 Section 1 of Building a State in Apache Land. This is a LibriVox reporting. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Building a State in Apache Land from articles of Charles D. Postman in the Overland Express, 1894. Section 1, How the Territory was Acquired. In San Francisco in the early 50s, there was a house on the northeast corner of Stockton, Washington of considerable architectural potential for the period, which was called the Government Boarding House. The cause of this appellation was that the California Senators and their families, member of Congress and his wife, United States Marshall, and several lesser dignitaries of the federal government resided there. In those early days, private mansions were few, so the Boarding House formed the only home of the Argonauts. After the ladies retired at night, the gentlemen usually assembled in the spacious parlor, opened the Bottle of Cesarac, and discussed politics. It was known to the Senators that the American Minister in Mexico had been instructed and negotiated a new treaty with Mexico for the acquisition of additional territory. Not that there was a pressing necessity for more land, but for reasons which will be briefly stated. First, by the Treaty of 1848, usually called Guadalupe Hidalgo, the government of the United States had undertaken to protect the Mexicans from the incursions of the Indians within the United States' boundary. And as this proved to be an impractical undertaking, the damages on account of failure began to assume a alarming proportion, and the government of the United States was naturally anxious to be released from the obligation. Two, the Democratic Party was in the pletitude of power, and the southern states were dominant in the administration. It had been a dream of this element for many years to construct a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, and the additional territory was required for a pass. It was not known at that early day that railroads could be constructed across the Rocky Mountains at a higher latitude, and it was feared that snow and ice might interfere with traffic in the extremes of winter. The state of Texas had already given encouragement to the construction of such a railroad by a liberal grant of land reaching as far west as the Rio Grande Day, and it evolved upon the United States to provide the means of getting on to the Pacific Ocean. The intervening country belonged at that time to Mexico, and for the purpose of acquiring this land, the treaty was authorized. The Condition of Affairs in Mexico was favorable to a negotiation. Santa Ana had usurped the powers of the government and was absolute dictator under the name of President. There was no Mexican Congress and none had been convened since they were heard together at the conclusion of the Mexican War under protection of American troops. The Condition of Affairs in the United States was also extremely favorable. The treasure was overflowing with California gold. Under the tariff of 1846, business was prosperous. The public got small, and the future unclouded. The American Minister in Mexico, General Gatson of South Carolina, was authorized to make several propositions. First, 50 million for a boundary line from the mouth of the Rio Grande Day west to the Pacific Ocean. Second, 20 million for a boundary line due east from the mouth of the Yaqui River and the Gulf of Mexico to the Rio Grande. This was to include the Peninsula of Lower California. Third, 10 million for a boundary line to include the Railroad Pass. The treaty was finally concluded for the smaller boundary, including the Railroad Pass, comprising the land between the Rio Grande and the Colorado Rivers south of the Gila River, with the boundary line between the United States and Mexico about to shape the dog's hind leg. Price paid for the new territory, which was temporarily called Gatson Purchase, was $10 million. The check for $7 million was given by Mr. Guthrie, Secretary of the Treasury, on the sub-treasurer in New York to the agent of Santa Ana. But not a dollar of it ever reached the Mexican Treasury as Santa Ana fled with spoil. The remaining three millions were retained to pay the lobby and confirmed the treaty. The treaty was signed in Mexico on the 23rd day of December, 1853. Pending the negotiation of the treaty between the high contracting parties in the city of Mexico, the discussion of the subject grew interesting at the Government Boarding House in San Francisco and the new California was hoped for on the southern boundary. Old Spanish history was ransacked for information from the voyages of Cortez and the Gulf of California to the latest dates, and maps of the country were in great demand. In the meantime, an agent of the Interbita family had arrived in San Francisco with a Mexican grant. After the execution of the Emperor, it could be the Congress of the Mexican Republic voted in indemnity to the family of $1 million. Behind the count of successive revolutions, this sum was never at the disposition of the Mexican Treasury. And in liquidation, the Mexican government made the family a grant of land in California north of the Bay of San Francisco. But before the land could be located, the Americans had acquired the country and its law. The heirs then made applications in the Mexican government for another grand land in lieu of the California concession, and were granted 700 leagues of land to be located in Sonora, St. Loa, and lower California, in such parcels as they might select. 700 leagues, or 3,800 acres, is a large tract of land on a single body and the attorney of the heirs considered it more convenient to locate land in small tracts of a league or two at a place. Government of Mexico conceded whatever was acquired, and the grant was made in all due form of Mexican law. In the discussion at the Government Boarding House in San Francisco, it was urged that the Gulf of California was the Mediterranean of the Pacific and its waters full of pearls. That the Peninsula of Lower California was copper bound, interspersed in gold and minerals illustrated with old Spanish missions and vanned by the gentlest breezes from the South Pacific. That the state of Sonora was one of the richest of Mexico in silver, copper, gold, coal, and other materials with highly productive agricultural valleys in the temperate zone. That the country north of Sonora, called in the Spanish history, Arizona, a rocky country, was full of minerals with fertile valleys washed by numerous rivers and covered by forest primeval. That the climate was all that could be desired from the level of the Gulf of California to an altitude of 15,000 feet in the mountains of the north. That the Southern Pacific Railroad would soon be built through the new country and then a new state would be made as a connecting link between Texas and California with the usual quota of governors, senators, and public officials. It was urged that the it-to-be-de-grad could be located so as to cure the best sites for towns and cities in the new state and the rest distributed settlers as an inducement for rapid colonization. The enthusiasm increased with the glamour of Spanish history and the generous flow of Cesarac. Must be admitted and the luring prospect was open for a young man idling way's laugh over a custom house desk at $300 a month. And in the enthusiasm of youth, I undertook to make an exploration of the new territory and locate the it-to-be-de-grad who could have foreseen that the attempted location of the it-to-be-de-grad would upset the Mexican Republic and set up an empire in Mexico and the French protection. The first thing was to organize a syndicate in San Francisco to furnish funds for expenses and for the location of the it-to-be-de-grad. This was easily accomplished through some enthusiastic French bankers. The ex-member of Congress was dispatched to the city of Mexico to secure the approbation of the Mexican government and I embarked in San Francisco for Guimas with a rather tough cargo humanity. They were not so bad as reckless, not ungovernable, but independent. Records of the United States consulate in Guimas that they are preserved show our registration as American citizens 14th day of January 1854. The Mexican officials were polite but not cordial. They said Santa Ana had no right to sell the territory as he was a usurper and possessed no authority from the Mexican people. As international tribunals had not then been established to determine these nice points of international ethics, we did not stop the argument to question the push down to the newly acquired territory. We were very much disappointed at its meagerness and especially that the boundary did not include a port in the Gulf of California. The larger territory could have been secured as easily but the American minister had only one idea and that was to secure a pass for the Southern Pacific Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. The pass desired was the Guadalupe Canyon used as a wagon road by General Cook in his march from New Mexico to California in 1846 and strange to say not subsequently occupied as a railroad pass. Country south on the New Boundary Line is not of much consequence to us, it belongs to Mexico. Country north on the Mexican boundary is the most marvelous in the United States After many years of arduous investigation, comparison with all the other countries of the world, it is still merely as great a enigma as the one first explored in 1854. The valleys are as fair as the sun never shown upon, with soil as productive as the valleys now. The rigors of winter never disturb agricultural pursuits in the open. In fact, in the southern portion of the territory there is no winter. The valleys of Arizona are not so passed for fertility and beauty by any that I have seen and that includes the whole world, but they still are not occupied. Vanishing Mexican grants have hung over the country like a cloud and settlers cannot be certain of a clear title. Moreover, the Apaches have been a continual source of dread and danger. This state of affairs is, however, now passing away. There were evidences of a recent Mexican occupation with the ruins of towns, missions, presidios, haciendas, and ranches. There were evidences of a former Spanish civilization with extensive workings and mines. There were evidences of a still more remote and mysterious civilization by an Aboriginal race, of which we know nothing and can learn but little by the vestiges they have left here. They constructed houses, lived in communities, congregated in cities, built fortresses, and cultivated the soil by irrigation. No evidence has been found that they used any domestic animals, no relics of wheeled vehicles, neither iron, steel, nor copper implements, and yet they built houses more than five stores high and cut joists with stone axes. How they transported timbers for houses is not known. The engineering for the irrigation canal was as perfect as that practiced on the Euphrates, the Anges, or the Nile. The ruins of the great houses, Casas Grandas, are precisely with the cardinal points. Near Florence, on the Gila, is beyond about the oldest and most unique edifice in the United States. This one in how it was built baffles human curiosity. Whether it was erected for a temple, a palace, or a town hall cannot be ascertained. The settlement or city surrounding the ruins must occupy a radius of quite ten miles, judging from the ruins and the pieces of broken pottery within that space. The irrigating canal formerly ran from the Gila River to the city or settlement for domestic uses and for irrigation. The Pima Indians have lived in their villages on the Gila River, time and memorial, at least they have no traditions of the time of their coming. The tribal organization has many features worthy of imitation by more civilized people. The umber rests with the red-tear chief and council of sages. The rites of property are protected as far as they have any individual property, which is small, as they are in fact communists. The water from the Gila River irrigates their lands as obtained by canals constructed by the common labor of the tribe. In mind, of course, with these Indians for many years they frequently asked questions which would puzzle the most profound philosopher to answer. For instance, they inquired, Who made the world and everything therein? I replied, God. Where does he live? In the sky. What does he sit on? In their domestic relations they have a system thousands of years old in the Edmunds Act, which works to suit them and fills the requirements of satisfied nationalities. The old men said the marriage system had given them more trouble than anything else, and they finally banned all laws to the law of the nature. The young people were allowed to mate by natural selection, and as they were not satisfied they could swap. In the after years when I was superintendent of Indian Affairs, I selected the stalwart Pima named Luis, who was proud of his requirements in English language, and gave him a uniform, sword, and a plaits about the size of a saucer to stand guard in front of my quarters. One day I came out and found Luis walking with an un-uniformed Pima with their arms around each other's waist, according to their custom. I inquired, Luis, who's that? That is my brother-in-law. Did he marry his sister? No. Did he marry your sister? No. And how's he your brother-in-law? Luis swapped lives. Among the Pimas there is no son of Daveris and the accumulation of large personal fortunes. When a Pima dies and most of his personal property, that is, a house and household belongs, which he had used during his life, is committed to the flames as a cemetery measure. And whatever he may have left of the personal property is divided among the tribe. The dead are buried in ground and silenced, and you never get the Pimas to pronounce the name of the dead man. Pimas have many customs resembling the Jews, especially the periodical seclusion of women. The Pachis have robbed them time and memorial, and they enter and make frequent campaigns against the Pachis. When they return from such a campaign, if they have shed blood, they paint their faces black and seclude themselves from the women. If they have not shed blood, they paint their faces white and enter into the joy of the matrimony. Pima handiwork and earthenware, horse hair, bridal reins, rope, and domestic utensils is remarkably ingenious. They formerly cultivated cotton and manufactured cotton cloth of a very strong quality. Men understood spinning and weaving and passed the winter in this industrial pursuit. Their subsidence is wheat, corn, milk, pumpkins, vegetables, and wild fruits. They have herds of cattle, plenty of horses, and great quantities of poultry. The Americans are indebted to the Pima Indians for provisions furnished to California immigration and for supplies for early overland stages, besides their faithful and unwavering friendship. The habitations of these prehistoric people form the most unique of all the anomalous lilies of Arizona, and a more minute investigation than it has hinted to been made will show the earliest habitations of man. There are similar edifices in Egypt and India, but they are mostly temples. These Arizona-clipped dwellings are the only edifices of the kind that are known to have been inhabited by mankind. They exist mostly in the mountains in the northern portion of Arizona, a more ancient race still living in the excavations on the sides of the mountain, prepared no doubt as a refuge against enemies. At the time of our first exploration to 1854, there was virtually no civilized population in the recently acquired territory. The old Pueblo of Tucson contained probably 300 Mexicans, Indians, and half-breed. Pima Indians on the Gila River numbered from 7 to 10,000 and were the only producing population. We cannot explore the country north of the Gila River because of the Paches who then numbered fully 20,000. For 3,000 years they have killed Spaniards, Mexicans, and Americans, which makes about the longest continuous war on record. It was impossible to remain with a considerable number of men in the country just to the sustenance, so we followed the Gila River down to its junction with Colorado and came down the bank opposite Fort Yuma, glad to be again in the sight of the American flag. Manning officer, major, after his general Heitzelman, issued the Regulation Allowance of Immigrant Rations, which were very grateful to men who had been living to some time without what are usually called the necessaries of life. Fort Yuma was established in 1851 to suppress the Indians on the Colorado and to protect immigrants at the crossing. It was apparent that the junction of the heel in Colorado must be the seaport of the new territory. Colorado was supposed to be inevitable, nearly 700 miles, and steam boats were already at Yuma transporting supplies for the coast. By the Treaty with Mexico of 1848, the boundary line was established from the mouth of the Rio Grande in North really to the headwaters of the Gila River. That's along the channel of the Gila River to its confluence with Colorado. The treaty then says, from a point at the confluence of the heel and the Colorado Rivers, Western lead to a point out of Pacific Ocean, six miles south of the southernmost point of the Bay of San Diego. As the geography of the country was not well understood at the time, it was not presumably known to the makers of the trees that the boundary line would include both banks of the Colorado River and the American boundary. But it does. By a curious turn in the Colorado River, after passing through the gorge between Fort Yuma and the opposite bank, the boundary line in the United States includes both banks of the river to the crossing that piled up nearly nine miles. When the state of California was organized in 1850, the Constitution adopted the boundary line of the state and consequently assumed jurisdiction over to split the land on the bank of Colorado opposite Fort Yuma. Fort Yuma was established, the commanding officer established a military reservation including both banks of the Colorado River and its junction with the Gila. The boundary line between Mexico and the United States under the Treaty of 1848 was run in 1850 and monuments erected on the southern bank of the Colorado to indicate the possession of the United States. While we were encamped on the banks of the Colorado River in the hot month of July 1854, we concluded to locate the town site on the slip of land opposite Fort Yuma. And as we were well provided with trees, maps, surveying instruments and station area, there was not much difficulty in making the location. The actual survey showed 936 acres within the slip and this is quite large enough for a town site. The town site is generally the first evidence of American civilization. After locating the town site to Yuma, there's nothing new across the desert from the Colorado River to San Diego. We made the journey on mules with extraordinary discomfort. At San Diego, we were as much rejoiced as the followers of Xenopon, the sea to sea. Town site was duly registered in San Diego, which could not have been done if both banks had Colorado just below its junction with the Gila had not been recognized as being within the jurisdiction of the state of California. County of San Diego collected taxes there for many years. After the organization of the Territory of Arizona in 1863, Arizona assumed jurisdiction over the slip to build prison there. Congress subsequently made grand land included in the slip to the village of Yuma, so that it is a mere question of jurisdiction not involved in the ventilated of any titles. Question of jurisdiction still remains unsettled as it requires both an act of Congress and an act of state legislature to change the boundaries of a sovereign state. The town site in Yuma has grown slowly, but there will be a town there as long as the two rivers flow. Southern Pacific Railroad was completed years ago and forms the great area of commerce. Immigration enterprises of great magnitude have been undertaken with the waters of the Colorado River. The river washes fully 300,000 square miles and furnishes the water power and the cataracts of the Grand Canyon on the 2nd of Niagara. The Yuma and the Colorado River, the only attempts at irrigation so far made is by pumping works, which raise the water from the river and convey it in pipes to the lands to be watered. While thus far only the limited area is watered by this method, the results are satisfactory and their expense no greater than the many pipe systems in California. Look for the magnitude, scope, and boldness of its purpose. The project to irrigate great Colorado desert is without parallel and narrowed west, if in the world. This undertaking complies the construction of gravity canals from a point in the Colorado River several miles above Yuma and the conducting of the waters of this river over a narrowed waist. That while forbidding appearance is known to be capable of great fertility. A significant feature of this plan to reclaim the desert is found on the character of the water to be utilized. Now this shows that the water of the Colorado River carries a larger percentage of the sedimentary deposit than any other river in the world, not accepting now. Same is true in the relative degree of all other rivers in Arizona. By constant use of these waters the soil not only receives reviving benefits of irrigation, but at the same time a very considerable amount of fertilizer material. The official result, thus made possible, have already been practically demonstrated in what may be achieved by the proposed reclamation of a vast area with peculiar advantages of climate environment. One of the most significant suggestions can see wool in connection with the new era of irrigation. The storage of water by reservoirs for irrigation purposes has thus far been one of the untried problems in Arizona. The possibilities in this section are equal to any section of the area west, and because of the stability and certainty of this method, there is only a question of time when it will be carried into practical force. In the progress of civilization Ford-Yuma has given way to an Indian school where the dusky denizens of the Colorado are progressing and learning. After concluding our business in San Diego, we took the steamer to San Francisco and laid the resolve of the reconnaissance, which was not much before the syndicate. We had an audience with the commanding officer of the Pacific and secured a recommendation to the Secretary of War for an exploration of the Colorado River. This was subsequently accomplished with beneficial results, at least for information. In San Francisco, it was decided that I should proceed to Washington for the purpose of soliciting assistance of the federal government in opening the new territory settlement. And the voyage was made by a Panama. End of section one. Section two, Building Estate in the Patchy Land by Charles Poston. All LibriVox recordings are in public domain. Early mining and filibustering. In 1855, when I arrived in Washington as an amateur delegate from the new territory, the Gatsen purchase did not attract much attention. They had something else to do. President Pierce, the most affable president, was very polite and asked many questions about the new acquisition. The Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, promised to order an exploration of the Colorado River as soon as he could get an appropriation, and to send troops to the new territory as soon as they could be spared. During the winter, General Heitzman came to Washington, and as the town was crowded and he could not find suitable accommodations, I had an extra bed to put in my room at the National, and we messed together. It was an advantage to have an officer of the Army who had been in command at Yuma give information about the country, and the association thus form lasted through life. There was now much to be done in Washington, so I went over to New York to see of the Texas Pacific Railroad Company. This company had been organized under a munificent land grant from the state of Texas. The capital stock was $100 million. The scheme was to build a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean on the proceeds of land grants and bonds. To make the $100 million stock as profit, that's one tenth of one percent to be paid in for expenses and promotion money. President of this company is Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury under President Polk. Vice President, Thomas Butler King of Georgia, a late collector of the port in San Francisco. My recent supervisor, Secretary Samuel J. Don, late cashier of the United States Bank. Mr. Walker, the president of the company, received me a dinner at his mansion on Fifth Avenue, and my acquaintance with Thomas Butler King was renewed over sparkling vintage. This company had parceled the world out among its officers. Robert J. Walker was to have the financial field of Europe. Samuel J. Don, the secretary, was to display his financial ability in New York and the Atlantic cities. Edward Conkling of Cincinnati was agent for the Mississippi Valley. Thomas Butler King was a lot of the state of Texas. And I, being the junior, was to have the country between the Rio Grande and the Colorado. I told them all I knew about the territory, and a great deal more, and enlarged upon the advantages that would accrue to the railroad company by an exploration of the new territory and the development of its mineral resources. They inquired how much it would cost to make the exploration. I replied that I would start with $100,000 if there was a million behind it. The company was organized with a capital of $2 million, and shares sold an average of $50. General Heitzman was appointed president, and I was appointed manager in commandant. The office was located in Cincinnati for the convenience of General Heitzman, who was stationed at Newport Barracks, Kentucky. William Heitzman was appointed secretary. Soon as necessary arrangements were made, I started west on this arduous undertaking. The arms and equipment had been shipped to San Antonio, Texas, and I proceeded there to complete the outfit. San Antonio was the best outfitting place in the southwest at that time. Wagons, ambulances, mules, horses, and provisions were abundant, and men could be found in Texas willing to go anywhere. San Antonio met the famous George Wilkins Kendall, who advised me to go to New Bramples, where I could find some educated German miners. And as he was going to Austin, I accompanied him as far as New Bramples, and received the benefit of his introduction. There were plenty of educated German miners about New Bramples, working on farms and selling a lagerbeer, and they enlisted joyfully. The rest of the company was made up of frontiersmen, buckskin boys, who were not afraid of the devil. We pulled out of San Antonio, Texas on the first day of May 1856 and took the road to El Paso, or Paso del Norte, on the Rio Grande, 762 miles by the itinerary. The plains of Texas were covered with veredure and flowers, and the Mockingbirds made the night march of serenade. I carried recommendations from the War Department to the military officers of the Frontiers for Assistance, if necessary. The first military post on the road was Fort Clark, El Morrow, and a beautiful location. The post was at that time under the command of the famous John Bank head Magruder, whom I had known in California. Magruder had recently returned from Europe, bringing two French cooks, and as he was a notorious bonvignon, it was not disagreeable to accept an invitation to dinner. After breakfast next morning, I went to take my leave of the officers. Magruder said, Sir, you cannot go. Consider yourself under arrest. I replied, General, I am not aware of having violated any of the regulations of the army. No, sir, but you are violating the rules of hospitality. You shall stay here three days, send your train onto the Paycoats, and I will send an escort with you to overtake it. So I remained at Fort Clark three days into us and never had a prisoner of war or more hospitable entertainment. Texas overflowed with abundant provisions. We then only had French cooks. After a total summon dangerous march to Lippins and Comanches, we arrived on the upper Rio Grande at El Paso in time to spend the Fourth of July. El Paso at this time was enjoying an era of commercial prosperity. Mexican trade was good, silver flowed in, in the stream. After recruiting at El Paso, we moved up to the crossing of the Rio Grande at Fort Thorn and prepared to plunge into Apache lands. Camping the command on the Green Friends Membrays, I took five men, and with Dr. Steck and his interpreter made a visit to the Apaches in their stronghold at San Rita, Del Cobre. There was an old triangular fort built by the Spaniards, which afforded shelter. There were about 300 Apaches in camp, physically fine-looking fellows who seemed as happy as the day was long. The agent distributed two wagon loads of corn, from which they made tin whiz, an intoxicating drink. Their principal business, if they have any, is stealing stock in Mexico and selling it on the Rio Grande. Mule trade was lively. They proved themselves expert marksmen, but I noticed they always cut the bullets out of the trees, as they're economists in ammunition, if nothing else. Here in Turkey's were plentiful, and we feasted for several days in the old triangular fort and under the trees. Dr. Steck told the Apaches that I was a mighty big man, and they must not steal any of my stock nor kill any of my men. The chiefs said they wanted to be friends with the Americans and would not molest us if we did not interfere with their trade in Mexico. On this basis, we made a treaty, and the Apaches kept it. I had a lot of tin types taken in New York, which I distributed freely among the chiefs, so that they might know me if we should meet again. Many years afterwards, and the Apache girl told me they could have killed me often from Manbush, but they remembered the treaty and would not do it. I have generally found the Indians willing to keep faith with the White, if the Whites will keep faith with them. After leaving the camp at the Membrays, we crossed the Chiricow Mountains in camp for a noon on a little stream called the San Simón, which empties into the Gila River. We had scarcely unlimber when the rear guard called out, Apaches, and about a hundred came thundering down the western slope of the mountain, well-mounted and well-armed. Their horsemanship was admirable, their horses in good condition, and many of them, comparisoned with sealed mountain saddles and bridle, the spoil of Mexican foray. A rope was quickly stretched across the road, the ammunition box got out, and everything prepared for a fight. The chief was a fine-looking man named Alessandro, and as a fight was the last thing we desired, a parlay was called when they reached the rope. When asked what they wished, they said they wanted to come into camp and trade, but they had captains, mules, nests, gals, and so on. We told them we were not traders and had nothing to sell. They were rather insolent at this and made some demonstrations against the rope. I told the interpreters say that I would shoot the first man that crossed that rope, and they retired for consultations. Finally they thought better of it, or did not like the looks of our rifles and pistols and struck off by their homes in the north. I had a stalwart native of Bohemia in the company who was considered very brave. When the attack was imminent, he was a little slow and coming forward, and I cried out somewhat angrily, and, Tom, why don't you come out? He replied, will it dilate my pipe? And that Dutchman stalked out with a rifle in his hand, two pistols on his sides, and a great German pipe in his mouth. The patches did not trouble us anymore, and after crossing high mountains and wide valleys, we arrived on the Santa Cruz River in camp at the Old Mission Church in San Xavier del Bach. Three leagues north of the Mission Church of San Xavier del Bach, Locomene's Water, is located in the ancient and honorable Pueblo, Tucson. This is the most ancient Pueblo in Arizona and is first mentioned in Spanish history in the narrative of Castaneda, 1540. The Spanish expedition of Coronado in search of gold stopped here a while and watched some gold from the sands of the Canyón del Oro on sheepskin. It is well known that the expedition drove sheep. The Spaniards, from this experience, remembering the island of Colchis, named the place Tucson, Jason Spanish. The ancient and honorable Pueblo has borne this name ever since without profound knowledge of its origin. The patron saint of Tucson is Saint Augustine, and as it was now the last of August, the fiesta and honor of her patron saint was being celebrated. As we had a long march and a dry time, the animals were sent out to graze in charge of the Papago Indians Two weeks furlough was given the men to attend the fiesta, confess their sins, and get acquainted with the Mexican Sanjiritas, who flocked there in great numbers from the adjoining state of Sonora. Music and revelry were continued day and night with very few interruptions by violence. The only disorders that I observed was caused by a quarrel among some Americans and the use of the infernal revolver. There were not more than a dozen Americans in the Pueblo of Tucson when we arrived and were not Methodist Prejudice. The town has grown with the country and now contains a population of nearly 10,000 people of many shades of color and many nationalities. The first question to be settled was the location of a headquarters for the company. We had come a long way at considerable risk and expense, and fortunately without disaster. We were now encamped in view of the scene of our future operations and the exploration and settlement of the territory considerably in the small square miles of the forest. And the destiny of a new state was an embryo. It would not be prudent to expose the lives of the men in the valuable property we had hauled so far to the cupidity of the natives and therefore a safe place for storage and for defense was the first necessity in selecting our headquarters. We had some 150 horses and mules, wagons, amylances, arms, provisions, merchandise, mining materials and moreover what we considered of a nest level value, the future and our keeping and the proper location was a great consideration. The Spaniards had located a presidio at the base of the Santa Rita Mountains on the Santa Cruz River. A stream as large and as beautiful as the Arno flowing from the southeast and watering opulent valleys which had been formerly occupied and cultivated. The presidio was called Tubac, the water, the Mexican troops had just evacuated the presidio of Tubac to the doors and windows which they hauled away. The presidio of Tubac was about 10 weeks south of the Mission Church in San Xavier del Bac on the Santa Cruz River on the high road Camino Real to Sonora and Mexico. Consequently we struck camp at the Mission San Xavier del Bac and pulled out to the presidio of Tubac to establish our headquarters and future home. There was not a soul in the local city was like entering the ruins of Pompeii. Nevertheless we set to work bring out the quarters, repair the corrals and prepare to make ourselves as comfortable as possible. The first necessity in the new settlement was lumber and we dispatched men to the adjacent mountains in Santa Rita to cut time with whipsaw and soon had lumber for doors, windows, tables, chairs, bedstead and the privative furniture necessary for housekeeping. The quarters could accommodate about 300 men and the corrals were ample for the animals. The old cartel made a good storehouse on the tower on the north of which was named and was utilized as a lookout. The beautiful Santa Cruz to wash the east inside of the presidio and the fuel and grass were abundant in the valley and on the mountainside. There was not more than 100 leagues to Guimas, the C4 of the Gulf of California or European merchandise could be attained. There were no frontier custom houses at that time to deck and hinder commerce. In the autumn of 1856 we had made the headquarters for the company a two-back comfortable, laid in the store for business for the winter and were ready to begin the exploration of the country for mines. When you look at the Santa Rita mountains from two back it seems of hermitable undertaking to tunnel and honeycomb them for mines. Nevertheless we began to attack with stout hearts and strong arms full of hope and enthusiasm. The mines in the Santa Rita mountains had been previously worked by the Spaniards and Mexicans as was evident by the ruins of arastes and smelters. Holes could be washed on the mountainside and silver vein could be traced by the discolored grass. As soon as it was known in Mexico that the American company had arrived in Chewbac Mexicans from Sonora and the Jason State came in great numbers to work and skillful miners could be employed from at $15 to $25 a month in rations. Sonora furnished flour, beef, beans, sugar, barley, corn and vegetables at moderate prices. If you're straggling Americans came along now and done on the pretense of seeking employment and questioning on a delicate subject they said they would work for $10 a day and board if they got that in California and would never work for less. After staying a few days at the company's expense they would reluctantly move on showing their gratitude for hospitality by spreading the rumor that the managers at Chewbac employed foreigners and greasers and would not give a white man a chance. They were generally worthless dissipated dangers with a white trash. Many Mexicans that had been formerly soldiers at the Presidio of Chewbac had little holds of land in the valley and returned to cultivate their farms in many cases accompanied by their families. By Christmas 1856 an informal census showed the presence of fully a thousand souls such as they were in the Valley of Santa Cruz in the vicinity of Chewbac. We had no law but love, no occupation but labor, no government, no taxes, no public debt, no politics. It was a community and a perfect state of nature. As a syndic under New Mexico I opened a book of records to perform the merit ceremony baptized children and granted divorces. Sonora has always been famous for the beauty and gracefulness of excenderitas. The civil wars in Mexico and the exodus of the male population from northern Mexico to California had disturbed the equilibrium of population till in some quebos the disproportion was as great as a dozen females to one male. And in the yinio climate of Sonora this anomalous condition of society was unendurable. Consequently the senderitas and grass were on a South American camp on the Santa Cruz River. When they could get transportation and wagons hauling provisions they came in state. Others came on the hurricane deck of burrows and many came on foot. All were provided for. Mexican senderitas really had a refining influence on the cultured population. Many of them had been educated and commented that all of them were good Catholics. They called the American men those god damn ass and the American women in Las Camisas, Colorado. If there is anything that a Mexican woman despises it is a red petticoat. They are exceedingly dainy in their under clothing wear the finest linen they can afford and spend half their lives over the washing machines. The men of northern Mexico are far inferior to women in every respect. This secretion of female population added very much to the charms of frontier society. The Mexican women were not by any means useless appendages in camp. They could keep house, cook some dainy dishes, wash clothes, sew, dance, dancing. Moreover, they were expert at cards and the bested many a minor of his weeks wages over the Guillermo Montes. As a call there it was too bad under the government of New Mexico I was legally authorized to celebrate the rights of matrimony, baptized children, grant divorces, execute criminals, declare war, and perform all the functions of the ancient El Cate. The records of this primitive period are a file in the recorder's office of the Pueblo Tucson in Pima County. Tubaque became a kind of grit and green for runaway couples from Sonora as the priest there charged them $25 and he called them Tubaque tied to not grafted and gave them a treat beside. I had been marrying people and baptized children at Tubaque for a year or two and had a good many god children for their gender, and began to feel quite patriarchal when Bishop Blaine sent down Father Mashbrook, vicar apostolic of New Mexico to look after the spiritual condition of the Arizona people. It required all the sheets and tablecloths of the establishment to fix up a confessional room and we had to wait till noon for the bus on that breakfast, the worst and all that. My comadres, who used to embrace me with such a passion, went away with their ribosalas over their head during the salutation. It was week tree stay in Tubaque and I began to feel the effects of the ban of the church when one day after breakfast Father Mashbrook put me by the iron. Man always takes you by the iron when he has anything unpleasant to say. I said, Hi young friend, I appreciate all you've been trying to do for these people but these marriages you have celebrated are not good in the eyes of God. I knew there would be a ride on the Santa Cruz and the women were sulky and the men commenced cursing and swearing and said they thought they were entitled to all the rights of matrimony. My strong defense was that I had not charged any of them anything and had given them a marriage to begin with a seal on it made out of a Mexican dollar and had given the treat and fired off the end mill. Still, although the Pope of Rome was beyond the jurisdiction of even the all-call day of Tubaque I could not see the way open for a restoration of happiness. The last I arranged my father's mashbook to give the sanction of the church to marriages and legitimize the little carlos and carlases with holy water and it cost the company about $700 to rectify the matrimony of the situation in Santa Cruz. The idea that it was lonesome that Tubaque would be incorrect, one could never be lonesome who was useful and it was considered at the time that the opening of minds which used the muffin decor, the cultivation of language to a fellow, the employment of labor with his idol and the development of a new country were meritorious undertaking. The table of Tubaque was generously supplied with the best of market afforded. Besides the venison, antelope, turkeys, bear, quail wild-dust and other game we obtained through Guamas the reasonable supply of French wines for Sunday dinners and the celebration of feast days. It is astonishing how rapidly the development of minds and treats with commerce. We had scarcely commenced to make silver bars current with merchants when the plaza at Tubaque was under the picturesque scene of primitive commerce. Fact trains arrived from Mexico loaded with all kinds of provisions. The rule was to purchase everything they brought whether we wanted it or not. They were quite willing to take in exchange silver bars or American merchandise. Sometimes they preferred American merchandise. Whether they paid duties in Mexico was none of our business. We were essentially free traders. Winter was mild and charming very little snow and only frost enough to purify the atmosphere. It would be difficult to find in any country so near to sea such prolific valleys fenced in by mountains coming with minerals. Natural elements of prosperity seemed concentrated in perfusions so found. In our primitive simplicity we reasoned that if we could take orders from the mountains and reduce them to gold and silver with which to pay for labor and purchase the productions of the valleys a community could be established in the country independent of foreign resources. The result will show the success or failure of this utopian scheme. To a routine in Tubaque in addition to the regular business of distributing supplies to the mining camps was chocolate or strong coffee in the first thing in the morning breakfast at sunrise dinner at noon and supper at sunset. Sunday was the day of days at Tubaque as the superintendents came in from the mining camps to spend the day and take dinner turning in the afternoon. One Sunday we had a fat wild turkey weighing about 25 pounds one of my engineers asked permission to assist in the cosina. The only thing that was in my arm was a stuffed pine nuts which gave a fine flavor. As we had plenty of horses in the saddle we galloped to the old mission of San Jose to turn it to quarry one weeks south of the Santa Cruz River for the exercise and diversion for the lady especially on a Sunday afternoon. The old mission was rapidly going to ruin but the record showed that it formally supported the population of 3,500 people from cultivation of the rich lands in the valley raising cattle and working the silver mines. The Santa Cruz valley had been and it could apparently again be made an earthly paradise. Many fruit trees yet remained in the gardens of the old mission church and the composanto walls were in the perfect state of preservation. The communal system of the Latin races was well-adopted to this country of oasis and detached valleys. Cesar knew nearly as much about the governing machine as the satchel of Tamreni Hall or a governor in Mexico at least he enriched himself. The country's requiring irrigation the communal system of distributing water has been found to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The plan of a government granting water to corporations to be sold as a monopoly is an atrocity against nations and no deserving people will long submit to it. The question will soon come up whether the government has any more right to sell the water than the air. In the spring of 1857 the garden containing about two acres was brought back and irrigated by a canal from the Santa Cruz River. By the industry of a German gardener with too much insistence we soon produced all vegetables, melons, etc. that we required. Many a weary traveler remembers or often remember hospitality is a two-back. We were never a week without some company and sometimes had more than we required and nobody was ever charged anything for entertainment, horseshoeing and press supplies for the road. Hospitality is a savage virtue and disappears with civilization. As the oars and the Santa Rita mountains did not make a satisfactory use we turned our explorations to the west of the Santa Cruz River and soon struck a vein of Pentecost silver copagrant that yielded from the grassroots $7,000 a ton. This mine was named in honor of the president company Heismann which in German mining lore is also the name of the genius who presides over mine. The silver bull universe expenses which were about 50% was shipped via Guamas to San Francisco where it brought from 125 to 132 cents per ounce for the Asiatic market. Silver buyers form a rather inconvenient currency and necessity required some more convenient meetings. We therefore adopted the Mexican system of bullethas. Engravings were made in New York and paper money printed on a paste board about two inches by three in small denomination. 12.5 cents 50 cents, $1, $5, $10. Each bulletta had a picture by which the illiterate could ascertain its denomination. These are 12.5 cents a pig 25 cents a calf, 50 cents a rooster, $1 horse, $5 bull $10 a lion. With these bullettas the hands were paid off every Saturday and they were currency at the stores and among the merchants of the country and in Mexico. When a run of silver was made anyone holding tickets could have them redeemed in bars or in exchange on San Francisco. This primitive system of greenback worked very well. Everybody holding bullettas was interested in the success of the mines and the whole community was dependent on the prosperity of the company. They were all redeemed. Mines form the bank of nature and the industry puts the money in circulation to the benefit of mankind. In the autumn of 1857 a detachment from the regiment of first of moons arrived at the Santa Cruz Valley for the purpose of establishing a military post and for the protection of the infant settlement. The officers were Colonel Blake, Major Stein, and Captain Newell. This military post was established at Calaveras and the arrival of the officers made quite an addition to the society on the Santa Cruz. Incident to the arrival of the military on the Santa Cruz were the citizens of the training of wagons laden with supply. While wagons were 12 mules each belonging to Santiago, New Mexico. While he was camped at two back I inquired to press a freight that learned it was 15 cents a pound from Kansas City. I inquired what he would charge to take back a freight of oars and he agreed to haul them from the Heizelman mine to Kansas City in a steamboat for 12 and one half cents a pound and I loaded his wagon with oars and raw-eyed bags to come to the wagons. This was the first shipment of oars and on a pretty long haul. This station and assay gave the country its first reputation as a producer of minerals. The average yield in silver was not as enormous as the oars contained a great deal of copper, but the silver yield was about $1,500 to become. In December 1856 I purchased for the company the estate of La Arba, or Aribaca as it is called by American. This place is a beautiful valley of Westin Ortiz, Spaniard in 1802, and title obtained from Spanish government. The ownership and occupation descended to his two sons, Thomas and Ignacio Ortiz, who obtained additional title from the Mexican Republic in 1833 and maintained continuous occupation until 1856, when they sold to the company for a valuable confederation. The validity of the title has been denied by the United States and it is now pending for the United States Land Court with the prospect of an appeal to the United States Supreme Court with a fair prospect of the ultimate loss of the property. The company conveyed the property with all mines and claims in Arizona to the writer on the 2nd January 1870 the local heritage. In the early months of 1857 everything was going well in the Santa Cruz Valley. The mines were yielding silver volumes of production. Farmers were planning with every prospect of good crop. Emergents were coming into the country and taking up farm. Merchants were busy in search of the all-mine dollar its representative. The only disturbing element in the vicinity was a little guerrilla war going on in Sonora between two factions for the control of the state government. Guadara was the actual owner and it had been so for many years during which time he had accumulated a lot of power and thinking. He was a sedate and dignified man much respected by the natives and especially polite and hospitable to forms. Pesciera was an educated savage without property or position and naturally coveted his neighbors good. Consequently a revolution was commenced to obtain control over the governorship of the state just the same as when King David sought refuge in the cave of Abdullam all who were in debt all who were refugees all who were thieves and all who were distressed going Pesciera to rob Guadara. This is all there was for ever in the Mexican revolutions. On the discovery of gold in California many Mexicans went to Sonora to California to remain there. Among these was Juan Ayanza of Manila descent married to a native of Sonora who migrated to California with a large family of girls and boys in 1850 and had a bank and Mexican agency on the northwest corner play in Montgomery streets where it was viewed to a fine save Cumpra Oro upstairs. The girls of the Ayanza family grew the womanhood and carried the beauty and graces of Sonora to a good market. They all married Americans and married well. As Helen of Sparta caused the Trojan War many eminent women had caused many eminent wars there was no reason why the Ayanza women should not take part in the little revolution going on in their native state Sonora. Their husbands could then become eminent men annexed the state of Sonora to the United States with their own governors and senators. It was a laudable ambition on the part of the Ayanza women and their husbands were eminently deserving. In fact their husbands were already the foremost men in California in political positions. One of them had been a prominent candidate for the United States Senate and the others had occupied high position in federal and state service who were highly respected among their fellow citizens. In this state affair the eldest brother Augustine was dispatched to Sonora to see what arrangement would Pesquiera if the Americans would come from California and help mouse Goudaar. Pesquiera was in desperate straits and agreed whatever was necessary the substance of which was that the Americans should come with 500 men well armed and assist him in outspeaking Goudaar and establishing himself as governor of Sonora. After that the Americans could name whatever they wanted in money or political offices even to the annexation of the state which was a dead times MA independent of Mexico. Augustine the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary returned to California with the agreement in writing and the Americans immediately began to drum up a recoup. But the prosperity of California was so great that but a few could be persuaded to leave a certainty for an uncertainty. The Americans of California actually started for Sonora with less than 50 men with vague promises of recoup by sea. The records of the ferryman on the Colorado River show that they crossed the river with only 42 men on board. With this meager force these infatuated and misguided men pushed 132 miles across the barren desert to the boundary line of Mexico at Sonora over Creek where there is a little stream of water struggling for existence in the sand. At the Sonora the invaders were met by a proclamation from Pesquiera forwarded through Redondo the prefect of Altar mourning them not to enter the state of Sonora. The men have resolved my destruction reason is useless and they paid no attention to the order and crossed the boundary line of Mexico with arms and in hostile array. When they reached the vicinity of Altar they diverged from the main road to the west and took the road to Caborca. The only possible reason for this movement is that they may have expected reinforcements by sea as Caborca is in the nearest settlement to a little port called Libertad where small ships could man. Needless as a man no reinforcements ever came in this little handful of Americans and found themselves hemmed in at the little town of Caborca with a whole pursuit toward it. They were the very first gentlemen of the state most of the good families did education and good process in California. Wouldn't human demon ever induce them to place themselves in such position God only knows. Many of them left their wives and families in California and all of them had one frame there. Pesquiera issued a blood thirsty proclamation in the usual grandiose language of Spain calling all patriotic Mexicans armed to exterminate the invaders and to preserve their homes. Those fairly swarming Mexicans those who had no guns carried lances those who had no horses went up with Caborca was soon surrounded by Mexicans and the 42 Americans and one little boy took refuge in the church on the east side of the plaza. There's been going a temporary refuge when Indians shot a lighted arrow into the church instead of on fire Americans stacked arms and surrendered. My God had they lost their senses these 42 American gentlemen who had left their wives, children and friends in California a month or two before under a contract with Pesquiera and butchered like hogs in the streets of Caborca and neither God nor man raised hand to stop them from slaughter. They had not come within 200 miles of my place and nobody could have turned them from their purpose if they had. Many of them were old friends and acquaintances in California and their massacre cast a gloom over the country. There was only one redeeming act that ever came to my knowledge and I know what to be true. In Pesquiera's order the massacre of the invaders were read. Galbalanda, second in command swore he would have nothing to do with it and mounting his horse from the little boy Evans behind them and galloped the way to all times. Galbalanda carried him to Guimas from where he was afterwards to the California. It has been stated that corpses were left in the streets for the hogs and that the Curia of Caborca assured me that he had trans-tug and gave them the Christian eternal. I never saw America verse with any of the leaders but an attachment came up to the River of Tucson-Tubac and this name was proved. It could only raise 25 or 30 men. The evasion was generally discouraged by the settlers on the Santa Cruz. When they passed by Sephora on their way to join the main body I remember very well the advice of old the veteran of the Mexican Revolution. He said, Boys, unless you carry men enough to whip both sides, never cross the Mexican line. I was out of breath when the Santa Cruz continued to turn madly demoralized, wounded, naked, and starving. Place was converted into a hospital for their relief with such accommodations as could be afforded. Pesquiera was well aware of the adage that dead men tell no tales. Her ab was beheaded and his head carried in triumph to Pesquiera covered in a keg of mezcal with the seventh barbarity of the days of Herod. The contracts which would have compromised Pesquiera with the Mexican government were destroyed by fire. So into the crab expedition one of the most ill-fated melancholy of any in the bloody annals of Mexico. The result of this expedition commonly called crabs was that the Mexican government laid an embargo upon all trade with the side of the line in business of all kinds was paralyzed. Under these circumstances I crossed the desert on Muleback to Los Angeles with only one companion and with the San Francisco to take a rest. End of Section 2 Section 3 Building a State in Apache Land by Charles Poston All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. Wartime in Arizona. The invasion of Sonora in the summer of 1957 by filibusters from California generally called the Crab Expedition caused the Paul of Death to fall upon the boundary line of Mexico. Forty-two Americans had been massacred at Caborca and many Mexicans had been killed. The abrasion was so serious that Americans were not safe over the Mexican boundary and Mexicans were in danger in the boundaries of the United States. Gabalanda, who was the only Mexican officer who protested against the massacre, came very near being so he was perfectly innocent of any crime. On the contrary, he deserved credit for his humanity in rescuing the boy-evans. Gabalanda was subsequently tried by a Mexican court martial organized by Pesquiera, the governor of Sonora and acquitted. He lived to a green old age as collector of Mexican customs on the boundary line and died honored and respected. When I returned from San Francisco to the mines in the winter of 1857 the country was paralyzed but by the talisman of silver bars the mines were put in operation again and miners induced to come in from Mexico. Christmas week the usual festival was given at Aravaca and all the neighbors within 100 miles invited. In 1858, the business of the territory resumed its former prosperity and the sad events of the Crab expedition were smoothed over as far as possible. The government had subsidized an overland mail service at nearly a million a year called the Butterfield Line with daily mail from St. Louis to San Francisco running through Arizona. The mail service of the west has done a great deal to build up the country and population came flocking into the territory with high hopes of its future prosperity. General Heitzelman obtained a furlough and came out to superintend the mines. Colonel Samuel Colt of Revolver fame succeeded him as president of the company as he had contributed about $250,000 in money and arms to its resources with the intention of enlisting as much capital as might be required from New England. The machinery was constructed on the Atlantic seaboard and hauled over land from the Gulf of Mexico to the mines 1,350 miles. The Apaches had not up to this time given any trouble but on the contrary passed within sight of our herds going hundreds of miles into Mexico on their forays rather than break their treaty with the Americans. They could have easily carried off our stock by killing a few vicaros kept with them on the range but refrain from doing so as they were well understood on frontiers. There is an unwritten law among ranchmen as old as the treaty between Abraham and Lott. In 1857 a company of lumberman from Maine under a captain named Tarbox established a camp in the Santa Rita mountains to Whipsaw Lumber at $150 per thousand feet and were doing well as the company bought all they could saw. They built a house in Corral on the south side of the Santa Cruz river on the road from Tucson to Tubaq called the Canoa. This wayside inform to stop in place for travelers on the road. One day 25 or 30 Mexicans rode into Tubaq and said the Paches had made a raid on the ranches and were carrying off some hundred head of horses and mules over the Baba Conqueror of our plane intending to cross the Santa Cruz river between Canoa and Tucson. Mexicans wanted us to join them in a cortada cut off and rescued the animals offering to divide them with us for our assistance but remembering our treaty with the Paches and how faithfully they had kept it we declined. They went on to the Canoa where the lumbermen were in camp and made the same proposition which they accepted as they were new in country and needed horses and mules. The lumbermen joined the Mexicans and as they could easily discern the course of the Paches by the clouds of dust succeeded in forming an embuscade and fired on the Apaches when they reached the river. The Apaches fled into fire leaving the stolen stock behind. Mexicans made a fair division and the mule trade was lively with the lumbermen and merchants in Tucson. With the proceeds of their adventure the lumbermen added many comforts and luxuries that are camped at the Canoa on the Santa Cruz and travelers reveled in crystal and whiskey. Bought the next full moon after this event we had been passing the usual quiet Sunday in Tuba when the Mexican Vicaro came gal looking furiously into the plaza crying out Paches, Apaches, Apaches as soon as they recovered sufficiently to talk we learned that the Paches had made an attack on Canoa and killed all the settlers. It was late in the day the men had nearly all gone into the mines and we could only muster about a dozen men and horses so we did not start until early next morning as the Mexicans said there were Muchos Apaches When we reached the Canoa a little after sunrise the place looked as if it had been struck by a hurricane doors and windows were smashed and the house was smoking ruin. Former inmates were lying around dead and three of them had been thrown into the well head foremost we buried seven men in a row in front of the burnt houses As well as could be ascertained by the tracks there must have been fully 80 Paches on horseback. They had carried off on this raid 280 head of animals from the Canoa and the adjoining ranches There were some companies of first Dragoons eating beef at Fort Buchanan The commanding officer was notified and sent some troops in pursuit but the Paches were in their strongholds long before the Dragoons saddled their horses. The pursuit of Apaches is extremely dangerous as they were very skillful in forming ambuscares and never gave them a fair fight in an open field. Their horsemanship is far superior to American troops who are for the most part foreigners and exceedingly awkward. The second serious trouble with the Apaches was brought about by a far more foolish cause than the first and it was much more disastrous. In the winter of 1857 the summer college song of Aaron came along on foot to the pursuit of two back and solicited the rights of hospitality, food and a fire Whether he had been around a California by the vigilance committee as many of our guests had been or was escaping legitimate justice was not in question. The imperative cravings of the stomach had met a very scant ceremony so I took John Ward into dinner and provided him with all the comforts at home. At bedtime he asked me if he might sleep in the front room by the fire to which I reluctantly consented taking good care of the lock and bar the door between us. The next morning after breakfast I gave John Ward some grub and advised him to push on to Fort Buchanan on the Sonota where he could probably go. He went on to the Sonota and took up a ranch forming a temporary partnership with a Mexican woman according to the customs of the country at that time. She had a little boy who also appeared to be partly of Celtic descent as he had a red head and was nicknamed Mickey Free. This probably formed the only metramonial tie between John Ward and the Mexican woman. In the course of time John Ward got a hate contract, wagon and a few yoke oxen and appeared to be thriving at Uncle Sam's expense. Fort Buchanan was garrisoned by a portion of the First Regiment of Dragoons. Most of the men were Germans and could not mount a horse without a stepladder. In the early part of 1858 John Ward got drunk and beat his stepson Mickey Free until he ran away to Sonora. Ward became so blind drunk that he could not find his oxen so he went to the fort and complained to Major Stein, the commanding officer that the patches had stolen his oxen and carried off the woman's boy. Major Stein was a very good man and very capable of running a sawmill in Missouri where he came from. He listened to John Ward's tale of woe and ordered out attachment of the First Dragoons under Lieutenant Bascombe to pursue the Apaches and recover Mickey Free and the oxen. Bascombe was a fine looking young fellow, a Kentuckian, a West Pointer and of course a gentleman, but he was unfortunately a fool although his uncle Preacher Bascombe of Lexington was accounted a very imminent clergy of the Presbyterian Church. This is a very different family from Bascombe of the Confederate tribes. Lieutenant Bascombe's command pursued some Apaches who had been raiding in Sonora in the What Stone Mountains where they called a parley. The Apaches were summoned camp under a white flag and feeling perfectly innocent of having committed a crime against the Americans fearlessly presented themselves before Lieutenant Bascombe and his boys in blue. They positively denied having seen the boy or stole the oxen and they told the truth as was well known afterward but the Lieutenant was not satisfied and executed. Four Apache chiefs were seized and tied Cochise, an Apache dialect would, managed to get hold of a knife which he had concealed cut his bonds and escaped. He was a very brave leader and after having wreaked a terrible vengeance for the treachery of American troops to the Apaches died in peace at the Indian agency in the Chiricow Mountains, 1874. The war thus inaugurated by this Apache chieftain lasted 14 years and is scarcely any parallel in the horrors of Indian warfare. The men, women and children killed the property destroyed and a detriment to the settlement of Arizona cannot be computed. Because of the war against Cochise would have purchased John Ward a string of yolks of oxen reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific and as for his woman son, Mickey Free, he afterwards became an Indian scout and interpreter and about as infamous the scoundrel as those who generally adorn that profession. I am on very friendly terms with him and his family would not write a word in derogation of his character or of his stepfather John Ward but to vindicate history. The vigilance committee of San Francisco sent a considerable number of unsavory immigrants to Arizona who with the refugees from Mexico, Texas and Arkansas rendered mule property rather insecure in the early days. Gambling has been an industrial pursuit since the first settlement of the country and the saloon business flourishes with the prosperity of the times. Strange to say, amidst the heterogeneous population there has never been a vigilance committee. Company and the country, synonymous terms, continued to improve with occasional interruptions by the apaches until the beginning of 1861 when the reverberations of the gun fired at something were heard in the Arizona mountains. A newspaper had been started by the company at Tubock called The Arizonian. Our mail came overland by the Butterfield Coaches at the rate of 100 miles a day but at last we waited for the mail that never came. In the spring of 1861 a coach was started out from the Rio Grande with 13 of the bravest buckskin boys of the west and 10 or 12 thousand dollars in gold to pay off the line and withdraw the service. But the apaches way-laid the coach in Stein's Pass killed all the man and captured the gold. In the month of June the machinery was running smoothly at Arivaca and the mines were yielding handsomely and 250 good wages which were paid punctually every Saturday afternoon. One day in orderly from Fort Buchanan rode up to headquarters and handed me a note from Lieutenant Chapin closing copy of an order from the commanding officer of the military department. Santa Fe, June 1861 commanding officer Fort Buchanan unreseded this you will abandon and destroy your post. Burn your commissary and quarter master's stores and everything in between the Colorado and Rio Grande that will feed an army. Get the guns loaded and do not permit any citizen within 15 miles of your lines. Signed Major General Linde. Council of the principal employees was called and the order laid before them. The wisers said we cannot hold the country after the troops abandoned it. The apaches would come down upon us by the hundred and the Mexicans would cut our throats. It was concluded to reduce the oil head mine which was yielding about a thousand dollars a day, pay off the hands and prepare for the worst. About a week afterwards the apaches came down by stealth and carried off out of the corral 146 horses and mules. The apaches are very droid in stealing stock and no doubt inherit the skill of many generations in theft. The corrals are generally built of adobe with a gate of bars at the entrance. It was customary practice for the apaches to saw an entrance through an adobe wall with their horse hair ropes, cabrestas. The corral at Aravaca was constructed of adobes with a layer of cactus poles, octial, lengthwise between each layer of adobes. The apaches tried to rope saw but the cactus part of the rope. The bars were up and a log chain wound around each bar and locked to the post. They removed the bars quietly by wrapping the scrapes around the chain to prevent the noise alarming the watchman. The steam engine was running day and night and the watchman had orders to go to the rounds at place every hour night. But the apaches were so skillful and secretive in their movements and not the least intimation of their presence on the place was observed. Not even by watchdogs, which generally have a keen scent for Indians. At the break of day the apaches gave a whoop and disappeared with the entire herd before the astonishing gays of five watchmen who were sleeping under a porch within 30 yards. A pursuit was organized as soon as possible but the pursuers soon ran into amboscade prepared by the retreating pouches when three were killed and two wounded. The rest returned without recovering any of the stock. This last stock made very lonesome times at Aravaca as it could not be replaced in the country with animals to haul ores, fuel, or provisions. Only a few riding and ambulance animals which had been kept in stables and fed on grain. About the same time the apaches made an attack on the Santa Rita mining Hacienda and the eastern side of the Santa Cruz River had to be abandoned. At two back the headquarters of the company where the old Mexican quartel furnished an ample room for storage. About $150,000 worth of merchandise, machinery and supplies were stored. The apaches to the number of nearly 100,000 people in the area surrounded the town and compelled its evacuation. The plunder and destruction of the property was complete. We had scarcely a safe place to sleep and nothing to sleep on but the ground. Women and children were escorted to the old Pueblo of Tucson where the few people remaining in the territory were concentrated and they remained there in a miserable condition until the troops arrived from California under General James A. Carlton, United States Army, commonly called serving in the territory issued an order declaring martial law between the Colorado and Rio Grande. These troops garrisoned the country between the rivers and drove out the rebel troops who had come in from Texas under the Confederate government. After the abandonment of the territory by the United States troops armed Mexicans in considerable numbers crossed the boundary line declaring that the American government was broken up and they had come to take their country back again. Even the few Americans left in the country were now at peace among the troops and declared whether you were from the north or the south. Mexicans at the mines assassinated all the white men there when they were asleep looted place and fled across the boundary in Mexico. The smoke of burning weed fields could be seen up and down the Santa Cruz Valley where the troops were in retreat destroying everything before and behind them. The government of the United States abandoned the first settlers of Arizona to the merciless Apaches. It was impossible to remain in the country and continue the business without animals so there was nothing to be done but pack our portable property on the few animals we kept in stables and strike out across the deserts for California. With only one companion, Professor Pompadale and a faithful Negro and some friendly Indians for packers, we made the journey to Yuma by the 4th of July where we first heard of the battle of Bull Run. Another journey took us across the Colorado desert to Los Angeles and thence we went by steamer to San Francisco and thence via Panama to New York. It was sad to leave the country that there was not so much money and blood and ruins but it seemed to be inevitable. The plant of the company at this time and machinery, materials, tools, provisions, animals, wagons, etc. amounted to considerably over a million dollars but the great's blow was the destruction of our hopes. Not so much of making money as of making a country. Of all the lonesome sounds that I remember and it seems ludicrous now most distinct is the chrome cocks on the deserted ranches. The very chickens seemed to know what was happening. We were followed all the way to Yuma by a band of Mexican robbers as it was supposed we carried a great amount of treasure and the fatigue of the journey by Dan standing guard all night was trying on the strongest constitution in the hot summer month of June. In the count of the breaking up of Arizona and our journey across the deserts to California has been given by Professor Pompadé in his book, Across America and Asia. The subject is so repugnant that we are only briefly stated. The Civil War was in full blast by my arrival in New York and the change of venue from Apache land was not peaceful. The little balance to my credit from the silver mines was with William T. Coleman in company, 88 Wall Street and I put it up as margin on gold at $132 and sold for $250. After resting awhile in New York I went down to Washington and found my old friend General Heitzelman in command of what was technically called the capital of the nation was Bleegerd. The Civil War and its results set Arizona back about 20 years. The location of the Eastern Beauty Grant had been continued in Sonora and lower California under direction of Captain and afterwards General Stone, an officer for the United States Army of Engineering Ability. I had first become acquainted with him when he was quartermaster at Manicia Barracks in California and met him the last time when he was chief general on the Nile. Pesquier the governor of Sonora held the state and quasi independence of Mexico and drove the surveying party under stone out of Mexico by force of arms. The funds for the location survey of the Eastern Beauty Grant had been furnished by French bankers in San Francisco and obtained by them through their correspondent in Paris. Large portion of the money had been contributed by the entourage of the Second Empire under Napoleon as the surveying party was considered in the front to France as the surveying location were undertaken under a valid grant of land made by the Mexican government and the French were not satisfied to lose the many millions of frags they had invested in the enterprise. The influence of the shareholders in the Eastern Beauty Land location finally caused the intervention of the French government. You will be remembered that the first intervention was a joint occupation of the very crews by Napoleon and the French. The French were not able to control their own chestnut out of the fire. Times not right for the French intervention in Mexico until we were in the midst of the Civil War when Napoleon seized the opportunity to set up maximum million of Austria as emperor of Mexico protected by French forces under Bazaar. No doubt but Napoleon and the officials of the Second Empire sympathized with the government of France on their track. It was expressly stipulated in France upon the founding of the Maximilian Empire that the obligations given for funds to carry on the survey and the location of the Eastern Beauty grant should be inscribed and recognized as a public debt of the empire and such would be found a matter of record in history. Many Frenchmen no doubt kept them as companion souvenirs of the obligations of the Panama Canal. Grand hasn't ever been located in the original million dollars. French under Maximilian occupied Mexico up the American boundary line and many Mexicans took refuge in the United States, among them Pesguerre the government of Sonora. His camp was at the old mission of Tutu Makari into Santa Cruz Valley and his wife was buried there. President Juarez in Mexico was a refugee at El Paso del Norte during the reign of Maximilian in destitute circumstances when I was unable to furnish him with $100,000 in gold on the concession of California. The circumstances were recently related for the examiner of San Francisco by Senor Romero, the Mexican minister in Washington. During the brief existence of the Maximilian Empire of Mexico, many Americans flocked to the capital for adventures as sympathizers with the government of the Confederate States and consequently with the occupation of Mexico. The late Senator Glenn of California was the acknowledged leader of the Americans and it was rumored that he was to be created Duke of the Republic of Mexico. The late Senator Glenn of the Republic of Mexico would have accepted a title of nobility. Bell of Gettysburg sealed the fate of the Maximilian Empire as well as the fate of the Empire of the United States. The Mexican Empire and the French Empire have both passed away like dreams that the Empire of the people grows stronger every year. End of Section 3 Section 4 Building a State in Apache Land Arizona a Territory at Last When the Civil War was nearly over General Headsman accompanied me on a call at the executive mansion to solicit the organization of a territorial government for Arizona. President Lincoln listened to my tale of woe like a martyr and finally said well you must see Ben Wade about that. I subsequently called upon Senator Wade of Ohio the chairman of the committee on territories and repeated my story of Arizona. The bluff old senator said well yes I have heard of that country it is just like hell all that lacks is water and good society. He finally consented to attend the meeting at the presidents to discuss the subject. Ashley of Ohio was chairman of the committee on territories in the house and readily agreed to favor the organization of a territorial government in a few days President Lincoln said good evening to hear the delegation in favor of Arizona from 8 to 12. The chairman of the committees on territories attended and General Headsman and some other friends were present. I presented the maps, historical data, some specimens of minerals and Indian relics and after a long conference and some interesting stories by the president the organization of a territorial government for Arizona was agreed upon. Country was at that time under martial law General Carlton. If any system of government is repelled to Americans it is martial law. Whatever may be the expense of juries, lawyers, witnesses and courts they form the only mean civilized society as yet devised for the settlement of disputes. It is true that a territorial former government was never contemplated by the framers of the Constitution as no provision was made for such a form of government This omission is covered by the General Welfare Clause which gives Congress the power to provide for the general welfare. The formula adopted in an act of Congress organizing a territory is an act to provide a provisional government etc etc etc. In the course of time no doubt all territories will be admitted as states as the territorial former government is not provided for as a permanency by the Constitution and is more important than any American system. People residing in the territories are to a considerable extent disenfranchised politically and are not in fact full-fledged American citizens. The idea of taxation without representation is irritating to their sense of justice and for many other cogent reasons Congress will be forced by public opinion to admit the territories to all the rights of sovereign states. Delegate from New Mexico and drew up a bill dividing New Mexico into nearly equal parts by the 111th degree of Logitude West and provided for the organization of the territory of Arizona from the western half. Bill soon became an act of Congress and was approved by President Lincoln on the 23rd of February 1863. The offices were divided out among the supporters of the measure at an oyster supper and as I was about to get nothing but the shells I fortified myself with a drink and exclaimed well gentlemen what is to become of me? They seemed not to have thought about that and the Governor-elect said oh we will give you charge of the Indians you are acquainted with them. So I was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs The salary of the office was $2,000 a year payable worth about $0.33 on the dollar in the currency of Arizona Arrangements were made for the transportation of my new colleagues across the plains at government expense but I took Ben Holiday's coach at Kansas City and crossed the continent to Sacramento and danced by a river steamer to San Francisco. The Indian goods had been shipped to Yuma In San Francisco I met my old friend Jay Ross Brown who had just returned from Europe and invited him to accompany me through Arizona at the expense He afterwards wrote on the count of the journey Wanderings in Apache Country published by Harper's Archbishop Alamanny whom I had known as parish priest in Kentucky called upon me in San Francisco and asked if I would take a couple of priests down to Arizona to restore the service among the Indians at the old mission of San Xavier or Delback on Santa Cruz to which I sent it with great pleasure After a voyage by sea from San Francisco to Los Angeles I presented my orders from the Secretary of War to the commanding officer at Drum Barracks for an escort to Calvary and transportation to Arizona and prepared for the journey across the Colorado desert We arrived at Yuma just before Christmas and during Christmas week regaled the Yumas, Cocoa Paws and neighboring tribes of Indians with their first presence from Uncle Sam After distributing the Indian goods at Yuma we proceeded to pound the Heela River some 200 miles to the Pima Village where my old friends, the Pima Indians gave a warm welcome not entirely on the count of the Indian goods At Pima Villages one Sunday I requested priests to celebrate the Mass and tell the Indians something about God remembering my own failure in teaching theology The troops were drawn up the Indians assembled and Father Bosco through my interpreter preached the first sermon the Pima Indians ever heard At dinner the good father took me by the ear and said What for you make me preach to these savages they squat on the ground and laugh at me like monkeys The next place for the distribution of Indian goods was at the mission of San Xavier del Bach three leagues south of Tucson among the Papagos, a Christianized branch of the great Pima tribe The Papago chiefs were my old friends and acquaintances and received the priests with fireworks and illuminations They knew of our common and had swept the church and grounds clean and ornamented the altar The Indians had been expecting the priests for many years For the Jesuits told them long ago it was sure as the water continues to flow the sun to shine and the grass to grow they would come again to the Papago I installed the priests in the old mission buildings and turned over the goods intended for the Papagos for distribution at their convenience I met an old friend at the mission called Buckskin Alec who had lived there all through the war while I was reading newspaper or changing his clothes As nails were scarce Buckskin Alec had constructed the mill held together by rawhides and was grinding wheat for the Papagos In the meantime he had taken up with the Papago girl to the scandal of the tribe The priest told me he must marry the girl or leave He appealed to me for protection but I told him I had resigned my sacri-total functions to the priest He married the girl and kept the mill In 1863 a considerable number of prospectors had come into Arizona mostly from the California side on account of discovery as gold on a high sale Old Pauline Weaver was a discoverer as he had been a trapper and pioneer since 1836 His name is carved on the walls of the Casa Grande with that date Gold washers there were doing very well and ranches began to be established on the river But the Pachis were not inclined to leave the settlers in peace when they had some fine horses and mules in the cattle So the Tonto Pachis made a raid on the Hacienda and carried off nearly all the stock King Woolsey had come into the country then and was a prominent man among the settlers and undoubtedly a very brave one So he raised a company to go after the Tontos As everyone knows, Tonto means fool They were not more than 25 men including some friendly Maricopas They were well armed but their commissariat consisted principally and jerky They followed the Indians across the Verde to a place about halfway between Globe and the Silver King where they came into a parley The tanks there are surrounded by rough ledges of basalt rock and the country in the vicinity is covered by a scoriae as though a volcano had vomited the refuse of the subterranean world of this figure nature The Indians came in slowly for a talk but were insolent and defiant Del Shed, Tonto Chief, demanded Americans some coffee and whiskey Americans had neither coffee nor whiskey for their own use and he was quite put out about it but partook a panola and jerked beef Parley was very unsatisfactory as the Indians were surly and made demands which was impossible to grant There were about 25 Indians at the council and 50 or more on the surrounding ledges As the Indians became more hostile the situation became more serious and it was evident to the Americans that the Indians had an imminent danger of massacre Woolsey was not only a brave but a very intelligent man and he saw at once that either the Americans or the Indians were to be slaughtered so he said Boys we've got to die or get out of this each of you pick out your Indian and I will shoot the chief for a signal Fusilad commenced and all the Indians that could run stampeded The only American killed was Lennon a half brother of Ami White from the Pima villages Lennon had picked out his Indian and sent a bullet to his heart but the Indian and the agonies of death made a lunge in Lennon with his spear and transfixed him They both fell at the bloody tanks in the embrace of death Americans rescued Lennon's body and having strapped it over a pack mule carried it away to the next camp where it was buried with Christian services at the foot of an aspen tree Americans brought away 24 scalps and it came to the Pima villages where I was in camp J. Ross Brown who was with me took down the account in shorthand and I made a list of the Americans engaged in the expedition I remember when Brown got through with his stenography he asked one of the men if he had any Indian relics The man replied Yes I have got some jerk years and he presented Brown about a dozen jerk years strung on a buckskin and concluded to make a scout up country and see what was going on among the Indians and as there were no troops at my command I organized a company of Pimas and Maricopas as scouts They had recently received arms and ammunition from the government and I had uniforms and swords enough for the officers They soon learned to drill and already knew how to shoot Commissariat was not quite up to military regulations but we set out all the same following on the Hassayam to Antelope Peak when we turned east by Walnut Creek to the Verde over an infernal trail The way down the Verde was not much better as the Black Canyon has never been considered strewn with roses but we hunted and fished to the junction of the Verde and Salt River without seeing any patches The only sign we saw was cut on the tree 24 Americans and 24 arrows pointed at them which the Pimas interpreted to me as the number of Americans the Apache threatened to kill in retaliation There was not a soul on the Verde not a white man nor a house on Salt River from the junction of the Verde to its confluence with the Gila We camped at the Holden Rock and next morning crossed Salt River at the peak about 10p and crossed over to the Pima villages glad enough to get into that haven at rest It was 100 miles of Tucson and 280 miles of Yuma and not a soul nor any provisions between the two places There was no great inducement to stay in the territory at that time except for people who had an insane ambition for orchestral fame on the Golden Herbs in New Jerusalem Many of the people had read about the government in the United States in school books and perhaps had enjoyed the felicity of hearing a 4th of July oration in youth but these were myths of antiquity in Arizona There was no government of any consequence and even what there was was conducted on the Democratic principle not for protection but for revenue only I anticipated the 14th amendment and distributed the Indian goods without regard to race, color or a former condition of servitude Anybody that came along in need of blankets or tobacco was freely supplied I warmed up the Indian service with loss of about $5,000 out of my own pocket At camp on the Hassa app Henry Wilkenburg came in with some specimens of gold quartz he had found out to the west at a place subsequently called Vulture and wanted me to buy the find I said, Henry I don't want to buy your mind $5 worth of grub and a mirror shone pipe if you will go away and leave me alone I was also impertuned to purchase Miguel Peralta's title from the King of Spain for the Salt River Valley With my experience with Spanish grants in Texas, California and Arizona did not incline me to invest even if the grant had been made by the Pope of Rome and guaranteed by the Continental Congress The only members of the Woolsey expedition remaining in Arizona that I know of are Peoples of Phoenix and Blair at Florence The government of the United States can never recompense the people of Arizona for the atrocities committed by the Apaches It will never do to make the plea that a government of vanglorious and boastful could not have conquered this tribe of savages if the will to do so had existed Now after 40 years of devastation the government pays the Apaches $150,000 a year in goods to maintain a quasi peace Settlers are not at any time secure against an Apache outbreak and there are at present times some Apaches on the warpath which the government acknowledges its impotency to capture The Century of Dishonor was a well-written book and contains many unpleasant truths In the meantime while I was delivering the Indian goods my colleagues in the territorial government had crossed the plains and established a capital at a remote place in the northern mountains which they called Prescott in honor of the Mexican historian Just as was supposed they quarreled all the way across the plains about who should be the first delegate to Congress from a territory they had never seen Upon my arrival at Prescott they were perfectly disgusted to learn that I had already been declared a candidate and was likely to get the votes of the people A political machine had not then been organized and the people had some say in the elections The election was held in due time when I was elected the first delegate to Congress from Arizona The carpetbaggers worked the territory for all it was worth as is evidenced by the public debt which is three times as great as any state or territory in the Union per capita The capital was moved from town to town as a political factor in the election of delegates but now rest at Phoenix in the Salt River Valley where it will permanently remain as no other place in the territory can ever rival Phoenix and the abundance of all that contributes to the comfort and happiness of life The soil is fertile the climate helpful the water storage and reservoirs a city will grow equal to any on the Nile At this time there was not inhabited on the Salt River where Phoenix now stands and the Salt River Valley was a desolate and abandoned waste It had been occupied some thousands of years ago by a race who cultivated land by irrigation and built houses in cities which have gone to ruin Most diligent search has developed but few evidences of the extent of their civilization They had not advanced very far as they left no relics of either iron copper or steel Blending the cultivation would have supported the population of from 50 to 100,000 souls It is an excusable ambition for a man especially in the western country to desire an honor or representing his state or territory in Congress It was necessary to cross the desert to San Francisco and then to via Panama and New York and Washington I have scarcely taken my seat when a distinguished looking gentleman Roscoe Conklin came up and introduced himself saying in a very pompous way I observe you have drawn a front seat and as I presume you do not wish to debate I shall feel very much obliged if you will have the courtesy to exchange seats with me I replied with the greatest pleasure sir and took a back seat more becoming to my station A few days the chairman of the committee on mileage came around to my seat and said, Poston how is this your mileage is $7,200 and mine is only $300 I replied, Frank what is the price of whiskey in your district He said about $2.5 per gallon Well, I said it is $15 a gallon in Arizona that equalizes the mileage He certified the account and never said another word salary was $5,000 a year which added to the mileage made $12,200 but all it went and agreed to deal more in entertainment and presence at Washington It was esteemed and honored to represent the territory for which so many sacrifices had been made and such severe hardships endured and money was not spared to bring it to public notice on every suitable occasion Members of Congress usually manifest courtesy to delegates as they are considered in the political sense of the Republic not having any vote nor in any other way being recognized as equals They were not obliged at that time to serve on committees nor expected to answer the roll call It was an easy birth for an indolent man without ambition or avarice 38th Congress was considered a variable assembly The Civil War had brought the most illustrious men of the nation to the surface and their acquaintance leaves a pleasant memory When I look over their photographs now it is like shuffling an old pack of cards which have been played out They have nearly all gone to the upper chamber in this world or the next Growing home on are the only ones in the house now Daddy S Stevens was the leader of the house and treated me with the most distinguished consideration even to the compliment of dining at my house which was unprecedented in his long public career The old sinner said the exception was made because my wife was a Baptist I made but one speech and that was on the subject of Indian affairs An appropriation of $150,000 was obtained for the construction of irrigating canals to enable the Indians of Arizona to become self-supporting This was the first instance in which irrigation was brought to the notice of the government President Lincoln was always accessible amid his heavy cares As my family lived in the neighborhood where the President had reared my little girl made him a satchel corn shucks from the field and holds corn barefoot and briars thinking he might appreciate a souvenir from his old home One afternoon I escorted my daughter to the executive mansion to deliver my present The President received it graciously and made many inquiries about the old neighbors The 3rd of the 8th Congress passed the 14th amendment to the Constitution and as the delegates could not vote they were requested to sign a paper giving their adhesion I signed for Arizona but it was a bitter pill The End End of Section 4 End of Building a State in Apache Land by Charles Poston