 We're here today in Geneva, and I'm very pleased to be joined by Gani Abbas, who is the vice chairman of study group 15 Which is looking at telecommunication transport networks Good morning, Gani. Oh good morning, Toby. Thank you. I'm pleased to be here I was wondering if you could start by just giving us an overview of some of ITU's work in this very important domain ITUT study group 15 is doing a lot of work in optical transmission technology In the transport network architecture and infrastructure in the management of the transmission network home networking Access network, so they are very busy in developing standard Obviously with advanced technology these standards are always evolving And would it be true to say that without these These standards that ITU's created in the transport domain that the telecommunications and the internet in Infrastructure wouldn't wouldn't function as we know it That's absolutely true. I mean that one of the important thing is in terms of developing standard Is to ensure that the equipment manufactured by the various vendor they're going to enter work So for example, if you are let's say a customer and you buy up equipment from vendor A and another Let's say customer you want to communicate with him and buy his equipment from vendor Y With artist standard, you know customer Who has equipment from vendor X wouldn't be able to speak to the customer from vendor Y So developing the standard in the ITU Facilitate that communication channel between you know customer across the globe from the moon to earth From Mars to earth so the standard held to achieve such communication So you'll end up really with a network Connected society and but how can how can the standards keep up with this constant demand for bandwidths and at the same quality that people have Gotten used to now That's true. I mean if we look at the history of Of the transmission network, they have been progressed over the last 30 years at tremendous Pace the reason for that because the services have evolved, you know If we look at the service, you know 10 or 15 years ago like what we have now the demand on the network to cope with such Phenomenal growth of traffic is phenomenal. So for us Because that the services are a growing the demand for a band with a growing obviously the technology evolving So for example, if you look 10 15 years ago, we haven't got the same number Let's say of optical wavelength carried on the same optical fiber and then amount of information Carried per optical wave or optical channel on the fiber. It went almost a thousand time And if you look 10 years ago, we were doing something like 10 gig or maybe one gig now We're talking about a hundred gig moving to 40 hundred gig and soon will be one terabit So we're talking about maybe a thousand times the amount of Information being transported on this network in a very short time. That's truly incredible and that that demand Clearly increases the demand for power and energy how in with climate change being such a great concern now How are we dealing with that? Yeah, I mean the ITU study study group for fire. I believe is looking at this Issue and it's becoming extremely important issue because as the power grow Sorry as the bandwidth requirement or need is it grow means as the data increase So because there's this phenomenal Growth in the data on the network obviously need more power to power the system We and study group 15. We are very conscious of that and we have been designing the standard to cope with One of the thing is to optimize the system to minimize the power consumption So that is always one of the focus in terms of developing these standards That's very good to hear. Well, thank you very much for joining us here today. Can you thank you, Toby?