robo olympics. That's great That's right. Well, my friend Dave used to run the robot olympics robo games And that was pretty fun They'd had had all the robot fighting and they'd have robot soccer and they had robot firefighters who had to go down obstacle courses and blow out a candle and So much fun. It was so much fun We need more of that in our lives And then I know somebody else who is involved in running the us drone soccer Yeah, that's a new thing and I think it might be navy sponsored But this is like a crazy Thing I hadn't even really considered before this drone soccer where they're taking these little drones and they have They're doing such cool stuff. Wait, why is that doing? Yes, there we go. There's my window I don't want to launch the trailer on youtube. We could be first in line to join the newest esport These games drone soccer in colorado Exciting let's fast forward Oh People have beards and microphones That's exciting. Okay, so they have they have little Wow Look at those things. Can you see those? Is that too small? The robot dogs from boston dynamics are so cool, kira and yes Rick Loveman, it is the year of the tiger and it is specifically the wood tiger. I think And yes, the puppy bowl is coming up. That's true. That happens opposite the Superbowl I believe So they've got drones like in a roll cage and they're in a like a little tiny arena and they have They try and go through a goal interest it's like quidditch This Soccer is like this drone soccer. It's like Quidditch it looks like up there go to the drones and they're weaving and wending and oh, they got to go through the little goals and I want it to be more action Is that is that wrong? But that's pretty fun Some of the new esports are incredible US drone soccer newest e-league Exciting I know little drones live in their quidditch dreams. It's true. They're out there Yeah People are doing fun things in the world. I think we need more fun thing puppy bowl and kitten bowl Yes, there's a kitten bowl people started doing a kitten bowl opposite the puppy bowl because of course we have to We have to get kittens adopted as well. You gotta get the puppies adopted You have to get the kittens adopted. There's a lot of animals out there who need Loving homes They do it's true And there are a lot of young kids who need their little drones for playing soccer I'm a tiger. I'm a year of the tiger. I'm a leo Born in the year of the tiger I'm also a scientist So I don't know what any of this means for me personally This year is supposed to be as a year of the tiger the tiger There's also water involved in the wood in the water and they're supposed to be growth So this is this year is supposed to be hard but full of growth for me personally I don't know. I like to have growth every year status quo is kind of boring, right? Yep I'm gonna try new things Let's do new things everyone. Yes Cats and dogs living together Puppy bowl and the kitten bowl Yes Okay friends This is very enjoyable hanging out with you all right now But I'm gonna go to bed. I'm gonna take my puppy kitty Puppy and kitten thoughts. I'm gonna go find my cat. Actually. I don't know where Cappy is. She's somewhere She looked at me Accusingly when I came downstairs earlier because I was not going To bed and I think she was very upset That I was not going to bed and she sat at the top of the stairs and just looked at me with her little cat face so I need to go I need to go take care of my my kitten cat pee. All right everybody Thank you so much for joining me for this episode. I apologize that my co-hosts were not here tonight But the show did go on. Thank you for joining. I hope you enjoyed the science and my one man one kiki show banter And hopefully we'll get Blair back again next week and I do have some guests. I'm trying to line up So hopefully we'll get some guest interactions here in the next few weeks as well. Thank you. Thank you Have a wonderful night. Stay safe Stay well And stay curious. We'll see you next week Bye