 As it was already mentioned, my name is Shola, and today I'm going to talk to you about this standard model of particle physics, which will hopefully give you a better insight into how the universe works, so I give you tight considerations. I've heard about this topic when I spent my summer at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, also known as CERN, during my time at CERN, I was lucky enough to get to know physicists by the name of Fredrick, and although there are many interesting stories about them, today I don't want to tell you one. After graduating from high school, he didn't start studying physics, as it would sound logical, instead of that, he started studying philosophy, and then he changed to physics. Now, this might sound unfamiliar if you did it for the first time, so let's have a closer look at these two disciplines. What do philosophers do? Well, they ask the most fundamental questions of my life, don't they? Like, who are we? Where do we come from, and where are we going? And what do physicists do? Here is a picture of the history of the universe starting with the big bang, and here are the questions that physicists ask regarding it. What happened at the big bang? What is the universe made of, and what will happen to it in the future? Now, you might notice that there's a similarity between philosophers and physicists, and we have to admit that this connection was even stronger in the past. Since one of the first people had asked his deeply scientific questions was an ancient Greek philosopher by the name of Homo Pithos. His theory said that if you took any object and you divide it, and you did it again and again and again, that at some point, you would reach the smallest undividable ultimate building blocks of everything. Although we came up with this theory thousands of years ago, it had a huge influence on the future of science, since atoms turned out to be a real thing. Although JJ Thompson discovered the electrons, which means that atoms were not elementary at all. Later, rather for, and this goes for experiment study, that the atoms had a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. And this time electron, scientists contributed to the model, and this one was born. We all know it from basic science class, and it shows the positively charged particles in the nucleus with the neutral influence surrounded by negatively charged electrons. It seems like a complete model that describes everything, and everything is fine. The only problem with it, that it's not complete at all. Because in the 20th century, physicists discovered lots of, roughly hundreds of new particles. And these discoveries became so often that Robert Hubble Niner, the founder of the nuclear bomb, once said that the following neutral value price will be awarded to the physicists who does not discover a new particle. And I mean, we like these discoveries, don't we? While we do, but the interesting thing about these particles was that none of them was explained by protons, neutrons, and electrons. So it became clear that a new theory goes with it. A new theory had explained both the new particles and that remained consistent with the atomic field. This new model is called the standard model of particle physics. And although it's a mathematical formulation, I promise you that today we won't discuss any single line of equations. So what is the standard model? Well, it is our most up-to-date theory of particle physics, and it describes everything from a really tiny scale to a fusion. It explains why China starts there, and it's based upon the tiny nucleus together. This standard model describes every fundamental, elementary particle that we have observed so far. By elementary, I mean that they don't have other, smaller particles inside of them. They are antipyro. They are the smallest, ultimate building blocks for the universe, and everything is filled up. And I mean, this would be a fantastic thing in itself, but this standard model offers even more, because it also describes different forces that come in behavior of this particle. It might sound a little bit strange that I've mentioned forces, but you can see further particles. I promise you that we'll come back to this in a minute, but first, let's have a look at this structure of the model. On the left-hand side, you can see the metal particles. Everything is filled up with them. One kind of these metal particles are called quarks. There's six of them by the name of up, down, sharp, strange, top, and bottom. But you will never encounter a body-button quark because quarks always join each other to form composite particles, so they never exist at all. Such a composite particle is the proton, which has two down quarks, no, it has two up quarks and one down quark. Similarly, the new one has two down quarks and one up quark. And what you can see here is an atomic nucleus, and you only use up and down quarks. If you add the electron, you can literally explain everything that you can see around yourself right now, only using these three fundamental particles. You are made of them, I'm made of them, and even the K-axis, billions of light years away from us, are made of the exact same three particles. And this is fantastic. So what you have to remember about quarks is that they always form composite particles. In contrast to them, the other kind of elementary particles are called levitons. And we know all six of them. Three of the levitons are charged, and the most famous one is the electron, which we know from a basic science class. But a pretty common one is the new one, which you can find in different particles, defects. And right now, in this minute, thousands of millions are rushing through this room, right now, also through you, because they are also produced when high energy particles come from each space in the atmosphere. The third charged atom is called the tau particle, and it's even more nice, because the electron is the lightest, the new one is about 200 times heavier, and the tau is about 3 times, 3,000 times heavier than the electron. Now, every charged atom is an associated neutral particle, which are called the electron neutrino, the new one neutrino, and the tau neutrino. The basic difference between them is that electron neutrinos are always produced in association with electrons, beyond neutrinos with neurons, and tau neutrinos with tau particles. And there are three tricky things about neutrinos. They are mass less, or not mass less, but they are really, really little mass. They are relatively neutral, and they rarely interact with ordinary matter. This means that if you wanted to stop only half of the neutrinos coming from the sun, you would have to consider the life years of soy dead in the rain to make only half of them interact with it. This also means that it's hard to detect them in your detectors, because they don't interact with the detector either. So what physicists do is that when they see that some energy is missing from the interaction, they conclude that the neutrinos had to be involved. And, yeah, that's it about quarks and electrons. We have talked about the basic fundamental building blocks of the universe, but we haven't mentioned the forces that govern them. We haven't mentioned the forces that govern the behavior of these particles, that govern the behavior of the universe, and that make life possible. But fortunately, the standard model passes for us. We know of four fundamental forces. Gravity is one of them, and we all know it, because that's what keeps us attached to Earth. We are also familiar with electric magnetism, and it's responsible for, but really surprising, for electricity and magnetism. And on the atomic scale, one of its responsible things is to keep the electrons around the possible discharge nucleus. But this story starts getting more interesting now, because most of us have probably not learned about the strong endemic nuclear forces. The reason for that might be that they have a really, really tiny range, which is smaller than the size of a single proton. Nevertheless, they take a really important role in our everyday lives, because this strong force is the one which keeps the protons and neutrons fixed to each other, just like the force. And the weak nuclear force is a special one, but it's responsible for nuclear weak, for, but also for nuclear weak connections, but most of the example that we know from time to time is really our new decay, and it's caused by the weak nuclear force. Today, we want this as gravity, because it's simply not part of this standard model, but we will discuss the electromagnetic force and this strong nuclear force. But before we get to the joint details about that, let's clarify this, because in the past few minutes, I've been talking about forces, but you can only see further particles on this slide. The reason for that is that on the quantum scale, you have to imagine an interaction between two particles as an exchange of an interaction particle. To clarify this, let's have an example that we all know, it's the electromagnetic force. And we all know that if we approach two magnets and the same balls are pointing towards each other, they will repel. Just like that, the same charges repel each other. So if you have these two electrons and they approach each other, you know that they will repel. The reason for this repulsion is an electromagnetic interaction, and since the interaction particle or electromagnetic force is a photon, a repulsion happens by exchanging a photon. The same thing is shown in this animation. You can see the two blue particles, which are two electrons, they approach each other and then they get close enough. The one abides a photon, the other one absorbs it, and that's how the whole repulsion happens. Now, it's really important to mention that this has nothing to do with Newtonian physics and action and reaction, but this is a nice analogy and it's valid for every fundamental force that's described by this standard problem. And this was electromagnetic, but unfortunately it doesn't explain everything because we also need the other forces. An example for that is the atomic nucleus. We mentioned that it consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, but if electromagnetic was the only force in the game, it would sink the whole part because of the electromagnetic repulsion between the positively charged protons. So it's clear that another force has to be the answer to the involved, and this other force is the strong nuclear force. To understand how it works, we have to have a closer look at the proton. We said that it consisted of three different forces and they are held together by the strong force. Since the strong force sort of glues these particles together, the interaction part of the body is very clear as in the name, the gluons. The same goes for the neutron and the interesting part comes now because if you manage to put a proton and the neutron glues it after each other, these gluons will jump from one particle to the other and this means that these two particles will also be connected by this strong force and this is why an atomic nucleus can exist and why it can exist. So we've discussed the electromagnetic force with its interaction particle being the photon and we've discussed the strong force with its interaction particle being the gluon and we've said that gravity is not part of the standard model. Although to me, more precisely, there's a hypothetical particle predicted by the name of gravity, but we haven't been able to observe it in our accelerators. And actually, if we wanted to observe it in a collision that happened in an accelerator, the accelerator needed to be about the size of the Milky Way, so this won't happen in the future. And these points are the really important thing about this standard model, which is that it does not explain everything. It explains a lot, but not everything. Let me show you how everything looks like. This is everything. This is the universe surrounding us and we are at a tiny little point. And now let me show you the part of it that we understand. It's only five percent that's explained by all of that in matter and anti-matter, as the standard model explains it. The rest is probably hard matter and dark energy, but we haven't observed those particles in well-directed. So that's what we can talk about. The standard model is a mathematical formulation, so its face lines are different fields, equations, and probabilities, but these analogies are pretty good and we discussed these. The quarks make up complete particles like the proton and the electron. Lactons, like the electron, don't make composite particles, they can also exist alone. And we've also discussed the fundamental forces. We know there are four fundamental forces and three of them are covered by this standard model. These are the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force, and you have to imagine an interaction as an exchange of an interaction particle. And you can so-called see-those interaction particles right here. We haven't talked about the exposure, although it's a really important topic, so I'm looking forward to your questions about it. And the last thing that we mentioned about the standard model is, that it's a really nice theory. It does not only explain what we have observed in the past, it also makes successful predictions regarding the future. But it's not a theory for everything. So there's a lot of mysteries out there waiting for it to be discovered. And if you ever wonder why physicists would come up with such crazy and mind-blowing theories like this, I think that was my presentation with the quote by Richard Feynman, who was not only a Nobel Prize-winning outstanding physicist, but also a great science community thinker, and he once said, physics is like sex. Sure, it may give practical results, but it's not likely. Thank you very much. It was really great. So now we have five minutes for the questions. So please have a raise your hand if you have a question, please. And regarding the election, how we got to the general, is that really important, right? A, is the important thing, is the reason they reject each other, and be, does it matter which direction and the reason, etc.? Could you repeat the first part of the question? Okay, because if people suddenly... Yes, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. He said that when children act on the age of mechanical force, when they reject, they recall, it's because the fault on being disturbed. Is the fault in the reason that they are welcoming each other, and is there a problem? Alright, I see your question. The fault on is sort of representing the electromagnetic interaction, because what I haven't mentioned is that the whole thing happens by different fields, and the reason for the electromagnetic repulsion is the electromagnetic field. And the electromagnetic field has the smallest, we say that it's a quantum, but this means that it has the smallest possible amount of package of energy, and this smallest package of energy is the fault on it. So, the analogy of exchanging a particle means that they exchange that smallest amount of energy. So, any other questions? This is the question. Is there such an ocean as the lifespan of a particle? In other words, are they warm? Do they die? And if yes, then how does it happen? Absolutely. You remember, I can show you the words. The up and the down words are stated words, which means that they are warm, and they live for a really long time. But the remaining four words, and I haven't mentioned that, they're short and strange, they're tough and important words, are heavier words, and they are unstable words, which means that they only live for, but for 10 to the minus 20 something seconds. So, for a really short time. And then they decay into stable particles, like the upward and the downward. And this decay happens by the big interaction. But by decay, I don't believe that the, for example, the bottle of water contains an upward, because it's an elementary particle. You have to imagine this DNA as the particle just changes its identity. So when I say about the decays, it changes its identity and becomes a stable one. So we have time for one more question. Please. And thank you. Well, here in physics, of course, things that blocks or electrons are eventually searched and filed. I was wondering, how sure are science how, or in other words, what's the extra extra extra extra many ways to prove that particles have anything? All right, this is a very easy question. And I mean, if we knew what you were doing, then we wouldn't call it research, wouldn't we? But, that's part of every science shows that words and these particles are kind of a dream. But of course, it's, it's not that we don't know about this model. We don't know why there's three different groups of words. We know the order of generations. We don't know why it's exactly three. And it's not true that it's exactly three. I think that in the future we will discuss where we will discover the particles. And we hope so. But, so far, every science shows that these are elementary particles. But, yeah, actually, the elementary thing about them is not the fact that the field that's the other kind of fields you're talking about. This is... To the best of our knowledge. So, thank you very much, Kevin.