 Storms leave distinctive deposits in the rock record. We're going to start by talking about offshore storm deposits that occur in environments where mud is generally accumulating. So these are quiet water environments and they are accumulating mud between storms. A lot of times these environments will include bioturbation, at least in Phanerozoic sediments. So as a storm approaches, with its waves and currents, the sediment in this environment can start being transported, but it's really at the peak storm that you get the most sediment transport and often erosion. So this erosion is happening at the peak of waves and currents. And in some cases, that can include mud rip-up costs, because the mud is consolidated and it will act like these larger grains. That first bit of the storm, after the peak of the storm, the storm starts waning, or the currents and waves are decreasing through time. So the storm retreating or migrating offwards. So in general, after the peak passes, the ability to transport sediment decreases. And so the course of grains are deposited first and then the finer grains. So often, after this erosion surface, you end up with finding upward sediment at the base of the storm deposit. The currents and storms can persist for long enough to keep moving fine to very fine sand. And this is the grain size that you tend to get the Hamakki cross stratification. So this is the Hamakki cross stratification, and this is a combination of waves and currents from the storm. Eventually, the currents end, but you still often have waves, and you end up with wave rippled tops to these beds. After the storm leaves, the deposition usually goes back to the fine grained mud accumulation here. So starting above this in here. So depending on the size of the storm and the strength of the storm, the deposits can vary. So sometimes they might only contain the HCS and wave ripples. Then go back to the mud. Sometimes they might have some coarser sediments and very little of the Hamakki cross stratification. If, for example, there's a big current and not so much wave activity, there aren't always wave ripples at the top. And then sometimes the erosion is so extensive that you end up with a storm deposit sitting on top of each other. Each one of these sandstones here represents a single storm deposit. And the storm deposits typically find upward and have the Hamakki cross stratification and often wave ripples in the upper parts of them. Thanks for watching.