 Hi, this is Dr. Roscio, and let's discuss the association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, aka SIBO, and celiac disease. Now one thing to be very aware of is if you have celiac and you go on a gluten-free diet and you don't feel any better, what then? What can be causing that? And so this paper, and I'll put the abstract up here on the screen, entitled Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Celiac Disease, a Systematic Review with Pool Data Analysis. Okay, so why this is important? Why a systematic review is important is because it will look at a large number of studies and summarize those for you. It's very easy to be misled by one study. You can find one study showing one thing, another study showing another thing, and then people argue back and forth about little bits and bytes. Rather than doing that, it's better to get an overarching look at what the data shows and then you can look for a trend in the data. So in this study, 11 articles were considered as part of the analysis. And the pooled analysis, kind of the average, showed the mean prevalence of SIBO in celiac disease was 20%. So significant. And celiac disease was also associated with a higher risk of SIBO. And to read you a few quotes here, the journal Aspirate Culture assessed a SIBO prevalence of 11% in celiac, whereas the breath test detected a higher value of 23%. So what does this mean? Well, there are two main ways of assessing SIBO. One is through endoscopy and literally taking a sample from the middle section of the three sections of the small intestine, the dejunum, and analyzing the contents. It's invasive and not really something that's not an urgent clinical practice because of the invasiveness. Now, there's also the SIBO breath test, where someone could even take a kit home, breathe into this portable breath apparatus and have an assessment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Neither test is perfect, but because of the far less invasive nature and the less expensive nature of the breath test, the breath test is usually what's used in clinical practice. Now why would the breath test show a higher prevalence? Well, again, debate here, a bit of a contentious issue, but one of the reasons why is there may be SIBO occurring at a point farther down the small intestine than the endoscopy can reach and capture fluid from. And so that may be why we see a higher prevalence of SIBO on the breath test rather than via the actual direct sampling because a small intestine's hard to reach and you can't really get that tube all the way down the small intestine to the very end or near the end. And so this may be why we see a slightly higher prevalence in those via the breath test rather than the direct sampling through endoscopy tube. Okay, now, importantly here, 28% of those with symptoms had SIBO, whereas only 10% of those without symptoms had SIBO. So CIDAC disease patients who are on the gluten-free diet, 28% of the people who had symptoms had SIBO and only 10% of the patients that did not have symptoms had SIBO. So this shows us that for patients who have gone gluten-free and are still not feeling well, there's definitely a higher prevalence of small intestinal bacterial growth. Will this account for every case of someone who has celiac goes gluten-free and still has symptoms? No. But is this one thing to consider? Definitely. And this leads to the conclusion. The heterogeneity of available studies, heterogeneity just means that there's differences in the studies. It's good when studies are homogeneous, meaning they're all the same, exactly the same, so we can really add those together and strengthen the data. But when studies are slightly different, there's different parameters or different setups, they're called heterogeneous, meaning you can't add them together as much. It's like you can't add an apple to an orange, but you can add an apple to an apple, right? So because of the heterogeneity of available studies may not support a relationship between SIBO and celiac disease, so they're saying even though these observations have been observed, the data here is not perfect because it's a little bit despair in terms of it's not always an apple-apple sort of study analysis. But they continue. Nevertheless, SIBO could be more common in celiac disease when symptoms do not improve after a gluten-free diet. So at very least we're seeing the suggestion that there could be a connection between non-responsiveness to a gluten-free diet and small intestinal bacterial growth. Now I want to piece this together with something else, so this next study I'll put the abstract up here on the screen again, assessed a number of patients for what could be causing their non-responsiveness to a gluten-free diet in those who were celiac. And I believe 10 patients of 13 assessed had SIBO, one had a worm and two had protozoa, so different types of parasites. And all of the patients, importantly, all of the patients after being treated with either deworming agents, antiparasitic agents, or in this case, antibiotics for SIBO, saw improvements in their symptoms. So this systematic review looked at the association and found yes, there may be an association, although the data is not definitive. Then we take a trial in patients who have celiac, who have gone gluten-free and have not fully responded, treated them for the imbalances that were found, SIBO and parasites in this case, and we see every patient improve. So that's very, very encouraging. Now there's one other factor here to keep in mind, that some people who go gluten-free will still have symptoms because of a dietary tweak that needs to be made. And this typically involves reducing dietary FODMAPs. FODMAPs are essentially foods that are high in prebiotic, that can feed gut bacteria, and it would make sense that if we're seeing a higher prevalence of SIBO in those with celiac, and if SIBO is a condition of bacterial overgrowth, if you eat a lot of dietary FODMAPs, a lot of these compounds that feed bacteria, you could actually feed the problem and make the problem worse. Thus, those patients that go on a low FODMAP diet eat a diet lower in these prebiotics, therefore starving the bacterial overgrowth, therefore improving their symptoms. If you're celiac, and we can maybe even make the argument that if you're non-celiac gluten sensitive, meaning you don't have a celiac diagnosis, but you notice a clear problem with gluten, and you're still having symptoms after gluten-free diet, then you may want to consider, firstly, a simple two-week trial on a low FODMAP diet, secondly, treatment for any kind of gut dysbiosis or imbalances in the gut, including SIBO or parasites. Now, this is kind of a lot, right? So what do you do when, in healthy gut, healthy you, I lay out the exact sequences of steps you should take to try to sort this all out, because if you do everything at once, you're probably going to do more than you need. So having a sequence where you can take a step, reevaluate, take another step, reevaluate is very helpful in parsing through this as efficiently as you can. So if you have celiac, and you're still floundering, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth may be one of the cause of the factors, and looking at that in conjunction with potentially a low FODMAP diet can definitely be helpful. So something to keep in mind. This is Dr. Riscio, and hopefully this information helps you get healthy and get back to your life. Thanks.