 You're welcome everyone. Thanks for joining this linguistics webinar. My name is Joey Lefstrand. I'm a postdoctoral fellow at SOAS, University of London. And our speaker for today's webinar is Mara Suzuibillens. Mara is also a SOAS, well, soon to be graduate, recently had a successful Viva dissertation event, defense for her PhD at SOAS. She's also a lecturer at California State University in Fresno, and is the host and producer of a podcast called Field Notes, that many of you may have heard of. Today she'll be sharing about work that's based on the extensive research she did for her PhD dissertation on the use of honorifics by heritage speakers of Southern and Mami Ushima of the American language spoken in Japan. Mara will share for about 30 or 40 minutes and then we'll have time at the end for your questions and some more discussion. So, Marty, thanks for joining us. We look forward to hearing what you have to share. Thank you, Joey. I really appreciate the invite to share some of my research during this webinar and maybe get some feedback on it. Like you said, I just asked the Viva so it is kind of final but for the future for publications, I'm really looking forward to getting some feedback and some questions on it. Okay, so let me just tidy things up. We're here on my side of the Zoom. So, for this talk I wanted to discuss stylistic shrinkage and how speakers in a mommy are continuing to use their language in the face of language shift and language endangerment. And this talk showcases some of the data and examples from the a mommy corpus that I compiled during my PhD. So, but first I wanted to give some language background. Okay, so southern a mommy Oshima is a Ryukyu in language spoken on the mommy islands in seito cheech town in Japan, and putting aside the issues on counting speakers that we all know very well. And just to give you a sense of the vitality in 2004. It was estimated that were that there were approximately 1800 speakers. And most of these speakers are very elderly and so there's far fewer today, and a mommy was part of the Ryukyu kingdom until 1609. When the satsuma domain from Japan invaded and since then the mommy islands have administrative leave in part of Japan. Since the invasion. Initially there was minimal language shift until the Meiji era during the early 1900s. Japan was defining its borders and introduced a, what would become standardized Japanese a standardized Japanese education system to the islands and this led to more rapid language shift and language loss of a mommy. While speakers started to adopt Japanese and a mommy became stigmatized. And during this time during the Meiji era. A mommy was banned from the public sector students would be punished up their schools for using it and civil servants could be dismissed for using local languages in the workplace. So today all speakers are productive bilinguals. So we use the UNESCO endangerment assessment tool. This language would be classified as definitely endangered with the documentation considered fragmentary existing work in southern Oshima is quite limited. Most work looks at the northern varieties of the language and tends to focus on the most fluent or the best speakers and furthermore studies on how Ryukyu and language communities. For example a mommy use their languages and their daily lives are very minimal with normally only the best or stereotypes being used as references for conclusions drawn to as examples. Okay, so here is a map of the Ryukyu and archipelago divided by language just to give you an idea of how these languages are are split up. So Japan would be up north and then here's the Ryukyu's a mommy is here. Here we have the where Cunigami is spoken Okinawan, Miyako, Yayama and Yonaguni. And here are the islands where I where I actually was so this is a mommy Oshima a mommy big island, you can kind of see seito chitam right there so seito chitam is the southern bit of the big island. And then also Kakaroma, Uke and Yoro all make up seito chitam so this was my field site. So I did two field trips for my PhD I did one three month trip from December 2017 through March 2018. In the next year in April 2019 I went back for four weeks. I did a homestay in seito chi. And I collected mostly audio and video recordings and the archiving is in process at Elar. I think there's about 50 bundles currently archived but of course it's an ongoing never ending process. And I worked with 60 speakers male and female the youngest speaker was 27. And the oldest speaker at the time was 104 is the friend of a friend method to find participants to work with for this project. And it was ethnography based with heavy collaboration with the community. So community members also collected data. And this actually turned into a much bigger aspect of the project than I had intended because when I arrived in December 2017, it was actually influenza season and so the retirement homes where a lot of the speakers live, we're not allowing extra visitors. So, but this actually turned into a great opportunity because I was able to work with the staff at the retirement home who are younger semi speakers train them inflecting data and then they could record their daily interaction with the elderly more fluent speakers. Yeah, okay. So, and then of course language documentation. This is a language documentation project. So the collection is based on conversational unlisted data in context. And most of the findings are based on this unlisted unlisted data. And I aim to play a document not only the lexio grammatical codes but also the socio linguistic context in which these codes are being used by the speakers. Okay, so I took an indexical approach which allows us to appreciate the function of politeness markers or honor effects is indices of speaker hood. And by adopting this view of honor effects by looking at them as dietic dyctic signs and interpreting them together with the core occurring science. We can interpret these honor effects in other ways rather than as automatically polite or automatically differential. So, for example, instead of just assuming every time someone drops an honor effect they're being collected. Maybe they're trying to create distance with someone by using that honor effect. Maybe they're trying to be there being sarcastic. It doesn't automatically render the utterance polite. So, by taking this approach, we can study politeness of the phenomenon realized through the use of not only isolated phrases and sentences. With context. Okay, so I won't go too much into this. I just want to show a quick breakdown of what the honor effects actually look like. So, there's addressing honor effects with which typically take on this young suffix, and then there's two types of subject. Subject and non subject, and the subject will usually have an ammo affix. And this is kind of interesting because you sometimes see it at the front sometimes at the back. It can be a prefix or suffix. And then non subject will have this. Yaro suffix. And we'll look at some examples in a minute. Okay, so how do a mommy bilinguals perform politeness in view of limited forms due to language shift. Based on interviews, conversational data and also some literature from other view human situations. We see that speakers tend to favor Japanese to convey politeness so when they're at the workplace or in kind of a high stake situation. They tend to use Japanese over a mommy. And I collected a lot of data for this from the retirement home where speak semi speakers in their late 50s and 60s who are still working so in the workforce are interacting with elderly residents who are the first language fluent speakers. They tend to use Japanese to speak with the residents, the older speakers, but then they'll use a mommy amongst themselves. I did collect an instant where one staff member was trying to kind of coax a elderly resident to do something was actually to do with my consent form because she, she was just kind of like, didn't really think it was important like, oh no we don't need that like I said it's okay to do recordings and I had explained to the staff member like I really do need a consent form from all the people I'm going to record and so he's saying like please just sign this please just sign this for Martha. And he's trying to appease to her and when he did that he's he's the amami honorific catchy top array to kind of try to get her to do it. I collected some instances of a mommy between grandparents and grandchildren. This wasn't super common. And in most cases the grandchildren were respected within the community as being kind of strong speakers or unusual for their age. But in general, if people are if younger people are speaking to older their elders or their superiors, or in the workplace they would tend to favor Japanese over a mommy. Okay, so what we what we find here is that there's a loss of honorific and humble speech. So, kind of the most honorific registers are the most polite registers are the have the most attrition, and people tend to use those the least polite speech which is like middling politeness is somewhat more prevalent and known. Do we see this well. The most of the speakers who are at this point semi speakers in their 50s and 60s probably don't have access to the forms or the domains they just don't know the registers honorific registers. Also conversations where you have to be polite or kind of high stakes you don't want to make a mistake and make someone angry. One thing I heard a lot in my ethnographic interviews is that people don't have much confidence when using a mommy. They, they would say things like, Oh, I don't like to use a mommy with elders because I, I am nervous that my mommy is not polite enough, or I've been scolded for not using the correct form. So, so Japanese is kind of the safe choice in that case. Yeah. And then finally lack of modernity so since the Meiji era 1900s a mommy. The mommy islands have been undergoing language shift and a mommy hasn't developed into a modern language to discuss technology politics, education, these kinds of things. And this has probably rendered it less effective in certain domains, such as the workplace or the news, for example. Oh, and I'd also like to mention, there still are some speakers who are continuing to use these forms the oldest speakers will occasionally still use the full register. So really now is the best time to document, even though of course it's admittedly putting together a bit of a puzzle, but as you know as more time passes that window is shrinking. Okay, so the main question I want to discuss is an endangered language context what role do a mommy honorific fulfill in light of Japanese replacing a mommy in the public domains. So what I found, actually is that these honorifics are very common in what I call lexical touchstones, or formulaic expressions, and I like to introduce you to a few of them. The Uga mean show run is a phrase I collected often and I got a few varied responses on the meaning. Most of the time people said that it meant welcome. Sometimes people would also say, Oh, it's kind of like, long time no see. Umore is also welcome. And this is something you see all over the island you hear all over the island even non speakers will say it to each other. You see it printed on t shirts a lot and souvenir shops. And the honor on is like sorry. And it's a widely known I collected it in elicitation and DCT's but I didn't collect it so much natural in conversational data. This is something that you say when you're visiting someone when you're coming into their house and you're standing in the little inside porch the game con you would say cattle to the game now it's your presence. So today, this is like, kind of like on at the tea or like, let's eat. And I think people use this the same way as each of the key moss in Japanese where they'll just say it. Thank you for the meal, before they start eating. And then the last one that I want to highlight here is a key body enjoy, which means, please do your best. And to encourage someone or someone's just kind of having a hard time, you can say this to just, yeah, like, keep your head up, please do your best. Okay, so here's an example from conversational data. So here's some context about the situation so the speaker, ch son is female age 87 addressing her male neighbor, who she's lived next to for many many years she knows him very well, and he is younger than her. And finally, the prescribed usage would say that she does not need to use an honorific to address him because she's the elder. He is the like inferior like younger, younger person in the conversation. I did collect this instance of her using an honorific where she's asking him, can I use your bathroom and this table right here is the imperative honorific. Okay, so imperatives were actually collected frequently in unlisted data and we're very well known by community members. There's three forms of honor of imperative. The first one is the plain form so not honorific. So here's an example catch you could eat please write. So this is what you before when I was talking about the, the consent form when this younger speaker was trying to appeal to the older speaker. He was using Japanese except for. He was trying to write it, write her name in a mommy and he said he said catchy tabbura. So that's this most polite honorific done here. The middling politeness one is shorty, me shorty and shorty, please eat. And then a mochi tabbura, please come over here. This tabbura is the most polite. I don't have a strong sense about why the imperative seem to be so resistant to loss. Anyone has ideas about that I'd love to hear them. When I asked speakers, they said they were often yelled at by their grandparents and now they reckon that these amami imperatives are just convenient for yelling at their kids. That's the whole story but if there's other instances where the honorific imperative seem to be resistant to loss and endangered language situations I'd love to hear about it. Okay, so here's some other examples. We have the catch you could eat again. The other, the more honorific form would be catchy tabbura. And then here's the shorty middling politeness imperative she's shorty, please do shorty, please say or speak me shorty shorty, please eat. Mochi tabbura. So now we're in the most honorific. Please come. Me chi tabbura, please look. She tabbura, please do. And here's another example from conversational data. So some context, YG son is was actually the neighbor of the host family that I was living with. And the husband and my host family would often mow her lawn for her because she was very, very elderly she lived alone she was 98 years old. And this wasn't something that she normally had to ask him to do it wasn't a special favor he would just do it. But when I was there it was a very busy time for this family's business. And so she asked him, like, Yo, hey, can you mow the lawn. And when she did it she was kind of like teasing him. And what she said was who saw all cut the top right, please cut the grass. It's Japanese. And according to the prescribed usage. This is a bit strange because she again is like very senior to the address see who's only 45 and her close friend and neighbor, even if she is asking him to do something. So this is what you would expect to see who saw cut they could be without the honor effect. But that's not what happened. Okay, here's a participant observation example from a family barbecue. I'm going to pass on the speaker here. He was feeding his one year old granddaughter at a family barbecue at his home and as he's spoon feeding her. He's saying me show me show me show me show me which is the imperative honor effect. Like, trying to coax her to eat like mama's seat let's see. And when I asked him about this, he was initially quite incredulous that he had even said that I didn't say that. And when he thought about it for a while. He said that he used me show today, because he wants to be kind to his granddaughter, and using the mommy phrase me show they expresses this kindness that he wants to give to her. And then I was like, Oh, like what would you say if you're speaking Japanese, and his response was that he would say, have an assay, which is literally just eat, not a request at all. No honorific button a mommy, it feels right to him to say me show me. And that's like what feels natural to him. So, again, we have an honorific that goes against the prescribed rules of what you would expect. Because you don't really, you wouldn't expect to need to use honorifics with a baby. Okay, so here's some language landscape from a elementary school in EKG, which is a school on one of the southern islands in Satouchi. And it says, it's on those flexible touchdowns that we saw earlier, and then smaller and in parentheses in Japanese it says your personal EKG a welcome to welcome welcome to EKG. This is the name of the school. And you may remember from several slides ago that a mommy was actually banned in schools. So, this is kind of interesting and may indicate a shift in language attitudes towards a mommy language valorization. And it is home to several endangered and unique flora and fauna. And one of these is the a mommy Kuro Asagi or the mommy black rabbit. And so here we have this sign with a mommy, a mommy honorific short a. You could eat hash hash that could ensure a please drive slowly because of a mommy rabbit. Everything else is in Japanese on the spillboard. Okay, this one says. Mata or inshore. Please come again. And this is from your island. It's the ferry terminal on the island. And again we have this inshore honorific. Here's an example that was not collected during my own field work, someone just sent this to me the other day. And it says, let's do our best together to stop COVID-19 or protect against COVID-19 and here's the a mommy right here. And it says maji Kibarro. Kibarro is the same. So this is actually Kibari from Kibari inshore, which is a lexical touchstone. So this is actually does not have an honorific. But I just thought it was so, so interesting to see a mommy used for this. So here's a snippet from an ethnographic interview, where I was talking to h s son who was aged 45 into 20, 20, 18. And she is considered quite a strong speaker for her age, her father is a fluent speaker, very young fluent speaker in his late 60s. And then her grandmother, her father's parents were first language a mommy speakers. And so I was talking to her and I said, how do you feel about using shima guchi a mommy with older people do you have confidence in using shima guchi with them. And her response was for me using shima guchi with my parents or older people or superiors is a way to get close to them immediately. And it's kind of an icebreaker. There is a big gap between myself and older people and talking to them. But once I've started speaking shima guchi it is immediately taken away. If I speak shima guchi older people may think we speak a common language. Yes, I have worries when speaking to older people because I'm not sure whether my shima guchi is polite enough to use with them or not. Therefore, I often use Japanese instead in order to not make any mistakes. And this is just one interview was this was a pretty common sentiment that I heard within the community. So, I think that these amami honor fix today are coding not so much politeness but rather coding familiarity and localness. But localness particularly in the cases of language landscape where you see them on local businesses, and that they've become part of a we code in a mommy and in the absence of familiarity or outside the home or at work. Japanese is the default code for politeness, as in the case of the retirement staff using Japanese to speak to residents when they're at work. But if you're trying to express familiarity or localness or intimacy as a community member, then you can use the amami honor fix in the amami lexical touchstones as part of your amami we code. And I just want to share this shima or community song from a mommy so that people can listen to what the language actually sounds like rather than this just being data on a screen. And these these shima or island songs are like a very traditional intangible cultural heritage in the islands and this one is sung by Mr. Yamamoto, who is 78 years old at the time. This song is kind of special because the verses are often freestyle with only the chorus remaining the same so in this song you'll hear the chorus is the same and everyone will kind of jump in but the rest he's just going for it. even making some noise. Okay, um, and, lastly, I just wanted to plug my podcast very quickly joined already mentioned it at the top. But I also host and produce field notes, which is a podcast about linguistic fieldwork. And I just wanted to share that because I think that we can all learn from each other in this field or a small field and sharing knowledge, especially in these weird COVID times where we're not going to as many conferences and meeting in person has definitely been very helpful for me. And if I'm in a season of insider researchers and I'm still looking for a few people to invite on the show. So if anyone knows anyone who is a speaker of the language that they're working on, please let me know. And you can find the pod on Twitter and Instagram at Ling Field Notes. Thank you. That's great. Thank you, Martha. Definitely can recommend Field Notes to anyone out there wants to get more perspectives on what other people are doing in linguistics research. We got time for questions or comments. So if you'd like to ask a question or make a comment, you can either use the race hand function in Zoom, or you can just make a note in the chat that you want to ask a question or you can type out your question. And I can read it for you if you'd rather do it that way. So let's start with Hercules you have your hand raised. Hello. Hi. That's really nice. So I wanted to know more about the podcast, like the background, how you're producing it and is it which are which tools you're using. Yes, I can share light on that. Yeah, I can. I pretty much just use audacity to do the podcast. But yeah, if you want to chat more about that. I definitely be down to speak to you one on one about it if you're thinking about podcasting. Please email me. Sarah, you have a question. Yeah, thanks. Hi, Sarah. I just had a couple of things I wanted to ask you about your methodology. Maybe we've talked about it before, but I can't remember but the one thing, well one of the things I wanted to ask about. I know that you had a consent form. And so I was just wondering how you went about constructing the consent form and maybe distributing it in the situation where you weren't always in control of who is recording who, because I think I might use something like that for if you're interested. Yeah, I mean, you definitely. I think when you're doing a collaborative project you have to relinquish some control, which was hard for me, because I of course want to make sure that everything was being done the way that I had been trained to do it. But really I just tried to stress to the people who are doing the recordings how important it was to have the consent form. The older participants didn't seem very bothered about it. And, and I know in other endangered language situations, it's, you know, there's issues of safety or people, you know, might have other issues where they don't want the data out there. It's a little bit more. It's pretty relaxed in a mommy people aren't so concerned about that. At least the people I worked with weren't too concerned about it. But usually what I said is, this is something that so as needs like this is something that my university needs and for them. That's a good enough reason. If I said oh I need it for my for my school for my degree, then that was convincing for them to do it. Some of the speakers that they can all write their names but some of them. You know, which didn't have like a lot of mobility. So I also had a line where it was like, they could give verbal consent, and then the person who witnessed the verbal consent would sign the consent form in a different, like a different line. That's like a witness. I have the consent form translated into English and my thesis and I can send it to you. Yeah, but, but yeah, that's, that's kind of how I got around that like, like, okay well if they just verbally consent they can't be bothered to sign it, and somebody sees that then I'll have the witness sign it. No, I think that's good. If I could just ask a follow up question. Did you have them sign the consent form, like before each session or is it just overall, like, overall, yeah I did an overall. It was kind of too much, I think to ask them to sign it each time. So I had a time period where like for collecting recordings between the first day arrived in the field and then the last day. Please, please, like consent. And then I of course always let them know that you can change your mind at any time, you can always revoke consent. Because I had that time period I had to do it again when I went back to the field. But I mean I think that's good because people kind of forget what they've agreed to maybe. Oh for sure. It's good to do it every every trip even though it is kind of a hassle. Agreed. Yeah, thanks. Sarah. Any other questions or comments. Anthony. Hello. Hello, Martha. Yeah, thank you for the thank you for the talk. I just wondering where I could access to the, the actual thesis is it. Yeah. Yeah, so I, my minor corrections have just been approved by the examiner, and I know so has makes it available online, but I'd be happy to just email it to you so if you want to just email me I can send it to you. But I know that so has makes all the the CCs open access. So it at some point I hope soon, it will also be available that way. Thank you. Yeah, I look out for it in the source website. Thank you. Okay. I thought you really to put your email in the chat just in case. Yeah. Yeah. I can do that. Yeah. So yeah, Martha will put her email down in the chat for anyone who does have follow up questions. We have another hand raised from Shreya. Thank you. Hi, thank you for this interesting presentation. I also worked on a couple of languages of India in my position I was also coming across these interesting honorific markers and along with imperatives to it's quite interesting to see the kind of, you know, affixes that they tend to use. As part of the study, I did also look at gender line of the social factors that sort of influence and play a very important role. Yeah, thank you. Yeah, I didn't mention this. That's really interesting. I would love to talk more to you about your work as well. Yes, so something people often said to me is like, Oh, women use more honorifics than men. I think this is like an attitude people have. I think in Japan also that women use K go more than men do. I didn't see that in the Amami data, it was. I didn't see any meaningful surge in the female speakers. I think I don't have enough data to say that gender isn't an influence, but it's something I, I would like to collect more data on my feeling is that there, there isn't any influence at this point probably because now the language is so endangered and these honorifics aren't really used so much to convey deference but more as like I think this insider we code. All right, great. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you. We also have a question in the chat from Compton. I'll just read that question out. Does your research teach you anything surprising or interesting about the history of the people. This is a very broad question. I think I need to take a minute to kind of think about it. I mean, yeah. Well fieldwork I think every day is a new surprise. Right. Like every day you're learning things about the people you're working with your learning things about yourself. Yeah, so I think fieldwork is the most interesting part of the work that we do about the, the history. And in particular, I didn't see this in a mom in Southern a mommy but Dr. Nina, you don't need a guy who works in Northern a mommy. He said something about how different areas of a mommy used to be like different classes so like the landed gentry up here, and then the commoners in the village down here, and that they would have their own honorific registers. But today these, these registers or these honorifics are not so much about class that are more about region, because of like, how people were separated. So I found that really interesting, but it's not something that I discovered. And I would be interested to see if maybe in the future to look into that for Southern Southern a mommy. Yeah, I don't, I don't think I answered your question, so sorry. I have a recent podcast you did. He works on another island but I can recommend that episode yeah. Yeah, thank you. That's also a good episode so just to get a plug in the podcast. I have a question, or I guess a comment or thought about the semantics of, especially the use of these honorifics and imperative context. So I was trying to think you know what might kind of string all these contexts together, and some kind of coherent underlying meeting and I wonder if one element of that. I should paraphrase this with I know nothing about politeness and honorifics and language so maybe this is obvious or way off. But I wonder if there's an element of empathy that's being expressed in these where you're acknowledging that you're creating difficulties for the other person. And part of using honorific is just making explicit that I'm acknowledging that this is inconvenient for you not necessarily that I'm honoring you or showing that you have higher status. Yeah, yeah, I just see that where, you know, in the case of the consent form he's trying to like appease to her. In some cases definitely, definitely yes, where you're like kind of asking of it, which you would be more you're more polite if you're going to ask a favor right in any language. But yeah, I think that could be an element. Yeah, I think the familiarity thing is really key. In the case of the consent form. When I asked about it, he was like well she's like I know her very well and her daughter is friends with my sister or something like that like it gets kind of complicated to when you're in the small community and like everybody like your customer is your neighbor is your friend. And part of these relationships gets a bit complex, which is why the context is so critical. Yeah, but yeah that's, that's, I think that's part of it. So then I guess you're framing your request is sort of calling in this personal favor, very close kind of kind of. Yeah, you kind of want to like build that rapport, like how we're the same, you know, we're both, we're most shuman shoe, or both a mommy people. And shuman shoe actually there's a convenience store and a mommy called shuman shoe mark, like shuman shoe market, like island person market and shuman shoe is in a mommy word so seeing it as part of businesses I thought was very, like cute, especially because you know before you were signed in kind of public spaces and now you're seeing it brought back and people want to use a mommy in their business or in their business signed, I think to indicate like we're local. We're not the family mart. Are there other questions or comments otherwise I could ask one more question. I always have like a little anecdote to share but if you want to put your comment first if it's on the same. Okay, well something I was just thinking about why you're giving your presentation it's a completely different context but I will still share it here. Sometimes, when I was with my, my host mom, who is obviously older older than me, I was in college and I was in Japan. I do similar things that like what you were describing for your one consultant when he was talking to his granddaughter he was using like a casual, well I'm assuming it's a casual form of an honorific. Yeah, so sometimes she would kind of do that to me. And she does have kind of her own, you know, if the elect but like, for example, like if she wanted me to eat something, you know, and we're close and good friends and stuff so she'd be you know like me she got it or like something or like, like, using using a, like a casual form of an honorific. Yeah, and it just made me think about about that those times well that particular time but that those times when you were when you were talking. Could it be like a role play in that case like maybe she's like she's like kind of role play like I see people in the US like English speakers kind of do this with their babies sometimes like, you know, here Madame for the little prince. I'm going to totally be one of those things where she's like where she's like, you know, she's saying she got it because she made it for me but we're not in the restaurant but also it's kind of yeah I can feel that like a role play aspect or like, yeah, like she made it for me but I'm not a customer but Yeah, she just kind of like joking around in a way. Yeah, yeah, but it also felt like nice and familiar to like it's a role play but it's also like, you're talking about familiarity at least that was my feeling which doesn't mean a whole lot. Yeah, no totally. Yeah. Thanks Sarah. If there's no other questions I can ask one final question. Well it doesn't have to be a final question but I'll go ahead and so I was wondering about your how you see the link between these on a fixed and politeness and the language vitality or revitalization situation. In this scenario in which people are going to continue to adopt the more complex forms would say, you know, having particular sessions to train people on using these forms again help the revitalization, you know, because they would feel more comfortable using these more people. Is there a connection there between vitality and specifically the use of these honorifics and other politeness forms. I think I think it would be very at this point, the attrition is so deep that I think it would be tough to even to document the honorific registers was pretty tricky for me. So I don't know if there are, if there are enough speakers who can still remember, because now like the oldest speakers are they who speak a mommy is their first language. They, they were children when a mommy started to shift so they might have heard these honorific registers but they never use them in the workplace or in like school or anything. So, yeah, I'm not really sure of course I don't want to be too pessimistic I think what's more likely is that if we could get like more of an inclusive attitude about using a mommy like you don't have to speak a mommy perfectly it's okay to mix languages. It's okay to use, you know, code switching code mixing Japanese and a mommy, which is kind of in a way what's happening because the lexical touchstones. Non speakers will use them will insert them into their completely Japanese speech and then they drop in a mommy honorific that you know well known within the community. It's accepted by by community members. But yeah, I'm not sure I think probably it would be more likely to focus on the plain registers like those are the ones that might have a better chance of being revitalized and that's actually what people are teaching in language and a mommy revitalization classes, they only teach the plain registers, probably because they're the most well known, and people still use them with their peers. So like the grandmas and grandpas are still using these plain registers together. Yeah, I don't know. It's hard to predict, but it's a study would be would be great to see them revive but of course languages may continue to be used in another in another form. Yeah, I think it's exciting that people have kind of like relexified them and are using them in a new way, even though the honorific register is doesn't really have a place because it's been completely replaced by Japanese. Unfortunately, like very sadly, but I think it's exciting to see that people are still using the honorific in a new way. But yeah, it's, it's difficult because there's always like people who have this kind of purist attitude, where we should only teach the best pure a mommy is that realistic I don't know. Yeah, versus just adapting and appreciating what you have and using it as it works for you now. And valuing that right because it is, I think it's very cool. I don't see any other final questions or comments so I think we can end our session there. Thank you very much Martha for putting the presentation together for us and sharing with your research. And we look forward to seeing the final dissertation online soon. Yeah, thanks. And I really mean it like if any, I think it was Anthony who, if you email me I will just send it to you rather than you having to wait for it. Because who knows how long it will take. Yeah, thanks for that yeah. Yeah. Yeah, all right. Thank you to everyone for joining us and thank you again to Martha. Thanks, Joey.