 Welcome. I'm Elizabeth Cousins, president and CEO of the United Nations Foundation. Thank you so much for joining us today. 2020 is a year like few others. As we all face intersecting emergencies in the health of our persons, our societies and our planet. 2020 must become the year that starts a decisive decade of climate action and we know what we have to do. The concentrations of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and the temperature of our planet simply won't stop rising until the world reaches net zero emissions. Since the Paris agreement was adopted just five short years ago, we have made some progress but overall we are failing to bend the emissions curve downward far enough fast enough to change that. This involves on an irreversible net zero trajectory. We need both national ambition and we saw a big announcement yesterday and private sector ambition and we need it now. That's why I am so honored to moderate this session on making net zero possible, which is part of the follow up to the World Economic Forum's net zero challenge. The net zero challenge launched in Davos in January challenged West 2000 plus corporate members and partners from government and civil society to commit to net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier and that's what we're here to discuss today. I'm pleased that the executive chairman of the forum Professor Klaus Schwab is with us, along with a powerful panel of climate leaders to talk about how to turn ambition into action in the run up to cop 26 and glass no go next year and beyond. Let me give a couple housekeeping notes before turning to Professor Schwab. To make this session as interactive as possible, we're going to periodically ask participants to express their views and definitely to pose questions to our panel. We'll be using the Slido platform. You can access that at by scanning the QR code that you see on your screen. That's the easiest way you can also access it at Slido.com, or by and use the event code SDIS will be collecting your input and questions throughout the session please participate and definitely get your questions in early so that we make best use of our time together. So please go to Slido now and share your answer to the following question. In one word, what does climate ambition mean to you again in one word what does climate ambition mean to you and we'll share the results in a word cloud shortly. Well I'd now like to begin by asking Professor Schwab a question. Schwab, at this year's annual meeting in Davos together with the CEOs of Bank of America and Royal DSM, you issued the net zero challenge. You invited all Davos participants to set a target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier. Tell us about the progress so far, how we can maximize its impact ahead of cop 26 and just what this challenge really means to all of us. Over to you, Professor. Thank you so much Elizabeth and thanks to the leaders, the CEOs, the climate leaders, including Jasper Brodin, CEO of Inka Group and Mark Schneider CEO of Nestle as well as the other panelists joining us for this so important sessions this evening. 2020 is a critical year for climate change action. The COVID pandemic has created a new context and a new reality, presenting us both with opportunities and risks. Opportunity for a great reset and rebuilding more resilient and climate smart societies, but also the risk of a great lock in of climate tipping points. This is really a decisive decade for the future of us for the future of our children and grandchildren. We need to raise ambition and we need to translate the ambition into action. At the World Economic Forum, we call this the three A's, ambition, setting ambitious targets and commitments, action, implementing concrete and measurable net zero pathways and alignment, working towards the climate aligned economy and society. We have mobilized two key alliances to step up ambition on climate, our CEO climate leaders alliance with 82 companies and the International Business Council with 122 companies. We feel a strong signal of commitment and ambition from those communities and the CEOs who lead those communities. Despite the negative or dire economic consequences brought by COVID, many companies such as those represented by the alliance of CEO climate leaders are responding with ambitious commitments, such as stepping up on disclosure of emissions, adopting targets for scope reductions and taking the net zero challenge pledge. This are definitely steps in the right direction. We must keep the momentum and translate ambition into action. For this, we need to understand what it means in concrete terms to take on and deliver a net zero commitment by focusing on the practicalities of implementation. That is why the Forum launched submission possible platform together with UN, the Energy Transitions Commission and many other organizations and governments. This partnership focuses on decarbonization of the most energy intensive industries. When they got the message, we will remove 30% of global emissions. We need your help in this work. No single organization can tackle the challenge of climate change alone. The Forum is committed to developing the public and private collaborations that will be critical to stewardship of our global commons to drive cohesive, sustainable, resilient economic and social systems. We need a great reset that will help us build the net zero economy that is a key for our sustainable future. This requires that we play our part in working with our partners to translate ambitions into action. I'm therefore looking forward to the discussion and I'm sure that this session will be again a major step towards a climate neutral future. Thank you. Thank you very much Professor Schwab. I think we all need to heed your call to play our part because as you say this is bigger than all of us and thank you for your personal leadership on climate as well. Let's take a quick look at Slido and see how people have answered the question I think we have a screen to share. I see some of mine up there I imagine you all see all of yours hope survival and action. You really couldn't put it more squarely than that change opportunity. Next we'll come back to some of these themes in our conversation. Thank you all for doing that and do as we start our conversation with the panelists remember to use Slido to start any questions or comments that you have so we can make sure to factor those into our discussion. Well let's turn now to our panel. We'll have some starting discussion as I say we will have question and answer at the end. You have our eminent panelists bios already so I'll just introduce them briefly as they each take the floor and I want to start with Jesper Broden. Jesper is the CEO of Inca group the holding company for a yeah, his career with Ikea spans more than 20 years, and you stepped into your current role in 2017 Jesper were delighted that you could join us. Ikea has announced a commitment to become climate positive by 2030. Tell us what that means in concrete terms to Professor Schwab's point about practicalities for Ikea and how how will you get there. Thank you. It means a lot of hard work I can I can tell you but let me start by thanking you for the opportunity and also add to thank you Professor Schwab for your leadership to bring us together. And to inspire us with this powerful but also simple message calling on us to take a responsibility. To start with, we recognize that this is most likely the most important decade in the history of humankind. And as such, we need indeed to take a leap of faith and make sure that we step into the arena where we take a responsibility. But for us, there is also, and I think for everybody who steps into this there is also a matter of practicalities about planning about engineering solutions. We have committed ourselves to the Paris agreement and to the 1.5 Celsius degree target and I think that is the starting point it has to start with the commitment but of course, nothing will change only by a commitment so after that we need to put our heads together to make a plan. I believe that the plan as as we are leading it now is of course important to be owned by us as a company and as a corporation, but it also needs scrutiny. Why we are advocates for the for example the science based target initiatives and other ways of providing us with enough proof points that we are actually onto the right targets and that we are moving in the right direction. We can see three reasons and we believe that they are each one important enough for us to start with. It is 2020 with the facts that we have at the table today. We think it's not basically okay for us to hand over to the next generation of leaders. We need to address the situation now. We need to put action in place that can deliver in the decade to come. Secondly, and this is incredibly important people are expecting us to take actions and take leadership. We have latest research showing basically a hockey stick in both worrying and concerns from people from our consumers are coworkers, but also that people are starting to see how they can play a role in this by their choices as consumers. Third, which I think is talked to a little about is this is not and shouldn't be seen as a sacrifice. There are important and difficult decisions that needs to be taken timing of investments, etc. But this is the new business model of the world. Why we should never fall for the trap of seeing this sustainability as something against a business but see it the opposite way around and then help each other to overcome the myths of doing that. I am optimistic. We are optimistic. We see, as you have referred to today, so many companies now stepping up the game. The China announcement was, I think, a very important milestone in the whole climate work. And that's going to fuel, I think, not only other governments, but also as companies to reach out and do more. We also in IKEA, we are optimistic. We saw last year for the first time in our environment that is possible in our scope three, we were capable to grow with more than 6% and we reduced our absolute carbon by 4% or a little bit more than that. So it's absolutely possible to do good business and be a good business. And finally, maybe to say that I'm optimistic also being part of the Wef Climate Alliance, the CEO Alliance. We have moved, I think, from agreeing on the issue to recently step up the game to commit and to step into, I think, what Professor Schwab was referring to the actions. And I and we will place much more of our time and efforts in the future sharing. I think issues, challenges, but also the actions that are needed to address the situation. So thank you. Thank you very much. This point of yours about the next generation of leadership is so critical and that the world's expectations are on all of us. And I think also that individual choices matter. So powerless in the face of something as, as, as momentous as what we're facing. And yet there is a tremendous power in everyone's individual actions. Mark Schneider I want to go next to you Mark Schneider is the CEO of Nestle previously the CEO of Fresenius a global health care company. Mark Nestle has committed to net zero emission by 2050. Tell us about the process you went through to set that goal and with COP26 just 15 months away what progress do you think you'll be able to show by then. Thanks Elizabeth and let me just start by saying I'm delighted to be on this panel and I would also like to thank the United Nations and the Wef for their leadership in this very, very important area. And also of the spirit and the objectives and the mindset as we think about climate change. Let me just echo what Jesper said, I think couldn't say it better. I think this is also how we approach this as a company that is 154 years old, and we don't like to kick down problems to future generations will have to take action now. Specifically, what we want to get accomplished by the end of next year. A few things. First, let's go back to the United Nations pledge. We took that pledge last year. The United Nations asked that there is a two year window in which you then offer a specific time bound plan. As you can imagine on any 30 year commitment if you don't offer a specific time bound plan with specific milestones. There's no credibility. We set from the onset that we do not want to take that full two years. We'd rather be out next by the end of this year with a specific plan because my experience in business is when you have two years. Your plan doesn't get better in the second year is you might as well lock it down now and then get going and align everyone inside the organization outside of the organization and focus on action, which I think is the key word. So that's one key deliverable that we hope to have out there by the end of this year. And it's important there to have a nice set of ambition specific metrics, but also a certain sense of realism of some of the open questions that need to be solved over that 30 year time span. Second thing specifically here for Nestle and for all companies that deal with agricultural products. The single biggest thing short term that we can do to help the climate situation is to stop deforestation now a supply chains. So before we embark on all sorts of new things, you know, let's stop that clearing hole we have that comes from deforestation. And that's a hole below the water line. So basically for all the new things that you do, you basically have backfill from this problem continuing. And this is where no one has yet gone to 100% to our knowledge. We expect to be at about 90% at the end of this year, but 90% is not good enough. I think there's going to be tremendous motivation energy coming from getting as close as possible to 100%. It's not easy because as you approach the last 10% you're also getting into a lot of interesting tradeoffs between avoiding deforestation on the one hand, but also assuring rural livelihoods in very poor areas of the world. On the other hand, but we hope to make more specific progress in 2021 and then also hope to be able to log in on a specific end date when we expect to be at 100% somewhere in the early 20s and have that in sight by the time And then the third one, let me point you to a file process that happened with us since we took the pledge. The pledge is super important and everyone has to clean up their operations and their supply chains. But over and above that, I think we're running out of time and if you want to really unleash some energy and motivation and sort of put the tiger in the tank, so to speak. It's important to also consider high quality offsets that are related to your operations. So those are key words are high quality because you wouldn't want to engage in some dodgy schemes and they should be related to your operation so it should not be totally removed from what you're doing. But it gives you so much more latitude to move something quickly in a short period of time because sometimes if you only focus on your own supply chain in your own operations, you do run into time delays that are unavoidable. And so we have made some pledges and this preso through the use of high quality offsets expects to be carbon neutral by 2022. Some of our high quality, high premium water brands such as Perry and some Pellegrino and Aquapana also expect to be carbon neutral by 2022. And I think until the time that COP26 takes place, we expect to identify more brands where we can accomplish this through a combination of what we do inside our operations inside our supply chain, but then also through the use of high quality offsets. With that back to you. Thank you so much. I really appreciate your starting point about credibility and that that turns not just on having metrics and being serious about milestones and time frames but also about being candid about tradeoffs and be having realistic conversations about what those are and really trying to pull through them together. I now have the pleasure to turn to Lisa Jackson Lisa it's wonderful to see you. Lisa is Apple's Vice President of environment policy and social initiatives. Previously she served as the US Environmental Protection Agency administrator during President Obama's first term. Lisa Apple has set an ambitious goal of being 100% carbon neutral in its supply chain and products by 2030. What is the biggest challenge you face in decarbonizing your supply chains and how are you going to measure progress. It's great to see you as well Elizabeth thanks so much for having me to you, and to Professor Schwab and with and greetings to my fellow panelists challenges abound when we take on big ambitions as the leaders here have so aptly stated for me. But I think they're the kind of challenges that certainly Apple has a history of meeting. You're right this summer we announced that we would build on the work we've already done. So I think my answer is is really, we've done this work before we understand your supply chain the first challenge is understanding and knowing your supply chain deeply something I think speaks to the credibility that Mark just mentioned. We've been working in clean energy since 2009 or so for first for our own facilities for our data centers are tough technical challenge, and then we move to our supply chain. To be 2030 carbon neutral for Apple means our entire supply chain has to have net zero emissions and we intend to do that with 75% of those reductions coming through conversion of dirty energy to clean energy. So agreed that there are times we need removal, where you using nature based removal agree that's an incredibly important investment for the planet right now. But we're also very focused on that transition. We've already helped 70 of our suppliers make the transition by 2030 we have to move our entire supply chain. That means we have to understand the energy they use measure it monitor it, and then help them along the transition, which, interestingly enough is not always about money, because clean energy is actually cheaper and can be a great investment for these companies it's about how which investments make sense, which ones will actually lead to the kinds of clean energy that can offset or replace the emissions they would otherwise have. Once all of the supplier projects we already have are completed. We're talking about over 14.3 million metric tons of CO2 coming off of our carbon footprint, like taking 3 million cars off the road, and then we still have more to do. So we're very much invested in that through our green bonds through our US China green fund which will invest $100 million in accelerated energy projects over the next years with our energy efficiency programs our water efficiency programs. Basically it means the kind of work with our supply chains and with our customers, because we also look at the energy that hopefully you use as a customer when you charge your device so it means deep work along with governments and utilities around the world in order to really hasten the transition that we need for our business and hopefully that ripples out around around the world to our customers in the communities where they live at work. Thank you very much Lisa and I love how all of these interventions have just been so relentlessly practical and ambitious at the same time really appreciate that. I'm now delighted to introduce Christiana Figueres who needs no introduction in this room. Christiana is most recently the founding partner of global optimism and she was of course the executive secretary of the UN framework convention on climate change and led the global negotiations that culminated in the Paris agreement that is our touch point on all things climate related. And you have spent a lot of time thinking about pathways and momentum and in the lead up to COP 26 as we think about the year ahead. What in your view is the most important thing that the private and public sectors need to do together to put the world on an irreversible path to net zero. Oh well thanks Elizabeth thank you for for inviting me to join this conversation and wonderful to see so many friends here together. Well, the one thing that everyone needs to do is to work together and not to assume that the responsibility can be exported either from the corporate sector to government sector or the other way around. Now admittedly the geopolitics right now is not helping us at least on in one country but we see that there is incredible leadership even at the government level on in some other countries and Elizabeth has already talked about the very remarkable assessment from President Xi Jinping yesterday, but generally I want to say that I am so so delighted to see that 2020 that was at the beginning of the year slated to be recognized by history as the great pause that now by the second half of the year. I'm hoping that we have changed that in the history books eventual history books to go from the great pause to the great reset, because that is what is already happening and I would like to put two pillars under that great reset. The first is the extraordinary power of publicly stated ambition, all the companies here on on screen and that will be in the conversation have publicly stated their ambition. What they're actually doing is they're proving the Paris agreement wrong and I am delighted that they're proving the Paris agreement wrong, because their goals of decarbonization and carbon neutrality are actually pushing the envelope and showing that decarbonization by 2050 is not only possible. It's actually maybe even late, because we can get to decarbonize economy before. So the fact that we have companies that are setting their decarbonized or net zero goals by 2030 by 2040 some by 2035 is absolutely fantastic because it shows that once you publicly state your ambition, having done your homework internally of course, what you do is you unleash innovation and you find that as a corporation you increase efficiency of all kinds of resources, not just energy. And as Lisa has pointed out just right now, you also take advantage of your impact up and down the value chain up and down, certainly up the supply chain and down into your customers, so that you bring them along in this transformation, thereby making that transformation deeper and quicker. And so that as a first observation that I'm seeing of the power of stated bold ambition. The second piece that I am observing is that we are seeing this decarbonization occur not just in and of itself and not just for climate purposes, not just for the efficiency of carbon in all of our operations, but rather it is bringing along in a very integrated nature, a true resetting of corporations and of their relationship to civil society to citizens and certainly to governments. And what I mean by that is that we're beginning to see the movement away from Milton Friedman's doctrine of shareholder primacy over now, especially this year to stakeholder stakeholder capitalism and it's been, you know, spoken to by Professor such a long time, but this year we're really beginning to see evidence of that of so many companies truly understanding that BP recently being no small example of that. The other piece that we're beginning to see in integrated in this decarbonization is a shift of mindset from quarterly thinking and planning to quarter century thinking and planning. So from short term ism to long term ism something that frankly five years ago we thought was going to be incredibly difficult to to dig ourselves out from but that we are really beginning to see the same thing we're beginning to see this year, especially with a huge lesson that we're deriving from COVID that yes the first stage of COVID was to lock ourselves into our homes and offices, but the second stage of coming out demands radical collaboration in order to get to the vaccine at the scale and the speed that we need. So we are beginning to see the movement and that's going to be a sticky lesson toward many other areas beyond health, which is the movement from silo acting to radical collaboration across many boundaries. The same thing for the movement from exclusive decision making and especially staffing and hiring to inclusive hiring staffing products services that are beginning to be much more inclusive. And to a large extent fueled by the wisdom that we have derived from the very painful racist tragedies that we have experienced this year. Two more from extractive to regenerative. I'm beginning to hear so much more of a commitment to regenerative corporations that begin to see that not only are they going to be climate neutral but actually climate positive and yes for really leading the charge on this, truly we're getting from extractive to regenerative to understand our capacity and our responsibility to return the resilience to nature that we have actually extracted from her over the past 50 years and make sure that we're no longer pulling at that and to the point where it will break and and be unable to return to his resilience but rather beyond extra beyond taking pressure away to actually intentionally regenerate the resilience back into nature back into the economic system so that we have that play play area for future impacts. And finally of course the incredible role that we are seeing in digitalization and AI in moving us from linear progress to exponential that frankly is I think what is going to allow us to get to 2030 and and be able to witness the halfing of emissions because if we do that linearly we will get there, but because of the corporate leadership that we have and because of the injection of digitalization and AI into so much of corporate decisions and operations. I do believe that this exponential transformation this hockey stick that we've been talking about will actually get us to that the top of that mountain which seems pretty challenging right now, but that we're getting more and more confident that we will be able to meet. Well, thank you so much. I love the idea of radical collaboration that you you spoke about just earlier this week the Secretary General of the UN had a line that said solidarity is self interest and this is clearly a time when when that is profoundly profoundly true. Our final speaker is Lord Martin Kalanon, who is the United Kingdom's Parliamentary Undersecretary of State and Minister for Climate Change and Corporate Responsibility. Lord Kalanon we're thrilled that you can join us. As COP26 President, you have together with the UNFCCC launched the Race to Zero campaign to mobilize businesses, cities, regions and investors for net zero emissions. And all of our eyes are obviously focused on Glasgow with just over a year left. Can you tell us about your vision for COP26. What are you going to count as success and what do you need, especially from the private sector to be able to get there. Well, first of all, thank you very much indeed. Thank you to the World Economic Forum for inviting me to be part of your panel today. And find your question about the UK's vision for COP26. Firstly, we need to make progress on the Paris agreement objectives. Build a charter pathway to well below two degrees and aim for one and a half degrees. Secondly, we need four countries to come forward with 2030 climate plans with increased recognition on their emissions. And thirdly, we need countries to deliver on their climate finance. I'm sorry to interrupt you, but I think some of our audience is having a hard time hearing you. So if there's a way to get a little bit closer to your microphone, that would be wonderful. Okay, sorry. Is that better? Can you hear me better now? Much, much. Thank you. I apologize for interrupting. Sorry about it all. As for our role in the presidency, we will provide direction to maintain momentum in the multilateral process. We will bring parties together to deliver on all of the legal mandates and to reach a negotiated outcome that accelerates climate action and finalizes the Paris rule. We will use the power of a fair and inclusive presidency to bring government, business and civil society together to accelerate progress in five key areas. Adaptation and resilience, ensuring that communities and countries can adapt to the worst effects of climate change by stepping up access to funding and expertise for resilience and adaptation. We will take on nature by protecting and restoring natural habitats and ecosystems, by working with countries and communities to preserve the planet via biodiversity, soak up emissions and improve, of course, our health and well-being, accelerating the transition to a clean energy future, encouraging countries, businesses and communities to seize the opportunity provided by the rapidly falling costs of renewals, renewables, innovation and energy storage. Cleaning up the air we breathe by speeding up the global transition to zero-emission vehicles, phasing out petrol and diesel engines in all forms of road transport and, of course, bringing in all together finance, accelerating the green transformation of the financial system so that all countries have access to the funds to drive clean and resilient investment. We will create a safe, secure, sustainable and inclusive COP26 summit that sets the conditions for outstanding policy outcomes and leaves a lasting legacy of change here in the UK. We will use the COP26 presidency, our G7 presidency, the champion of clean, inclusive and resilient global recovery and put climate change front and centre of the post-COVID debate. Now moving on to the role of the private sector in these plans. There's no question that business action remains crucially important to achieving a successful summit and a successful presidency, and I would particularly like to thank all of the companies on the panel with me today who have already outlined their own bold steps to create a net zero future. And my key request to other businesses here today is that we continue to make these bold decisions. I encourage your companies, those within your value and supply chains, to join the race to net zero. This initiative, launched by the high level champions for COP25 and COP26, is the largest ever alliance of businesses and non-state actors committed to reach net zero by 2050 at the latest. Almost 1000 businesses, 38 investors, almost 500 cities and regions have already joined the race to zero, representing 53% of global GDP, $72 trillion in annual revenue and 23% of global emissions. Many companies around the world are already stepping up to join them in the race to zero by setting a science-based net zero target through initiatives such as the business ambition for one and a half degrees C or the climate length. We are at a critical moment for the world's climate. To keep global temperature rises to manageable levels, we have to halve emissions over the next decade, and it will be companies like yours that will make all of this possible. So thank you again for inviting me on the panel today, and I look forward to working with many of you in the run-up COP26 in Glasgow next year. Thank you. Thank you very much, Lord Kellan, and thank you all. We have a lot of questions that have come in through Slido, and we will do our best to get to as many as we can. So what I'm going to suggest is that I pose a few questions at once, and then you can take them as you have an inclination, and some will obviously speak more to one person than another. But let me hit on a few themes that have come through the chat. So it is about citizens and how citizens can put positive pressure on governments and companies to change. You obviously, all of you from public to private sector are already leading this sort of change, but where do you see the most important levers for citizens and the actions they can take to push to give you the encouragement and encourage others to follow your lead. The second question is about tracking progress, and a number of you have spoken to the ways that you're tracking progress, but given how important it is to measure and track progress to do that in alignment as we've heard already. How do you best track progress? How do you think others need to join in similar ways so that we really can see cumulatively where we are on the curve? The third question is about COVID recovery. It's in all of our minds, I think that the recovery from the last financial crisis led to a wave of investment in renewable energy and electric vehicles. We are about to get hit with an incredible infusion of new capital into the global economy in the context of COVID recovery. It's a huge opportunity of well spent. This is actually a terrible risk if misspent in the climate context. So how do you think about that challenge and what would you most want to put on everybody's agenda. And last, everybody in the chat room is interested in your perspectives on the China announcement if you care to share something about that as well. So I'm going to open the floor to you all and see who might like to go first. And if no one steps up, I'll start calling on folks. I'm happy to take the question of citizens and what I take the relationship between the individual and the systemic changes if you'd like. Perfect. That's great. So I think that the question poses our puts its finger right in a very, very important point which is, of course we need to see systemic changes because the scale and the speed of the change that we need can only be done if we also have systemic changes. But is there a role for the individual to help to spur those changes? Absolutely. And in my mind, I don't actually see this as an individual versus systemic. I see it actually as running the gamut as a spectrum that goes all the way from individual behavior and individual decisions to the systemic. And let me say what I mean by that. All of us individuals can make a difference on climate by the choices that we make on how we eat, what we eat, how we transport ourselves, how we dress, where our savings are, and certainly how we vote, just to give you a small list of things that we can all do. And by doing that as individuals collectively, obviously not one individual, but if there are enough of us around the world, taking those decisions in the right direction toward net zero, then collectively we send very, very strong market signals to those companies, especially consumer-pacing companies, because we send the signals that say, we want the products and services that are actually decarbonizing or decarbonized. That is what we want. And therefore, demand can determine supply. Demand from customers, from citizens, from clients can determine what companies are doing because the companies and many of the companies here on this conversation are actually anticipating a much higher expectation of responsibility down the line. Then they are getting right now, and we are walking that path. So the combination between what individuals we do as individuals and what corporates and governments can do systemically is actually very, very linked. And my final word to that is that we shouldn't remember always that those that are at the top of the power, CEOs or heads of state or governors of states or mayors of cities, they are also individuals. And they take decisions and in as much as they as individuals and as single people understand what their responsibility is, they will align the space that is under their influence, the jurisdiction over which they have responsibility. My best example there is the number of CEOs that I have spoken to some on this call, but many outside of this call who tell me I'm doing this because of my children. Because my children ask me when I come home, what are you doing for my future? Are you stealing my future or are you building my future? And that goes all the way the gamut from CEOs from renewable energy companies all the way to oil and gas and everything in between. So let us not think of individuals and corporate and government as completely silered from each other, but rather as extensions of the same line of progress that we can move forward. Wonderful. Thank you, Christiana. I think yes for you just volunteered to take on the question about covid recovery we are a fear running short on time so if I can ask everybody to make their interventions economical and then yes for over to you. Thank you. I must say I agree to what Christiana says also. I think people can vote with the wallet and that's going to be so important. And to the citizen part I think it's also so important that we don't leave people behind because then the whole change will backfire. It's just a personal reflection. I think I believe the calamities of covid has made us more human and it's made us stop reflect and I think has driven quality into decisions into this process. But I also think there is an opportunity now looking from a pure financial perspective. The year we're in I assume for most businesses is going to be a strange year in the PNL anyways. So it's a fantastic year I think to take courageous decisions and to make proposals for long term investments. So I would strongly encourage everyone on this call to reflect on what are the decisions that could fit into this year and not postpone it to the next year. Let's stop there. Thank you so much. Mark, do you have thoughts? Turn to you. I think you're on mute Mark. Here we go. Sorry about that. So just wanted to echo very much what Christiana and Jesper said, I think it's about voting with your wallet. And that also means at times being prepared to spend a bit more for a product that meets all the criteria and to be a discerning consumer and to consume consciously. I think this is what it's all about. On the recovery, whether it's companies or countries, I think there's a great temptation to go for the short term fixes. And I think this is where we all have to act with restraint and go towards the things that really give us longer term recovery in line with the ecological targets and ambitions. I mean, just think about politics. I mean, the quickest way to spend money is to pay the road. Okay, but that's not helping anyone in this situation. And so spending it thoughtfully and spending it in ways that's really in line with those 2050 ambitions is going to be hard. But we got to do it and we got to have that discipline and we got to meet or exceed the yardstick from 2008 2009 when you think about some of the recovery spending at the time. It's got to be higher on the ecological scale now than it was then to really have some impact. And last thought on the metrics, we will need some harmonization. But what we shouldn't do now is talk 10 years about what exactly that one single standard is going to be. So I think we will need to be democratic here about allowing a few that get us there and have some tolerance here, but clearly some harmonization is going to be needed. Fantastic. Lisa, can I turn to you? Thanks. So much has been said about my dear friend, Christiana, I'm going to leave most of it there. I just want to mention tracking. I think it's incredibly important to track tons and gigatons, obviously. I think it's also incredibly important to include people in that equation in terms of equity to ensure that the programs that we're looking at are also bringing more equity, you know, greater equity and justice to a situation than less. Last thing I'll say is it's incredibly important when looking at things like offsets to ensure that we're looking for high quality offsets because the price of offsets should go up because the supply of high quality offsets is limited. And if the price of offsets is higher, that means we're forced to go back and invest in clean energy and other mitigation attempts. We can't gain the system and no one in this call is doing that, but I think it's incredibly important if business is going to be in the lead in some countries, my own, where right now the federal government is not in the lead. We have to be rigorous about the accounting we use so that we don't gain the system so that we're making actual positive change and not, you know, not cosmetic changes, right? There's a very strong through line here about credibility, seriousness, and the quality of interventions and actions, which is obviously so paramount. Lord Kalinin, do you want to have the last round at the questions? There's a number of very good points already being made, which I won't repeat, but if I can talk from the point of view of the United Kingdom, certainly in the run-up to COP26, we're going to try to involve as many citizens as possible, we're going to be running campaigns to highlight what the UK government is doing, our leadership, and try to bring the whole nation into the conversation on building back better. In response to COVID, we've launched a couple of very large stimulus schemes. Chancellor is investing about £3 billion in, as my Prime Minister said, building back better, building back greener, and we're investing that in something called the Green Homes Grant, which provides grants to citizens in the country to install energy-saving measures, heat pumps insulated at homes, etc. We're generating jobs, we're providing a boost to the economy, but we're doing it in a green and sustainable manner to help to contribute to our climate change goals. Thank you very much. We are almost out of time, so I just want to ask each of you, this has been a wonderful conversation already. If I can ask each of you just to offer to our audience what the one word is that you would have chosen, or that you chose this morning when we did that initial World Cloud poll, about what climate ambition means to you. Can I start? Maybe Lord Kellen and I'll start with you. Just one. Action. Action. We're talking about it, we need to do something. Action. All right, Lisa. Justice. Awesome. Christiana. Determination. Fantastic. Mark. I'm in the action cam too. And Jesper. Opportunity. And Professor Schwab, since you're still on the line, I'm going to ask you to, what's your one word? Partnerships. Excellent. Well, I can't thank you all enough for such an incredible conversation. We could be here so much longer and have so much meat to get into. I really just want to thank all of our esteemed panelists. Thank the forum. Thank the audience. This is not only a rich discussion, it's clearly an urgent one and in various ways you have not only all spoken about this continuum of change to use Christiana's phrase, but you live it every day and we appreciate that and are grateful for it. It's incredibly encouraging to see some of the world's leading companies taking this to heart in such a powerful way to put us on the trajectory that I know we need to be on. So thank you all again for joining today. For those of you who have joined from top link if you want to continue the conversation, please join us in the speakers lounge right after this. And on your screen you should also see several upcoming sustainable development impact summit sessions that might also be of interest to you and I invite you to join those two. Thank you all once again, and onward.