 A very good morning friends. I welcome you all to the weekly Indian Express Newspaper analysis brought to you by the Shankara AIS Academy. Today I have chosen six different articles which were published in the last week of October in Indian Express Newspaper. Friends I have chosen these articles based on their current relevance to our UPSC examination. Friends you can complement this analysis with the daily Hindu news analysis of the Shankara AIS Academy to get a holistic picture of the current affairs of the week. Displayed here are the news articles which we are going to discuss now. So without much delay let's get into discussion. Before entering discussion I have an important announcement to make. See we know that current affairs are playing an important role in our civil service preparation. It will be a constant companion in all the three stages of the exams that is priloms, mains and interview. So to cover them holistically Shankara AIS Academy has started Chakra Initiative. These initiatives features 50 plus current affairs session, nine total tests and five rapid revision sessions. With this features this initiative covers the current affairs from both preliminary and mains perspective. See that the first session of the initiative starts from 1st November 2023. For the various other details about the program I am attaching a link below. You can click on the link and go through the program. With this you can enrich your preparation. Look at this article. Recently Russia passed a law to withdraw from the ratification of comprehensive test ban treaty or CTBT. See this was done in the background of a strained relationship between Russia and Western powers. This train was further increased due to the recent Russia Ukraine war. See this is the crux of the article. In our discussion let us see about the comprehensive test ban treaty or CTBT. First of all what is CTBT? See CTBT is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions across the world. These nuclear explosions could be for military or peaceful purposes but CTBT bans all these nuclear explosions. Know that it was adopted by United Nations General Assembly UJNGA in the year 1996. Subsequently this treaty was signed by 187 nations and ratified by 178 nations across the world. Now let us see the objectives of this treaty. Firstly it aims to stop qualitative and quantitative nuclear arms across the world. Secondly it aims to prevent further health and environmental damages which are caused by nuclear test explosions. Thirdly it curbs both the development of new nuclear weapons and the improvement of the existing nuclear weapons. Now let us see whether this treaty was implemented across the world. Know that this treaty was not implemented till now because for the treaty to get into force it must be signed and ratified by 44 specific countries of the world. You can ask why these specific countries? Why because these are the holders of the nuclear technologies of the world but eight of these 44 countries have not yet ratified the agreement. These eight countries are China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan and the United States of America. Therefore CTBT has not entered into force and it lacks legal authority in the world. Now let us see the institutional arrangements of the treaty. See CTBT provides for extensive verification measures to ensure the compliance of the treaty. It includes international monitoring system, IMS to detect any nuclear explosions across the world. Secondly it has a global infrastructure of the satellite communications from IMS station to IDC that is International Data Center. The purpose of the IDC is to process and distribute the data to the parties of the treaty. Thirdly this treaty has on-site inspection mechanism to determine whether any country has cheated on its commitment and more over to implement the verification arrangements the treaty establishes comprehensive test ban organization or CTBTO. Know that it is an organization established by the parties to the treaty on 1996. Its headquarters is located in Vienna. The objective of the organization is firstly to achieve the purpose of the treaty. Secondly to implement the provisions of the treaty. Thirdly it provides an forum for consultation and cooperation among the member states. Now let us see what is the significance of this treaty. Since its introduction the testing of the nuclear weapon has been discouraged around the world. Know that even non ratifying countries like India, Israel, Pakistan has been observing the moratoriums of the treaty. Now finally let us see the stand of India with respect to the comprehensive test ban treaty. Know that India has refused to sign CTBT. This stand of India is driven by its national security interests. We all know that India views nuclear weapon as an effective deterrent against its nuclear neighbors. This is all about the discussion. In this discussion we saw about the comprehensive test ban treaty, the objectives of the treaty, whether this treaty got implemented across the world and we also saw about the institutional arrangements of the treaty and we also saw about the significance and the stand of India with respect to CTBT. Now with all these learned points let us take up the next article. Look at this news article which was published in Indian Express. It talks about the concerns of the election commission on conducting simultaneous elections in the country. Know that in a reply to the law commission, this idea of one nation one election, election commission asks for a definite lead time of up to one year for implementing the idea of conducting one nation one election. See this is the crux of the article. In our discussion let us see about the idea of simultaneous election or one nation one election. Its advantages and the challenges associated with it. First of all what is simultaneous elections? See simultaneous elections is an idea of holding elections to Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, local self bodies at the very same time that is once in five year time period. See the central aim of the idea is to minimize the frequency of elections in the country and thereby reducing the cost associated with it. Know that the practice of simultaneous election is not a new phenomenon in the country. In fact it was very common until 1967 and then it was disrupted due to various factors like dismissals of the government's defection within the party etc. See this idea has come again to the limelight with the prime minister advocating for it and recently a high-level committee headed by former president Ramnath Govind has been appointed to inquire about this idea. Now let us see the advantages of conducting simultaneous elections. The first advantage is it leads to the reduction in the massive expenditure of conducting elections. As we all know that elections in India is a very costly exercise that needs a huge amount of money as per the PRS data the formal expenditure by the election commission of India for conducting 2019 Lok Sabha elections was about 10,000 crores. The cost of election commission will be substantially lowered with the implementation of one nation one election. Moreover the same electoral role can be used for all three types of elections and this will lead to saving a substantial time and resources for the state. Let us see the second advantage this will ensure effective governance in the country. Currently elections are a recurrent phenomenon in this country it means elections are happening for every three months know that under the political pressure to win the elections the focus of every national leader that is from the prime minister to a local panjait member will be solely focused on winning the elections so it often leads the neglect of governance in the country and this will be solved by idea of simultaneous elections. Secondly election will result in the frequent imposition of model code of conduct MCC. This puts hold on the entire development program and activities of both the union and state governments in the pole bound states. This problem will also be addressed by one nation one election. The third important advantage is continuity in the policy making. As we all know MCC will come into effect as soon as the election commission announces the date for elections during this period no policy decision can be made by the governments. Thus it results in the delay in key policy initiatives at both state and central levels. Secondly due to the pressure of the elections parties often tend to drop the long-term capital gains plans and they adopts various populist measures like freebies subsidies for merely winning the elections. These problems will be effectively addressed by the simultaneous elections. Let us see the fourth advantage. The advantage is prolonged deployment of the security personnel will be reduced by simultaneous elections. As per the PRS data know that about two to five assemblies will go to poles in every six months period. This leads to a lock-in of central armed police force and more state police force for prolonged periods and thus diversifying them from their official duties. Simultaneous election will lead to the effective utilization of human resources of this country. Let us see the fifth advantage. It is reduced political polarization. Frequent election can increase the political polarization and identity-based politics in the country. This may lead to hate crimes across the societies. Simultaneous election will give no election pressure for at least five years to the political parties. This will encourage the political parties to focus on broad national and state level issues rather than doing divisive local politics. The sixth advantage is enhanced voter participation. See, simultaneous elections will encourage the higher voter participation as citizens have to cause their vote for every five years. Moreover, it will be helpful for the migrant workers who works at various parts of country to cause their votes and participate in the electoral democracy of the country. See, this is all about the benefits of one nation, one election. Now, let us see the challenges which are associated with one nation, one elections. See, for the first challenges, the constitutional challenge. Simultaneous elections require an amendment in various articles of the constitution like article 83, 85, 172, 174 and 356. Thus, it will need a constitutional amendment with 50% ratification of the states. This is going to be a huge challenge for the government. The second challenge is achieving a synchronization with the various state assemblies. Know that the terms of various state assemblies vary with the terms of the Lok Sabha. So, to conduct simultaneous elections, the senator will have to make an agreement with the state to either curtail the term or to increase the term. We know that the curtailment and the extension of assembly duration is not an easy task. See, let us see with the data from PRS to understand it better. As per the recent report, we know that for 17 states, the terms will be reduced by year and a half if we implement simultaneous elections. The terms of assemblies like Karnataka, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tiripura will be reduced by three and a half years or more. So, making the states to agree to this idea is not an easy task. Let us see the third challenge. The third challenge is with a logistical challenge. According to the recent report by the election commission, if elections are held simultaneously in 2024, it needs an additional 11.49 lakh control units, 16 lakh ballot units and 13 lakh VVPATs to conduct the elections. See, this will be a major logistical challenge for the election commission. Moreover, deploying central force across the country is also a logistical challenge for conducting these elections. The fourth major challenge is this idea will have a negative impact on the voting behavior and pattern of the country. Assume that when an election is held at the national level, the national level issues will overshadow the regional aspirations and concerns of the people. The fifth challenge is the one nation, one election will reduce the accountability of the lawmakers. For example, assume that if there is a policy which is negatively impacting the people. So, due to this policy, the ruling party at the central level is losing in a state election. Then, due to this electoral defeat, the central party is forced to change the policy which is impacting the people. But with the implementation of the simultaneous election, the electoral parties need not worry about the concerns of the people for at least five years. The next big challenge is the risk of one party system. See, the synchronization of the elections might lead to the dominant one party system. It means the party winning at the national level may also sweep at the state level also. And moreover, this will impact the small and state parties to the most. And this will curtail the political diversity which is necessary for a healthy democracy in the country. See, these are all about the concerns or challenges associated with the one nation, one election. See, this is all about the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the idea of simultaneous election, the benefits of conducting it, and the challenges which are associated with this idea. So, please revise the points which we have discussed now and it will be very useful for your main examinations. With this learned points, let us move on to the next article. Look at this news article. The central government has recently launched Dark Patterns Buster Hackathon 2023. See, the aim of this hackathon is to design an app or a web-based solutions to detect the dark patterns in the dark patterns online. See, these dark patterns are very common among the e-commerce websites of the internet. So, this is the crux of the article. Now, let us see about dark patterns from the exam perspective. See, first of all, what are dark patterns? See, the term was coined by Harry Brignel, a user experience designer in 2010. He described dark patterns as the ways by which the software companies can subtly trick the users to do things which they did mean to do so. It also means to discourage the behaviors which are not advantageous for the companies. Know that the dark patterns are termed as unfair trade practices and the violation of the customer rights under Consumer Protection Act 2019. Now, let us see the various type of dark patterns according to the consumer affairs ministry. First of all, we are going to discuss about urgency. See, these tactics create a sense of urgency or a scarcity to pressurize the consumers into purchase the product. Let me give you an example. I hope many of you have ordered things on Amazon. Sometimes, when you are scrolling through the product, you might have noticed below the product that only one product is left. At that time, what will you do? We will probably order that product, right? But the proper which has appeared has only one left with urgency tactic by the companies. Let us see the second type. The second type is basket sneaking. See, it is a maltractice of adding additional products or services to our shopping cart without the consent of the user. Let us see the third tactics. It is called conform sharing. This tactic uses guilt or shame to influence the user's decision making. This guilt can range from mild guilt trips to severe emotional abuse of the user. Let me give you an example. Sometimes websites will insult the user for not opting into the service. You could have seen that commercial offers that uses the statements like no, I prefer you to pay, I prefer to pay more. These are the kinds of conform sharing tactics. Let us see the fourth things. The fourth thing is forced action. This involves forcing the consumers into taking an action they may not want to take. For example, such as signing up for the services in order to access the content. The fifth one is nagging tactic. What does it means? It means persistent, repetitive, annoyingly constant criticism, complaints or request for actions. Let me give you an example. You would have seen in YouTube it always nags us to sign up for YouTube premiums with obscuring pop-ups, obscuring the final seconds of video with thumbnails of next video, etc. It nagging us to opt for YouTube premium by doing such tactics. Let us see the sixth tactic. It is called subscription tap. This tactic makes it easy for the consumer to sign up for a service but it will make them difficult to cancel it often by hiding the cancellation option or requiring multiple steps to cancel it. For example, Amazon was incurred in the European Union for its confusing multi-step canceling process of the Amazon Prime subscription. Let us see the seventh one. It is called bait and switch. You would have experienced this issue where we saw an advertisement for a product in online and we are satisfied with that and we are looted by that and we will order that. But when it got delivered, we will be shocked as it will be an entirely different product or a product of similar type but with lesser quality. This is all about bait and switch. Now, let us see about drip pricing. See, this tactic involves hiding additional costs from the consumers until finally they are committed to making a purchase. Let us see the final one. It is called disguised ads. Disguised ads are nothing but advertisements that are designed to look like other type of content like news article, user generator content, etc. See, these are the various types of dark patterns which we are observing in the internet. Now, let us see about the actions which are taken by the government. The central government urged e-commerce companies not to use dark patterns on their platforms. Know that the government also set up a 17-member committee to prepare guidelines to protect the consumers from dark patterns. Moreover, the government has also released National Consumer Helpline 1915 to complain about the grievances of dark patterns. It additionally told that the compilations of such complaints will be used by central protection authority to initiate actions under Consumer Protection Act 2019. See, this is all about the dark patterns which we are facing in our internet. With this learned points, let us take up the next news article. Look at this news article. Recently, the Delhi police arrested a woman who was accused of human trafficking. This may look like an ordinary crime news but the shocking fact is in fact she was arrested now but the case against her first first registered 30 years ago. See, this incident reveals us the flaws in the current model of combating human trafficking and the need for a restructured mechanism to deal with the cases of trafficking. This is the crux of the article. Now, let us see in our discussion about the human trafficking. Before entering our analysis, let us look at the syllabus. See, this topic will come under General Studies 3 under the topic of challenges to internal security through communication network, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges. And it may also ask in the topic of security challenges and their management in border areas, linkages of organized crimes with terrorism. See, these are all the areas in our syllabus where we can fit this analysis. Okay, let us get into discussion. First of all, what is human trafficking? See, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, human trafficking means recruitment, transportation, harboring, transfer or receipt of a person for exploitation by using certain means. These means are the use of threat, force, abduction, fraud, deception, etc. No, the purpose of human trafficking is for exploitation. That includes physical or sexual exploitation, slavery or forced removal of organs. Guys, see, I am giving you a standard definition from the official website like UNODC. Likewise, you can also create a template of definition for various topics like terrorism, cyber threat, etc. The word means examination. This will save your time in the examinations or you can give an alternative definition of your own definition like human trafficking is a trade of human beings by various methods like abduction, fraud, deception, etc. This is mainly done for making money or doing any drug peddling activities. See, this is one of the important organized crime which is rising in recent times. Likewise also, you can also give a own introduction for the topic. See, this is all about the introduction of human trafficking. Now, let us see some data regarding the human trafficking. According to the National Crimes Record Bureau, NCRB, a total of 2189 cases of human trafficking were registered in 2021. This was 27.7% rise when compared to the 1714 cases which were filed in 2020. And moreover, a total of 6500 victims were reported to be trafficked which includes 2800 children and 3600 adults. Apart from this, 6000 victims were being rescued from the clutches of the traffickers. Okay, this is all about the recent data regarding the human trafficking. See, quoting the recent data will enrich your answer in Main's examination. Now, let us move on to various types of human trafficking. See, the various types are based on the purpose of the trafficking which includes forced labor, prostitution, sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, forced marriage, child pornography, etc. Now, let us see the causes of human trafficking. See, the first and foremost causes poverty and lack of income. See, empty stomach forces people to look for menial jobs in urban areas such as unskilled jobs, domestic workers, etc. These people will intend fall under the clutches of the traffickers and they were exported to cities or other countries for domestic servitude or bonded labor, etc. See, the second reason is caste-based discrimination and illiteracy. See, this factor forces people to sign contracts for mere advances and thereby pushing them to forced or bonded labor. The third causes increasing sex trade and domestic labor market. See, patriarchy and dominant thoughts often see woman as a lesser being or as a commodity to make profit. This makes them prone to the market of sex trade or domestic labor. Know that the minor girls in the age group of 15 to 18 years are more vulnerable to trafficking due to the said reasons. The fourth important trend is there is a rise in cyber trafficking. See, a recent report by UNODC reveals a shocking trend. We can see an increasing usage of internet among the children for education entertainment purposes. But this was used by the traffickers as a trap to entrap the victims by advertising false jobs on social media. The fifth important causes, various negative externalities like COVID-19 pandemic, armed conflict in Arab or African countries and climate change across the world, further increases the vulnerability of children and women to human trafficking. Let us see the final cause of the problem. The final cause is the lack of enforcement of law. See, look at the data of the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit, AHTU. In 2010, it was planned that 330 AHTU would be set up across the country. In 2020, recent RTE reports from 2020 reveals that only 225 AHTU had been set up. Moreover, a study conducted by Sanyoj, a civil society organization, states that as of 2020, only half of the AHTU that were previously notified were functioning. That is, out of 225 AHTU which were notified, only half of them are in the functioning state. It also reveals that most of the institutions were constituted only by the police officials or near-reteries. This apathy of the police department can be visible with extremely low conviction rates in the human trafficking crime. See, in 2019, there were 140 acquittals and only 38 convictions in the cases of human trafficking. These were the various causes of this problem. Now, let us move on to the impacts of human trafficking. See, the first and foremost impact is the economic exploitation. Persons who are trafficked often tend to work in inhuman conditions, low and up similar wages. We should also know that forced labor like beggar system are directly related to human trafficking. Let us see the second impact of this problem. The second is violation of human rights. Human trafficking violates the victims' human rights. The victims were deprived of their freedom, dignity and security. The third impact is physical or psychological trauma of the victims. See, the victims will face physical, psychological abuse, violence, drama. It will have an impact of injuries, sexually transmitted diseases, malnutrition, psychological impacts like anxiety, depression, PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. Let us see the fourth impact. See, human trafficking, drug trafficking are closely related to terror financing. To put it simply, these are all the three sides of the same internal security problem triangle. Thus, human trafficking poses a serious threat to the security of the country. The fifth impact is the child trafficking. The trafficking of children leads to the robbing of childhood from the children. It forces them to do child labor. This leads to serious damage to the physical and mental health of the children. Now, we have completed the impacts of human trafficking. Now, let us see the steps needed to be taken to prevent human trafficking. First of all, let us see the legislative measures needed to combat this menace. See, currently India does not have a composite anti-trafficking law to deal with the issue in a comprehensive manner. That is, to address from the prevention, protection, stages 2, rehabilitation, compensation of victims' stages. In fact, we are having separate laws like immoral trafficking to stop the immoral trafficking and sex work. We are having Bonded Labor System, Avalanche Act, 1976, which prohibits the system of bonded labor. We are having Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, which effectively banned the commercial dealing in human organs. See, from the said examples, we can assume that we are having separate laws for each and every crime. But the need of the hoverers, India needs a comprehensive law to deal with all of them because all these problems are interconnected to each other. In this context, the trafficking in persons, prevention, care, and rehabilitation bill 2021 needs to be passed immediately to address the issue of human trafficking. The second step is increasing the coordination among AHTU is the need of the hoverer. A joint operations by state and central government should be encouraged to overcome the issue of human trafficking. The third step is by leveraging the technologies. By leveraging the technologies, we shall combat the human trafficking and we shall also increase the operational efficiency of the forces. Let us take the next example. India is having Crime Multi-Agency Center or CREAMAC. Actually, it is a national level communication platform which was launched in March 2020. This IT platform will help to share information among the center state's police forces. This information can also be used against the human trafficking across the country on a real-time basis and it will increase the interstate coordination. Fourth important steps need to be taken is international collaboration. See, India should collaborate with the neighborhood and other countries in combating human trafficking. Why? Because most of the trafficking is routed through the neighborhood countries only. See, India is in the middle of two of the world's biggest illicit opium growing states. They are Afghanistan and Myanmar. So, there is a definite linkages between drug trafficking, money laundering and human trafficking which affects the security of India. So, what we need to do? We need to have a collaborative effort like knowledge exchange platform to share innovative approaches, information about the victims and the offenders with each other. See, the final step is there is also a need to foster partnership with the third sector like NGO, academia and private sectors to collaborate in various areas like rehabilitation of the victims, increasing the awareness about the trafficking, educating the children about these crimes, providing psychological and emotional supports during the rehabilitation process. See, before concluding, let us have a recap about what we saw. In this discussion, first we saw about the human trafficking, types of human trafficking, causes of trafficking and the impacts of this problem. And finally, we saw about the various steps taken by the government. Guys, please revise this point often because it will be very useful for writing mains answers. So, with this learned points, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article. Look at this news article. It was published in Indian Express on October 23. See, the bond yield on a 10-year-old government bonds in the United States rose to 5%. It is the highest level of increase since July 2007. You can ask why an increase in the U.S. bond yield is important to us? Why means? It is the benchmark rate for all other asset prices across the world. Various economists attribute to this rise to the various factors like rising crude oil prices, inflation, etc. See, this is the crux of the article. In our news discussion, let us analyze about the various economic terms like bond, bond yield, etc. First of all, what is a bond? Generally, a bond is an instrument used to borrow money from the market. It can be issued by both the governments or by the companies to rise funds. Know that the government bonds are also called as GSECs or generally backed by a sovereign guarantee of the government. So, they are considered to be one of the safest instruments in the market than the private sectors. In this junction, we should know about the basics of the market. A highly secured investment will give low yield and vice versa. So, by going through that logic, GSECs will have the lowest returns on investments. This return is technically called yield. So, let us see what is bond yield? Generally, bond yield is the return an investor realizes on a bond. To put it simply, bond yield is the return on the capital which was invested by the investor. But this return on the bond is not fixed. It changes with the various parameters like the price of the bond, interest rates, etc. Now, let us see some of the basic economic terms like bond price, face value, coupon payment to understand the correlation between them in a better manner. First of all, let us see what is bond price? See, bond price is the price at which the bond is sold to the investors. Second, face value. It is an amount a bond holder will receive when there is the maturity of the bond. It is also called as par value. Know that this face value will always remain fixed. But the price of a bond can fluctuate in the market based on the prevailing market interest rates. Let us see the third component. It is coupon payments. Coupon payments are nothing but annual interest rate paid on a bond. It is generally expressed as a percentage of the face value. See, the coupon rate is paid from the issue date until the maturity of the bond. These are all various basics of the bond market. Know that every bond has a face value and a coupon payment. Moreover, it will also have a price of a bond which may or may not be equivalent to the face value of the bond. This is the basics of various terms used in the bond market. Now, let us apply them in an example to understand the concept in a good manner. Suppose the face value of a 10-year government security is 100 rupees. The coupon payment is 5 rupees. Buyer of the bond will give the government rupees 100. That is the face value. In return, the government will pay them rupees 5 as the coupon payment every year for the next 10 years. Why? Because the bond was purchased for 10 years. The government will pay back rupees 100 at the end of the 10 years. This is how a bond market will work. In the example which we discussed now, the bond yield or effective interest rate is 5%. This is the basics of bond yield. Now, let us see how an yield falls. Generally, bond price and yield are inversely related. As the price of the bond goes up, it yields goes down. And when yield goes up, the price will go down. It may look some chaotic, but let us understand it with a good example. Imagine a situation in which there is only 1 Gsuck in the market. And there are 2 buyers in the market. In such a scenario, the selling price of the bond may go from rupees 100 to 105 or 110. Why this is so? This is because of the competitive bidding by the 2 buyers. Now, you have to remain full of a fact that even if the bond is sold at rupees 110, the coupon payment of the bond will not change. Why so? Because it is expressed as a percentage of the face value, which we have discussed already. Thus, as the price of the bond increases from rupees 100 to 110, the yield will falls to 4.5%. This is all about the fall in the bond yield. See, the reverse will happen when there is a fall in the bond price of the market. It means it will increase the bond yield. This is all about the basics of the bond market, bond yield etc. This is all about the discussion. Let us take up the next news article. Look at this news article, which was given in the explained column of the Indian Express. See, last week several state governments have ordered their respective schools to get a parental consent for its new scheme. The scheme is for the creation of a new student ID card for the whole of the country. This process is officially known as Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry or APAAR. This is the crux of the article. So, in our discussion, let us see about APAR or APAAR. First of all, what is APAR? APAR stands for Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry. See, it is a 12-digit digital identification system for the school students in India. Know the purpose of the APAR is to give each student, starting from pre-primary to higher education, a unique identification number. Know that it is a part of one nation, one student ID initiative of the union government. This idea had its genesis from the new national education policy of 2020. Now, let us see what is the purpose of APAR? See, the first purpose is it aims to give each student a lifelong APAR ID. See, this ID will serve as a guide to the students, schools or governments to track the academic progress of the students from pre-primary to higher education level. As we all know, this was the objective of national education policy 2020 to comprehensively cover the education timeline from pre-primary to higher education level. Secondly, APAR will digitally store the academic qualification, credits, scores, certificates of the students. By doing so, this will ensure a hassle-free access for the students to their respective documents. Moreover, APAR will also connect students to the digital locker system of the government. Now, let us see what is the process of APAR? In the process, firstly, students will have to give their basic informations like name, age, date of birth, gender and photograph to the schools. Then, the collected information will be verified against the Aadhar number of the student. Here, an important point to be remembered is the Aadhar will be only used in the verification purposes and will not be shared or stored anywhere else. Know that the enrolment process will be done by the schools. This will be done with the consent of the parents. Moreover, we should know that parents can withdraw their consent at any given point of time. Moreover, APAR's data will be shared only with the concerned government agencies and the data will be stored in a centrally functioning district information education portal. Now, let us see what are the challenges with APARID? The first challenge is with the data security concerns. See, there is a general concern about the leakages of data security. This was increased due to the various leakages in the Aadhar data in recent times. So, we should take strict actions to ensure the privacy of the children. Secondly, this will be an extra work for the schools. See, school teachers are already vested with various works like election duty, verifying Aadhar details for the children, etc. So, APAR registration will put additional burden on the schools. This may reduce the learning outcome of the children. That's all about the discussion regarding the APAR. Here in this analysis, we saw about what is APAR, the roots of the APAR, what is the purpose of it and the concerns regarding it. So, with this, let us close this discussion. With this article, we have come to the end of a discussion. I hope with this video, you can comprehensively cover all the important topics of the week. We expect your continued support for this program. You can support us by like, share your friends and subscribe to Shankar IS Academy for more updates regarding your civil service preparations. Thank you for watching. Thank you.