 We need to discuss, to what degree is the brain made me do a defense actually transforming the criminal justice system. Hank, when you and I started talking about this a few years ago, as well as Stephen Morris who's taught me so much about the subject, we talked about that famous case from the early 90s involving Spider Sistkoff. And this was the guy, Mr. Weinstein, who killed his wife by throwing her off their 12 story apartment building on 72nd Street in New York to make her murder look like a suicide. And then a trial, he introduced a brain made me do a defense. He said that he had an arachnoid or spider shaped cyst that was around his amygdala and this made his impulse control dramatically lessen. The judge considered the evidence and came up with a solemnonic solution. He allowed the jury to hear evidence that Mr. Weinstein had an arachnoid cyst but not that there was a correlation between the cyst and violence. And since then I gather this evidence has been most likely to come in in death penalty trials given the relaxed evidentiary standard. So the defense introduces a brain made me do a defense, the prosecution counters. But it's not clear that it's actually had much of an effect on jurors. So I want to begin by asking both of you to what degree is this evidence coming in and how influential is it? And the spider syskov case, the syskov case is really kind of an interesting example. The judge made that solemnonic decision but what happened next? They copped a plea. The prosecution knowing that this evidence was going to be introduced then offered a reduced plea to a lesser included defense which the defense took. And we don't really know how often this is happening. We've made a few stabs at it. The various people have. Anita Farahani who's a professor now at Duke Law School has been collecting reported decisions involving neuroscience and criminal cases. But she's found an increasing number of cases in which neuroimaging evidence has been discussed in these appeals. I think the lesson here is the science panel is talking about is the legal system and some of the tragedies you read about there really underscore the importance of trying to use this new science for prevention. Not to put people in jail, not to punish them for having these tendencies but to try and prevent them from occurring. And then even on the people who did it side, I remember I talked to the lawyer for Jeff Landergan. So he was a guy who was adopted at a young age and had a horrible upbringing and he made this claim that he has this murdering. He didn't use it in that wording but he made this claim and it went all the way to the US Supreme Court. And in talking to his lawyer, it's clear his entire life was ruined by this reaction he had. Whenever he got frustrated or really put upon he just flashed out really violently. And he committed two murders both where he basically was sort of provoked and he just lost control. He would do it with the judge and the cases. He would do it with his own lawyer and he now recognizes it. He's now executed but before he was he would recognize it. I just did it again he'd say. And his lawyer is saying there's something just wrong with him metabolically that probably could have been treated with some kind of drug or some way that could have been controlled and his life wouldn't have been ruined and the people he killed wouldn't have been ruined. And you look at these stories over and over in our criminal justice system and say if we could have prevented this there's so much suffering that could have been prevented surely we can try and do better. And the problem was we never had any markers really, any factors that showed that there is a risk. And now the work that Kent and other people are doing we're now starting to get some suggestive evidence as we can maybe identify risks. Again the great news is it's not deterministic. It doesn't mean they will do this. It means they're at a greater risk. And so now that we have that the question is can we pair that with treatments? And it seems only really worth doing this if we can pair it with treatments. But if we can put some resources into finding these treatments and making them work we can maybe prevent some of these horrible cases from actually occurring.