 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more So there we have amyloidosis So amyloidosis This is disease which caused by the deposition of an insoluble polymeric protein, which is known as amyloid. Okay, so Amyloid are nothing but extra cellular deposition of fibroids or protein issues substance Which looks like a vaccine substance which is composed of essentially of an abnormal protein and it particularly found around the supporting fibres of blood vessels and basement membranes So it is associated with a variety of Inheritor and inflammatory disorders. So let's see the details of amyloidosis So the types of amyloid So what this Dust or body is it alters the normal function of the organ where this amyloid get deposited Okay, so that is it's a bad effect Because it alters Okay alters the Normal function of the organ where this amyloid get deposited Now let's see the types of amyloid Basically the amyloid Consists of two I mean two types of fibroids proteins are there one is amyloid Light chain and next one is amyloid associated protein and There are other proteins also just known as TTR or Trans-thyretin This is trans-thyretin Then beta amyloid protein. This is beta amyloid protein and Immunoglobulin heavy chain amyloid that is H These are Minor proteins, but majority Comprises of AL and AA that is amyloid light chain protein and amyloid Associated protein So what is the pathogenesis of amyloid osis? So amyloid osis, it is a result of immunological response. Okay, so multifactorial Causation and that There are different mechanisms involved in different types of amyloid Fundamentally it is a disorder of protein misfolding Okay protein misfolding so it is a disorder of protein misfolding So, let's see the pathogenesis of amyloid osis normally stimulus happens and syllable precursor of proteins and Misfolded proteins will be there and it gets deposited in the organ that is insoluble fibrils gets deposited suppose Causative thing is a carcinogen What happens is there'll be beta lymphocyte proliferation it leads to plasma cell Then there'll be light chains that is immunoglobulin light chains It causes limited proteolysis the normal proteolysis that is a protein splitting or protein breakage is not happening And there'll be accumulation of AL protein Similarly in majority of the chronic inflammation cases, what happens is there'll be macrophage activation instead of lymphocyte So there'll be intermediary in dialogue in one and six So liver cells, for example, liver cells will be affected. There'll be precursor AA protein and similarly limited proteolysis It results in deposition of AA protein And also there can be a mutation rotation results in not in trans Thyratine and there'll be aggregation and deposition of ATDR protein So ultimately it leads to the reposition of insoluble protein in the organs. Okay, and it Caused the imbalance of normal functioning And we can classify the amyloid osis Before we learned about the types of amyloid protein now we are going to learn about the amyloid osis Which is based on the course that is First one is primary and second tree So in primary with unknown cause and the deposition is in the disease itself. Okay, so there is sorry unknown cause and It is getting deposited in the organ itself whereas the second tree Has a complication of some underlying non-disease complication of underlying non-disease It is a complication. Okay, of underlying non-disease Next classification based on the extent of amyloid deposition that is systemic or generalized Where the prognosis will be very less Involving multiple organ localized amyloid osis involving just one or two organs And based on the histological Basis it can be a pericollaginous or peri reticuline types pericollaginous corresponding in distribution of primary Amyloid osis and Peri reticuline corresponding in distribution of Secondary amyloid osis. Okay, and next classification based on The tissues where it gets deposited that is a mason chymal or parent chymal in mason chymal, it is organs which is derived from mesoderm and Parent chymal organs derived from the remaining ectoderm and Entoderm So that was about the classification of amyloid osis. Then we have a diagnosis. So how do we diagnose the? Condition the first thing is a biopsy examination Biopsy examination is a commonest and confirmatory method It is a commonest and confirmatory method for diagnosis in a suspected case of amyloid osis and also Inviver-concorate test also can be a confirmatory test There are other tests also like electrophoresis, immunorelectrophoresis bone marrow aspiration Now, let's say a little bit about the morphological features We have different organ shows variation in morphological pattern Some features are applicable in general to most of the involved organs most commonly the amyloid deposits appear at the Contacts between the vascular spaces and parent chymals. Okay, let's see the grossly a gross and microscopic changes happening On a gross Scenario The affected organ is usually enlarged and it will be like pale and rubber consistency And if the cut surface we have taken it shows a firm Waxy and translucent parent chemo and the positive staining with iodine testing will be there I didn't test will be positive Whereas a microscopically The deposits of amyloids are found in the extra cellular location. Okay, and Initially in the walls of small blood vessels which produces microscopic changes and effects Then the deposits are in large amount causing microscopic changes and effects of pressure atrophy So this amyloid is mostly affecting Kidney kidney then spleen liver Brain heart So every organ it gets affected So that was all about amyloidosis. It is commonly asked a short not can be asked in Oral pathology or general medicine So the clinical features could be weakness weight loss light-headedness incomb if it is affecting The liver there will be hepatomycary with increased arcane phosphatase, spleenomycary, Conchustive cardiac failure, cardiomyopathy depends on the organ where it gets deposited So I'll come up with a new topic in dentistry and more. Thank you