 everybody. Thank you for coming and joining our session. As my colleague said, it's really a short introduction to the topic, just to begin slowly the day, because it's a long day, as you see in its 19 papers. So I'm with Leonard Linder, part of the Prehistoric Conflict Research project at the University in Frankfurt. More exactly Bronze Age fortification between Thomas and Carbassian Mountains, so if you're interested in the topic, you can have a look on our own page. So our earphones meant to be just defensive places, some reflection about the function of earphones. Yeah, earphones are mainly identified through their defensive features and marks of armed conflicts. To illustrate this point, I wanted just to show you some example. Some are very good known. You have in Germany, for example, the Unischenburg, which was excavated from 1983 to 1985. It's 1.5 hectares and the fortification is dated during the late Bronze Age, 10th and 9th century BC. There is three periods that have been identified for that fortification. The first has only a wood sole run part, then we have a stone wall and then a big part of it is a cyclopean wall. The particularity of the Unischenburg is that more than 70% of the Bronze artifacts are weapons. These weapons were located, as you see on the map, in the gate area, so I'm sorry it's a bit small, but all the red dots are all kinds of weapons and it's all concentrated in this gate area and you have a reconstruction of it. Among these weapons there are some fragments of words or are dated to Ashtad D2B3 types, but the archaeologists are thinking that these fragments are not due to the battle, but maybe a ritual destruction. There are at least 11 spearheads, they are all damaged and they found 107 arrowheads and they are all banned. There are also some fire marks on the side, so all these clues let the archaeologists think that it should have been here a battle. Another kind of violence on the side is, for example, the site of Sintana in Romania, where they found a lot of sliding projectiles of clay and they were thinking that they were actually burnt and sent with fire to burn the houses inside, but maybe we will hear later a bit more because someone is presenting about Capes in Basin. And the last one you probably never heard about because it's one I was excavating this summer it's a Zengerspair as well in Germany and on this site we have until now, after three campaigns, 23 arrowheads of bronze, most of them are as well banned and we are also a nice spearhead. Another fact that you probably know is the phenomenon of the vitrify fraud. I'm not telling a lot about this because it's not the point of today, but it's another possibility of violence at the end of the Bronze Age in Europe since a lot of sites are concerned with this fact. Again the Zengerspair where I was excavating which is about 6.7 hectares as a big stone wall of basalt and this basalt as you see on the picture is sometimes completely melted so it looks like a bit like slag. We have another famous example from Germany it's burnt stuff whereas they did also some experimental archaeology and here you have a wood saw rampart which was as well burnt. You can see the burnt clay on the picture. So let's come to the head and focus of our session. We just want to look behind violence and defensive aspects of the hill fraud. What is the role and function of such sites to society in economical networks or within the border landscape? Are these fortifications for protection or just having a symbolic meaning? That's some questions that we can have today and then discuss later. Some possibilities are the case for example of hill forts with plenty of hordes. Some of them are seen as a political center or a sacred area. I just want here to mention the Buddha name awake in Germany which is a huge site more than 30 hectares with a rampart up to 2 meter high preserved when one part of it is made of stone wall. On this site they found 19 hordes and a lot of single finds. Among them you can find wagon pieces or gear, tools, weapon, ornaments. Most of them are related to the late Bronze Age really the final phases so I should be three. You have also gold pieces like hand rings, gold sheet and so on. The next possibility is to have maybe some specialized center with craft man-shaped scales, a center of prediction. As an example I would like to present you briefly the site of Four Hours in France. It's one of our French archaeologists. I know that the Europeans kill not that much but it's quite interesting. It was escalated already at the beginning of the 20th century but then again in the 80s. It has a big occupation of the Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age. It's about seven hectares and has a rampart with a defensive pitch which is around six meter deep. They found on this site a lot of clues about closing manufacture which was apparently very developed since they have 210 spinal walls, a lot of loomway of clay and a lot of needles. They had as well a lot of pottery kilns and all the tools that you can use to decorate a pottery like on the picture you have a pin with a head with cycle, there are comb burnishers, patulas, so all the set is on the site. But adorable they have a really really rich collection of a metallurgical artifact. So all the steps of the chêne opératoire for the metallurgy of the bronze are identified. There are some workshops with ball furnaces or other kind of kiln. There is 173 fragments of stone and clay walls. These walls were for anvil, pins, daggers, swords, spearheads, bracelets, so everything almost. They also found a lot of tools for the metal work like chisels, saws, punches, hammers, whetstone, anvils and as well as a lot of ingots mainly of copper and lead. So they think that the bronze alloy were made directly on site. They found also for this metallurgical step crucibles, lumps and other screw blast types. In total it was 1,252 bronze artifacts, so from ornament to tools and weapons and all these together this density of workshops and the few objects on site if you compare with this lot of molds and so on. Let's say archaeologists think that they were exporting all the production for the pendant. Another interpretation that you may find in the literature as well is to have site on a particular topographical position to control trade routes. For this I'm not taking directly an example from the Bronze Age, but from the Iron Age. In Hessen you have the Glauberk. It has also a small Bronze Age occupation, but it's really good known for the Iron Age. You have a study from Beitinger in 2006 with all trade routes and in Hessen you have two old routes that are well known. It's the Anzandija and the Altusvex, so you have the Callout in red and orange. They're well known in the antiquity and they're probably going back to Iron Age and maybe Bronze Age and I completed a map with two sites. I was excavating in our projects the Kleinberg and Stahlberg and this way the Anzavija is as well running down to this hill, so maybe it could have been also a point why they chose to have a fortification there. So after this really short overview, I'm just reminding some points about the session because Leonhard already presented you a bit, so we have today seven blocks. The first one is about theory and then we are going Parisian clockwise from west to east, from us to the Mediterranean Sea. We have 19 papers and we are talking about 12 countries. About the organization of the day, so as you know we have a coffee break at 10 and one at four and then a lunch break at one and please for the speaker be on time because it's a long day, we have a lot of people to hear, so maximum 15 minutes. We have the marks, we will use them and keep your question for the discussion slots. Yes, thank you. So thank you very much for joining our session.