 What is trade, a technology like dogma, resistive trade, heterosegals, homozygals, all those will be today. And what does it consist of? If we arm, if you arm, please say, Centromere, she is called as bromide. She is called as bromide. This one is bromide. Here we have something like this. She is called as kinetopoe. In porous metal, it is a spindle fiber. These spindle fibers will come attached to this kinetopoe. That is the function of kinetopoe. It is like kinetopoe is a port for spindle fibers. There is a place where spindle fibers are attached. The port is the centromere. No, outside is centromere. If this is the centromere, surrounding that, we have a layer called as kinetopoe, which helps to attach the spindle fibers to it. Okay, DL. Now we just see what is D. It is a genetic constituent of DLA. So, G has a genetic material. That is DLA or RNA. Okay, where is the gene present? It is present inside the chromosomes. Right, now this is the chromosome and this is the arm. This is the place where the genes are present in the form of bands. Clear? This is the place where the genes are present as a band. Here it, what is the gene? Genetic constituent of DNA. Our genetic constituent of genetic material. Genetic material is present in the gene and that gene is present inside the chromosomes. Okay, now we have human beings. Almost again, they have 46 chromosomes. 46 chromosomes are an active phase. Phase has two chromosomes, one maternal chromosome and one maternal chromosome. Together form a pair of chromosomes. In that way, we have 23 phase or 46 chromosomes. Clear? Yeah, in 23 phase, we have 23 chromosomes from mother, 23 chromosomes from father. Together makes 46 chromosomes. Now we have 46 chromosomes with phase. Among that, we have 22 phase as autosomes and one phase as allosomes. What do you mean by autosome? Autosome is ex-promosome. Allosomes are those which help in heredity. These are the ones which help in heredity. Maybe the ex-promosome or bio-promosome are called as allosomes which help in heredity. These will contribute for the passing of genetic information from one generation to another generation. Autosomes run contributes. These are the germ lines that I have told you. These are only allosomes under go myosomes. Where as autosomes under go myosomes. For this, genes for genes, yeah. Now, what is genome? Which is present in 46 chromosomes. The entire DNA of any organism is called as genome. The complete DNA of the entire DNA of an organism is called as genome. Now we have 46 chromosomes. All the genes can be present inside those 46 chromosomes. Make a genome of an organism. All the genes material present inside the organism is called as genome. This is called genome. Maybe the genome will be smaller, the genome size will be bigger. Depending upon the organism, the genome size varies. Here, our next will see what is homozygous, hyprosecous, dopantine resistive. What is the allele, what is the rate we will see in the next slide. Now let me explain all this terminology using a cross. Now we will do a cross. I am taking height of a plant as a character and we will see what happens. Now I am crossing the pupil line parents. These are the parents. They have two allele which are similar, maybe dominant or maybe resistive. They will be similar. Here, capital T, capital T are similar, right? They called for cross. And here, multi-colts but cross. They should be similar and it should not be hyprosecous. They should be homozygous only. Now let us take gas. This gametes. We have two gametes. And here also. You know right, gametes should be inside the circuit. All the gametes should be inside the circuit. Now let me make the next slide. The female is from male. So I will write here capital T, capital T male and small t, small t, capital T, small t. What is the phenotypic ratio here? Tall, tall. Phenotypic ratio is all are miscellaneous. So all the offspring are tall here, heterosegous tall. Now here let us see what is homozygous, what is heterosegous? Here both the males are homozygous. They have same allele. They have similar allele. For example parents. Both the parents have similar allele. Capital T, capital T are small t, small t. So that is homozygous. Okay. You can see the different allele in the offspring. F1 generation offspring. So these are F1 generation offspring right. So they all have their heterosegous. If you have two different allele, then that is heterosegous. Okay. Here what is heterosegous? What is dominant in flight? It is surprising character. T is dominating K. Capital T is dominating the small t, character is suppressing. So because it is capital T as dominant friend. Okay. That is dominant. Unrecessive. Here also, this is the dominant friend. We have got the dominant characters here from the dominant friends. Let's see what is the one which is suppressing. Small t, small t as this is it. So dominant can be capital T, capital T. Capital T is small t also. It is homozygous dominant. It is heterosegous dominant. Because here it is expressing the dominant character only. After it is a star character which is dominant. So as it is expressing the character, tallness, it is a dominant friend. Here also it is expressing tall. It is heterosegous dominant. Capital T is small t. Now we will see what is the suppressing. Suppressing is small t, small t from this cross. Okay. Because it is the character of suppressing. That is what makes suppressing. Okay. That is about. Now we have covered homozygous, heterosegous, dominant and resistive. Okay. Clear now? You don't have that. In dominant you will have homozygous dominant and heterosegous dominant. But in resistive you will have only one. You don't have homozygous and heterosegous here. Okay. Clear. Now you have here what is gene? What is promosu? Genu? Ali? Okay. It is a different form of gene. Different form of gene which brings which brings variation in the offspring. Variation in the offspring. Different form of gene which brings variation in the offspring. So now we have gene called as thigh. It has two alleys. Capital G and small alleys. From these two alleys if we get both the gametes as capital D, capital D, then we are getting tall characters. If we get capital D small D then also we are getting heterosegous dominant tall characters. If we get only small alleys small D, then it is the character for dwarf. Because of the alleys only we are getting change in the offspring. I told you that brings variation in the offspring. What is bringing variation in the offspring? The alleys, the contribution of alleys is making difference in the offspring. Due to this capital D or small D only we are getting variations in the offspring. Heteros and dwarf any other characters also. When we take any other characters you will see when we go to different process. Due to the alleys only we get variations. So that is the definition of alleys. Different forms of the gene which brings variation in the offspring. Here that is the definition of alleys. Now you have all the terminology. Now let us see the history of Mendel. Greger Johan Mendel is the father of... You know genetics is a branch of nation, heritage, all this. But what is moderate? Verities. Always crossbreeding, hybridization, genetic engineering. All these comes under modern genetics. So he is the father of modern genetics and he was a physician. He used to teach physics. Okay, hybridization, all these techniques. He was doing hybridization and crossbreeding in honeybees. Then he got interest in plants. He was doing crossbreeding in honeybees first. Then he got interest in crossbreeding in plants also. Then he started crossbreeding and hybridization in pea plants. Okay, he started with pea plants. He was an Austrian mom also. He used to work as a priest. Okay, he used to work as a priest. Okay, that is about some history and introduction about Mendel. So he started hybridization in pea plants. Technic of pea plants? Pieces. Pieces. Pieces. Sanitizer. So underlined separately. Capitalization should be there and here it should be small only. This is genus. This is genus and species. This is species. Always the genus name should start with the capital letter and species name should start with the small letter. And you should underline them separately. When you write a scientific name. Okay, yeah. Now that is the introduction about Mendel. I told he chose the pea plant. As a plant of pea plants. Okay. Why he chose only the pea plant? Yeah. The characters why he chose only pea plant is it has, it is an annual plant. You know what is annual diagonal plant, perennial plant? You know right, what is annual plant? So he thought he can classify many generations, many generations of the plants in short-lived plants. That is why he chose pea plant. And pea plant is having many contrasting characters. Pea plant is having many contrasting characters. Wait a, contrasting characters. What is contrasting characters? You should have two different characters or two different allies that can be seen in the plant. Okay. Two different contrasting which should be contrasting, which should be different from the opposite. Contrasting is opposite. Right? So there are seven different contrasting characters which Mendel chose the pea plant. What are the seven different contrasting characters? So there are seven different contrasting characters. Write it down here. Character, dominant, highly, and resistives. Or dominate and resistive, right? Okay. First one is clever colour. Dominate is purple and resistive is white. Plant, height, tall is the dominant character and tall is the resistive character. Next, position of the flower. Position of flower actually is permanent. Yeah. See, when you take a plant, you say plant, there are two plants. Just take it. The position of the flower is here. The position of the flower is here. Then it is axial. If the position of the flower is here, then it is permanent. Okay. The position of the flower is here when it is axial. If it is a terminal portion, then it is permanent. Clear what is axial and permanent? Clear, right? Okay. Now, there is a position of the flower. And next is seed shape. The dominant is brown and the resistive is greenish. Next is seed colours. Yellow, green. This is dominant, resistive. And purple colour. What do you mean by purple? Which covers all the seeds. When you take a pea plant, you have something like this, two openings and in between you have all the seeds here. Which covers the both, all the seeds inside it, which covers the both sides. There is a pod. This is present like this and inside that we have seeds. So that is a pod. Where is the pod colour? Green. Green is dominant and yellow is resistive. This is colour and pod colour. Green is dominant here. No, it is green colour, yellow is dominant and resistive is green. We take pod colour, green is the dominant and yellow is the resistive. Please don't get confused here. Always you get confused here. And next is pod shape. Next is pod shape. What is pod shape? What is the dominant right for pod? Flat. Flat and inflated. One is flat, other is inflated. Okay. These are the seven different characters. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. These are the seven contrasting characters that are present in the big flat. That is, we have many contrasting characters, right? When you take high-diskers, do you have these many contrasting characters? You don't have. Take any other examples. You don't have these many contrasting characters. So, this should be the best plant to choose for this experiment. Okay. So, it is an annual plant. It has contrasting characters. Next is pollination. Pollination, pre-plant is basically self-pollinating plant. It is self-pollinating plant. We can do cross-pollination also. Cross-pollination is also possible in the big plant. Cross-pollination is also possible. Cross-pollination is also possible. So, that is, one more interesting character about the big plant. Though it is a self-pollinating plant, cross-pollination is also possible. That is why, he also choose big plant. And next is, it is easily available. Easily available plant. It can be grown in any conditions and it can be grown in any kind of soil. Okay. It is easily available and easy to cultivate also. It is easily available and easy to grow or cultivate. Easy to cultivate. That is, these are the five reasons why he chose a big plant. Okay. Here, he has chosen the big plant. Here, with the reasons, you understood all the things here now. Okay. Now, we will go to different laws of Mendels. Mendels have formulated certain rules and regulations and laws for his generality or for his contribution towards generality. There are three laws. Those are contributed by Mendels to generality. In the three laws, the first law is law of dominance. The second law is law of segregation. And the third law is the law of independent assortment. You will see each now. For example, they may not mention law of dominance. They just ask first law. So, you should know it in the order only. First law is law of dominance. Second law is law of segregation. And third law is the law of independent assortment. So, you should know it in the order also. They may ask you just first law. What is first law of Mendels? What is second law of Mendels? So, just be clear to the names also. First is law of dominance. You will make a real character. What does this law of dominance mean? Law of dominance states that when you take a pure parent, always the first... When you take pure-length parents in the first generation of the cross, always you get a dominant plate, a dominant character. That is, always the starting cross is pure-length. Parents should be pure. What is the pure-length? 3U or E? It is not heterozygous. Always it is homozygous. So, we started with a cross where the parents are pure-length and they have got the diamonds. So, we get two diamonds here. But as the two diamonds are straight, I have indicated only one.