 Thank you very much. I must say that the CV, you have this pretty date. But it doesn't matter. I can upgrade it. I hope the references to the positions which are now held by other people do not mean that they come after me for being unimposed. But, Mr. Director General, I want to thank you very much for this invitation. And also for making this morning an African women's morning, led, of course, by my young sister, who I want to say brought the third dimension, the debate which we normally have at international institutions. I was for many years the Deputy Director General of the International Labour Organization. And I know that a lot of these meetings could be very staged and on paper. Madame, you brought swaps, recounting your own experiences, which I think would focus very much on the conclusions we will have. Again, in preparing for this particular location, I was looking for an angle which really would not be repeating what is already in the literature. I thought of how to push the envelope a little bit. And I decided therefore to make my focus Africa, to talk about the importance of migration as a powerful strategy for poverty reduction in Africa. And also to force attention to softer issues, even as we bring out issues which would relate to the macroeconomy, etc., to let us look at the impact of migration on real people. And I want to talk about the importance of remittances in the African situation. We know that remittances have increased dramatically, especially in Africa. Migration therefore has offered a hope and opportunities for escaping from poverty. We also have the conflict ravaged areas where people have felt they need to move. I will say that the whole migration agenda has managed to bail out many from life-threatening situations, which offered a better lifeline. I would like to draw attention to the impact of migration, say, on a village in Africa. We find that apart from the improvement in the quality of life of villages, we have a situation where the family with the most migrants, people living in the US, etc., even gain in stature in the village. To a point that we have for a few rounds, we have obituaries where you have a list of the people who are relatives of the disease. And where, against the names of some of the relatives, you have where they come from. So a family which would have one child in the US, they would write. Then they write the next one in Germany, the next one in South Africa. The next one, then everybody knows that it's a successful family. So it's even having an impact in terms of the social standing. No wonder then that parents would encourage their children to migrate in order to improve the quality of life of the family materially, but even socially. This is the soft part of migration which would need to be studied in great detail. As a result, we have got Africa where a peasant family is so very important, confronting a situation where agriculture production is actually going down. Because people are moving their children to migrate, to live. And as a result, you have the farming population aging. And this is impacting on agricultural productivity. This is not going to change things unless we let things go through deeply and see how to reverse the migration. My sister Grasa told us we should create situations where people just want to stay at home. Why should they migrate? So this is a policy issue which needs to be studied and which needs to be factored into the debate. It should be a cause for study as to how, for example, African governments can work to stop the young people moving away. But as I say, there are these social implications. Now we also have a situation where, because people move to the cities, we have an impact on urbanization which is most undesirable. I always say that cities and towns, big towns in Africa are so crowded because they are nothing but transit camps for people who want to go out. So it's a holding situation. It's not that they want to go and find work because there's no work anywhere in many of our cities. But this is what gives them the link to the kinds of people who will give them the opportunity to move out. We need, therefore, to confront this situation in Asia, especially we know that there are more structured ways of giving advantage to people who want to migrate. And I'm hoping that through the exchange of opinion and information in addition to trying to encourage people to stay because you don't create the situation for them to go away to also try to structure better and formalize the movement of people out of the country, especially seeking greener pastures. What we also find is that when people come to the city, they find it impossible to go because they will lose faith. It's a very difficult situation to handle. The downside, of course, is what we are seeing, that then there are these young, sometimes even old, but gullible, simple people find that they can be easily taken advantage of, which is part of these human trafficking tragedies we are seeing. The way to handle this is however to try to structure the whole area. I think this is important. Now let me also focus a little bit on the gender implications of migration. I think this has been studied to some extent. But again, I want to bring in the African situation we have, where migrants tend to send money home to their mothers, especially where you have matrilinealities, as we have in many tribes in Africa. You find that the remittances tend to reach women who are more likely to use it for family welfare. And therefore, facilitating these remittances, we've heard a little bit about how to make the remittances really reach the beneficiaries because it's important. But I want to submit that certainly migration is not a gender-neutral thing. And I hope that within the context of the post-2015 agenda, you will really focus on women and on this whole gender would be an important component. And that we look at the issue of the feminization of migration in the context of international migration. We also know that the women who become migrants tend to suffer more. The issues of the conditions of work are exploited by the employers, especially those who go in as domestic workers, et cetera. I don't want to go on for too long, but I just want to draw attention to this particular phenomenon and to encourage in the debate that we treat the issue of gender as important. I would also make a plea to the African Union to, as they try to forge a common position on the post-2015 development agenda, to work with the IOM on some issues that I don't want to refer to now, but which are peculiar to the African situation. We can just join the debate, the international debate, in a bland manner. But what I would want us to do, really, is to try to push the African dimension to bring in our own peculiarities, what makes us sick, what makes people move, et cetera, to push a case in this manner and not necessarily just try to follow the African agenda. Well, I would want to talk also about the issue of displaced persons. I know that a lot of the debate focuses on people moving out on the international, but the situation we have in Africa is where we have a large number of internal disputes. So I think also that an important component of the post-2015 debate should focus on in-country matters, people who don't necessarily want to move, but have to move as a result of conflict, et cetera, and to say that these issues of governance, countries must be encouraged to reduce because it can even be worse than the international. There are no laws, there are no guidelines, there are no rules as to how internally displaced people are treated. I know there are some things of the books that they have not been treated as an important point to be researched and so that you really have agreed criteria and I would hope that this would be looked at. Let me just, and I have a prepared paper, but I'm not really reading it because I just want to go out there and give you ideas. I want to say that this question of tracking, of impact, et cetera, which he refers to itself. I would just, because the issue of migration within the nexus of the development agenda is so close, unless there's a conscious attempt to prioritize what is the most important priority. One might find that one is dealing with so many entry points that you need to see. So it's not as if I have any specific recommendation, but I'm encouraging the council not to try to do everything and be everything to all people. Your challenge really is to identify where you have made the greatest impact. We bring this all to the issue of partnership. You see, because again of the subject matter, the nature of the subject matter, there are so many people also working in the areas where you would want to. So the important thing would be to identify who are the most important partners in each particular subject matter. For example, if one looked at the world of work issues, you know that the international organization has got all these recommendations, standards, et cetera. And they have the machinery to be tracked. It's not necessary to reinvent the wheel or try to restore something separate. So the challenge really is to either make sure you piggyback or identify areas where there's a lamp or where there's a seat, and then try to fashion those for purposes of tracking. But at the end of the day, you create a data base where you'll be able to know what is happening. You create a sort of cockpit where you see what is happening out there, and how to ensure that areas which you have identified as the most important are not left out. And the same goes with relations not with just international institutions, but also with civil society, with tiltans, et cetera. You have a lot of them working in the same area. So in face of shortage of resources to be extremely focused, not to try to do everything. I want to say that partnerships, therefore, should be one of the key words for this. But in addition also, focusing on the need to identify, to improve the advocacy, to take off creating champions in all of these institutions whose work also focuses on what you do. And then try to use them to be able to find out where really goes to the need to ensure that what is put down is implemented. We find that there are a lot of nice words that are put down in other countries. The reason is because the resolutions are not incorporated with domestic law. Which means you talk a lot, but in the end, the legs for implementation are not there. Because they are not incorporated in the laws, et cetera. In fact, in the field of migration, the same thing goes for migration policy. If we look at how migration is treated in countries, it's scattered all over the world because of the need to identify. And I know that IMO is already working with governments, but there's need to push more for consolidation of migration policy. You know, I was chief advisor to the president of Ghana. And what I saw there was when you have a subject matter scattered across so many ministries, you can say you have an interministerial committee. These things are just there a lot of the time on paper. What I think is to help to have consolidated migration policy, consolidated migration law. I'm talking at the national level to get these things to be adopted by the countries themselves. Otherwise, you are talking into the wind. They sign on the documents and so on. During question time, if there are any issues, I could go back to my paper. But I really didn't want to. You take too much of your time. And thank you very much for your opportunity to talk about the problem. Thank you.