 Well, I think we can start now. Welcome everybody. Today, with the Degree Award Ceremony, we are closing the fifth cycle, 2019-2019, of the Joint Master in Medical Physics, graduating 20 new students. Next January, the students of the sixth cycle will proceed for the second year of clinical training in the hospitals. At the same time, 25 new students of the seventh cycle will come to Trieste to start their first training. I don't want to bother you with the detailed statistical data. I will simply say that, including the students of the next cycle, the total number of students will be of 122. The total number is 122, and they are coming from 58 countries. 57 of these students are coming from Africa, and 20 out of the 58 countries are countries from Africa. This year, we have added to the list of countries Afghanistan, Chad, Ivory Coast, and Venezuela. Next year, we will add more countries, Algeria and Malawi from Africa, Myanmar and Uzbekistan from Asia, Costa Rica from Latin America, and Belarus from Europe. I can assert that now the Joint Abdul Salam ACTP and the University Master in Medical Physics is now a well-established program. This is also due to the enthusiastic support of the two institutions, the ACTP and the University. The two institutions who are running the master and the two heads of the two institutions are both new. We have a new director of ACTP, Professor Dapholkar. We have a new rector of the University, Professor Roberto Di Renarda. At this point, I must add that when about seven years ago, we were starting preparing the master, we had immediately the enthusiastic support not only of the Department of Physics at the University, but also the Faculty of Medicine of the Trieste University. At that time, Professor Di Renarda was the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, and now he's the new rector of the University. The support of those two institutions, the Abdul Salam ACTP and the University of Trieste, has percolated at all levels through the staff of the University offices of the Department of Physics and of the ACTP. It is only thanks to support of the staff at all levels that you have been able to cope with the many bureaucratic difficulties, both at the University but also at the ACTP. It will be too long to name all the persons and offices who have helped. It is naming only Mrs. Radozic, the Master Secretary for the ACTP, the Secretariat of the Department of Physics, and in particular, Mrs. Marina Zampolio, who in Teralia had to cope with the complex problems of the agreements between the University and the various hospitals hosting the students in the second year of the cycle. And Mrs. Pieri and Mr. Overeado of the University Master Office of the University, that I intend to extend my thanks to all the persons of the two institutions, the University and the ACTP, who have helped. The Director of Diablo Salam, ACTP, Professor Atish Dabholkar is the Master of the House. Therefore, we must start with him, Professor Dabholkar, please. Okay, thank you, Luciano. It's a great pleasure for me. This is my first, after I became the Director, to have this award ceremony of medical physics. And like one of the nicest things about ACTP is that you really see this rainbow of people from all over the world dressed in very nice traditional clothes. I was actually, I was debating in the morning whether I should use Indian traditional clothes and I'm inspired to do that next time. And so it's very nice. All of you have worked hard over the last two years and we're here to get the fruits of your labor. And I'm very happy that on behalf of the IAEA, Madam Vandermeer is here and also Professor Adomi from Trieste University. I think this program is one of the wonderful successes, I would say, of collaborations between ACTP, the Trieste University and the International Atomic Energy Agency. And thanks in great part due to the initiatives of Professor Bertoki and Professor Padhavani. So I would like to thank them for having initiated this and I would like to thank our partners for making this program possible. And I would like to thank you for making it a success. So I wish you all the best and we will proceed with the program. Thank you, Atisha. Professor Roberto Di Del Arda, the director of the Trieste University, had another important meeting and he's represented here today by Professor Giovanni Comelli, the director of the Physics Department of the University of Trieste. I might add that he not only was my colleague at the University of Trieste but he's also a friend. Giovanni. Thank you Luciano. It's a pleasure for me to be here to represent the University of Trieste in this special occasion and to express my also personal congratulations to the great achievement that you will complete today. I must say that in reading just a list of people that will take part to this ceremony it's really impressive. You know, there are people from all over the world and it looks like reading, you know, when there are the Olympic Games, the participant to a competition, you know, people from all the corners of the world. This really states better than anything else how international and how successful is this initiative. I think that the reasons for this success are twofold. On the one side, the topic of this master strictly connected to the health, personal and public is something that everybody in every part of the world will care about. You know, each one of us in the end strongly desires to live longer and better if possible. So the topic is really on an issue that deserves and gets international attention. But also in this respect, I think that the master focuses on an issue inside this issue which is that in the quest for better care and better healthcare, it is important to develop new tools, new techniques, new instruments, build new facilities. Because everybody recognizes very important, but before and beyond that it is important and crucial to have people that are trained to use these new facilities techniques and instruments without those people there will be basically no sense in all the rest. And I think this is exactly the spot that the master has identified and that is, I believe, part of its success. The other thing is that the two institutions that joined in organizing and running this master, namely the University of Trieste and the ICTP under the continuous support and help from IAEA are sort of a perfect match they decided a few years ago to put together the expertise and their capacities and this has resulted in a truly international and I would say unique program all around the world. Let me add the final thing, now you're most likely going back home and taking back what you learned in these two years of experience here in Trieste and I would say you will take back all these competencies and expertise that you have earned, but perhaps, and actually I'm sure that the most important thing that you will, or one of the most important things that you will take back with you is the links, relations, friendships, you know, that you have acquired in these years. You have become part of a network that will be extremely beneficial in your future careers, I'm sure, so please don't make the best use of this network that is enlarging year after year and it will be a company you for your whole life. Having said that, it is my best wishes for your future and my best congratulations for your achievements. Thank you. Thank you Giovanni. The third pillar of our master is the International Atomic Energy Agency. From the scientific point of view they gave us an invaluable support in designing the master and providing teaching material, but there is another even more important aspect of the cooperation with the agency. It is the assistance of the technical cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The master has received a few fellowships from various organizations such as the American Cancer Society, the Third World Academy of Science, other organizations such as the Middle East Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics and the Institute of Physics and Engineering Medicine are considering providing partial support, but it is the technical cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency that contributes most of the fellowships for the master students. Just to give you an example, 20 out of the 25 students of next year, of next cycle are receiving an International Atomic Energy Agency technical cooperation fellowships. Without the cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency technical cooperation in terms of fellowships, the master could not continue. The agency considers our master program a very important component of its programs in the area of technical cooperation and this appreciation is shared also at the political level. I will read the statement at the International Atomic Energy Agency General Conference by the Ambassador Maria Sunta Assili, permanent representative of Italy to the International Organizations in Vienna. She was quoting, among the cooperation programs between Italy and the agency, a two year master of advanced studies in medical physics jointly run by the Abdul Salama in CTP in the University of Trieste, continues to enable young graduates to become clinical medical physicists in their home countries. This was the statement of the Italian ambassador. The International Atomic Energy Agency is represented here today by Mrs. Deborah van der Merve, the head of the Medical Physics Division of the Human Health Department of the Agency. A comment, when with the help of the agency who had designed the structure of the master, we wanted to be sure that external experts at the international level would control and guarantee the excellence of the master. Therefore, in the agreement with the University of Trieste, which instituted the master, it was stated that international experts will act as external advisors. Mrs. van der Merve is one of the external advisors. Debbie? Thank you, Luciana. Professor DeWalka, Professor Connelli, distinguished guests, colleagues, everybody represented here today, students, these are, this is your day. You look more nervous than you did presenting your thesis. I'm not sure why, but okay, it's a very big day for you. I speak on behalf of the Nuclear Applications Department at the Agency and the Technical Cooperation Department. We are very proud to have been part of now half a decade of graduating students from this program. As you may or may not know, the Agency has been involved for many years in supporting and trying to raise awareness about the recognition and the need of medical physicists in the world. I have a colleague there, Ahmed, who spent a large part of the end of his career at the Agency working virtually full-time for this, and he took on many projects to produce many documents and many efforts to support medical physics in the world. There are several milestones towards becoming a clinical physicist, and for you, you have now reached a couple of them. You finished school, you finished your physics degree, you've now done your postgraduate academic, you've done some clinical training, some of you have done a little bit more back home. But you are not even a tenth of the way to learning everything you need to learn to really be good and to stay good at what you're doing. I think yesterday one of the mentors was saying that kind of the longer you're in the career, the more busy you get, the more you realise you have to learn and the less time you have to learn some more. So you need to remember that this is a big responsibility for you to remain on top of the profession. You have to realise that this is lifelong learning, and the sooner you get into the habit of that, the better. When I was at school, someone once said to me, what price can you put on education? And if you think about it, it has no value because it has too much value. You cannot say that what you've just done is worth a million dollars, it's worth 10 million, no it's not. It's one of the things in life that nobody can ever take away from you. So it is really, really worth a lot, and you should remember that. So you will all be going home. Please help the international community to clone yourselves, to multiply so that we can become a stronger and stronger profession. You obviously know that the agency will continue to support you in the development of your national and regional projects. We dedicate, I think it's one quarter of the technical cooperation programme is dedicated to human health, so it's very important to the agency, and obviously medical physics is a really big component of that, and you are very important to the safety and the quality of patients' diagnosis and treatment, so never forget that. And then good luck to being high-class professionals, you are very soon now when you have your cylinder here, health professional, and don't forget that the patient comes first. So good luck and congratulations to all of you. Thank you very much Debbie. In the area of medical physics, there are a number of international organisations, and they all cooperate with our master. The one that covers the whole world is IOMP, the International Organization on Medical Physics. Professor Slavik Tabakov is the past president of IOMP. He's also one of our external advisers, but he's also the director of our biannual College of Medical Physics. Slavik? Thank you, General. It's really a Thanksgiving Day today. So dear director of ICTP, dear director of the physics department of the University of Trieste, dear representatives of the International Atomic Energy Agency, dear colleagues and friends and guests. It's really a pleasure for me to congratulate the fifth cohort of these MSc studies in medical physics here. As it was said again, this unique master programme underpins directly the development of medical physics in low and middle income countries, and thus supporting the healthcare in the global scale. On behalf of the International Organization for Medical Physics and the International Union of Physics and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, I would like to heartily thank the institutions supporting this master programme. The ICTP, the University of Trieste, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Italian Association of Medical Phases and all other supporting bodies. Of course, the people who run the MSc, Professor Paduvane, Professor Longu, Professor Bertocchi, of course, the members of the examination board, the Trieste Hospital, the advisers, the administrators and Mrs. Rodosic, all colleagues from the two awarding bodies and the Medical Association of Italy, and without their support, nothing of this success would have been possible. So dear graduates, you are entering the 28,000th workforce of medical phases in the world. When applying your profession, always have in mind that more than 90% of the radiation dose to all people from artificial sources is coming from medicine. And you are the specialists who manage this huge radiation exposure, you are the people who are dealing with the medical equipment safely and effectively. Always apply your knowledge responsibly and with utmost care for the patients. When practicing your profession, remember the ISTP, the University of Trieste, and your teachers from Italy, International Atomic Energy Agency, and from other institutions who have taught you over the years. The ISTP College in Medical Physics, the School of Radiotherapy and the Master Program have now educated over one-quarter of all medical phases in law and medical countries in the world. You are one of them, so transfer your knowledge to your young colleagues in your countries. On behalf of IOMP, I would like to tell you welcome in our family. And congratulations. Thank you very much, Slavic. IOMP is the organization covering the whole world. There is one covering Europe, IFOM, the European Federation of Organization of Medical Physics. IFOM had to be represented here by Dr. Alisa Triani from the Udinne Hospital. Unfortunately, she is sick. And Dr. Barambilla, who is the president, part, member of the presidential board of IFOM, has sent a message, and the message will be read later by Dr. Padovani. Another important organization for us of medical physics is the Italian organization, the Association Italiana di Fisica Medica. Renato Padovani will later illustrate the importance of the cooperation of the Italian hospitals for the second clinical year. The Association Italiana di Fisica Medica is represented here by Dr. Roberta Matteud, member of the IFOM board, represented the president, Dr. Stasi. She's also one of the teachers of our Master in Medical Physics. Roberta? Thank you, Luciano. It's a very pleasure for me to be here to represent the Italian Association of Medical Physicists. So I bring you the best greetings and wishes from our Italian association. One of the missions of the Italian Association of Medical Physics is to promote education, especially education of the youngest medical physicist, whatever the origin. In this context, an agreement has been signed a few years ago between our association and ICTP to promote this master. You had a very long period in Italy for this master, starting from your theoretical lessons in the first year in Trieste, then to the hospital of the network, where you spent the second year for your clinical training. And for sure, your experiences during these first two years were manifold from the routine working in the hospital to the scientific and cultural experiences as well. We are aware that it was not easy for you all to leave your family, to leave also your children in some cases, but we are all proud of you and of your success you reached. Your thesis work that you presented during the last two days witnessed the high level you reached. You got a good knowledge level in the field of medical physics. Now you have to bring home what you got and to share it with your colleagues. So the Italian Association of Medical Physics is then very pleased to support this excellent project of the master in medical physics and will foster any effort to promote education. So all the best and good luck to you all. Thank you very much, Roberta. The second clinical year of the master is spent by our students as residents in Italian hospitals. However, also during the first year of the master, a number of practicals are also taking place at the Trieste Hospital. For this and other similar purposes, the ICTP has signed a formal agreement with the Trieste Hospital. I gave them the floor to Dr. Mario Redenaro, the head of the medical physics of the Trieste Hospital. Mario. That's awesome. Well, thank you very much, Luciano. Good morning, everybody. And today we close the sixth cycle of the master. And during these six years, we in the hospital have the opportunity to train many, many people from a large number of countries, as you know from Luciano Tocque. Well, this for us is a very nice experience and because we have the opportunity to know people with different cultures, with different professional experience, but all people aimed with the same idea. The idea is to improve the knowledge in medical physics and to export this knowledge to their own country. Our contribution to the master, I think, that can be considered useful for the student for many, for two reasons. The first reason is that we are able to introduce the student at the hospital. And in this way, we have the opportunity to show high technology equipment to people who in some cases have never seen before this kind of equipment. But we have not to forget that also in developing country, high technology is present. Many times in developing country, there are equipment even higher and more performing than our equipment. Why? Because the medical devices are a business for a great company. But also if people have a very high technology equipment, it's very important to manage this equipment in the right way. In the right way to avoid to have a bad use of this technology because this bad use can lead also to danger to some risk for the patient. Okay, the other point very important for us is that the student in this year during the first year of the master have the opportunity to interact with our team. And I would like to thank our team because it was very kind and availability to share our experience with other people. We are lucky because in Italy the medical physics is recognized by our government, but it's not the same in many other countries of developing countries. And to have this recognized is very important because we are able to promote the good practice of the medical physics inside the hospital. And this means that we take care of the safety of the patient, the safety of the workers, as well as to carry out the optimization of the clinical protocol. So our job is very important for many, many aspects. And to have the possibility to share this information for the student, I think that can be a very important thing for this master. So I close and I'm very happy to wish you all a very nice future in your country. And good luck and enjoy your go back to your country. Thank you. Thank you very much Mario, I have to move his talk with me. Now we will change the subject now. Starting from two years ago, we have added to the formal graduation ceremony, a scientific lecture. After all, we are scientists, we would like also to listen about science. Two years ago, Professor Alberto Del Guerra from the PISA University spoke about positron emission tomography and its role in medical imaging after 65 years. Last year, Professor Gisela Haagbe gave a lecture on medical physics, connecting science with clinical care. This year, Professor Slavic Tabakov, you have seen him before already, from the King's College will give a lecture on medical physics for medical imaging, 50 years of progress, current trends, related education and the global role of ICDP. Slavic, that's it. So dear colleagues, we shall speak today about what happened, how our profession changed the medicine in a way that if we now exclude all this equipment I shall speak about, we should go back in the 19th century. So during the past 50 years, medical physics and engineering invented and introduced in medicine many different methods. These methods revolutionized medical diagnosis and, as I said, contemporary medicine is impossible without them. Today, medical imaging and medical engineering is one part of overall healthcare team and I am very happy to say that as Vice President of the International Union of Physics and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, which represents all 120,000 specialists in the world, we succeeded to pass to the United Nations and the International Labour Organization the official recognition of our professions in the world. A little bit about the development of all these medical imaging methods. So everything happened with the discovery of Röngen and indeed the fact that physics was applied to medicine triggered the beginning of Nobel awards and without any doubt the first Nobel award was given to Röngen because exactly of this introduction. Medical physics started on the next year after the development of the X-ray equipment and this is Charles Phillips, the first medical physicist who started his work in 1895 actually 1896 was the first full year in the hospital where I work. I work in King's College Hospital, so he was in Geissen, St. Thomas' Hospital. Immediately after that started the use of the medicine and the medical equipment and it was something that I should not stop your attention to but I have to tell you just one thing. The fact that the first person who developed X-ray tubes, Müller from Hamburg a simple glass blower was connected to another two specialists who were two brothers developing small electromechanical equipment at that time led to the development and to the birth of one of the largest companies today the company Philips because these were the two brothers Philips. So this was going on and in 1943 the first association of medical physics was established in Great Britain. In 1963 we were about 6,000 around the world and the International Organization for Medical Physics was formed. Now the IUNP is a non-governmental organization to the international atomic energy agency and to the World Health Organization. The Union of Physical and Engineering Sciences in medicine was formed in 1980 and in 1999, 2000 it was accepted as a member to the IXO the International Science of the International Council of Scientific Unions. So now we have about 120 members globally. What happened in the 1950s? In the 1950s it was a big work into the field of tomographical and panoramic radiography. The people, and I shall say now the names of the people who actually invented all this equipment because very few people know them were Zittis Displans Partero Niminen from Finland. Also in this period of time, Cassin developed the first nuclear medicine scanners which started a whole new profession in our field, the nuclear medicine. Also in the same decade Harold Jones in Canada established the cobalt and radiotherapy units. But the real boom in medical physics related to imaging started in the decades from 1965-1975. As I said, at that time we were still 6,000 around the world. The first big method of imaging I shall mention was the image intensifier. The image intensifier was invented into the Westinghouse Laboratories mainly by Wengard and Mike McNulty and this equipment changed profoundly the use of contrast media in the body. So with this started all the gastrointestinal changes, checks, all the angiographic equipment, et cetera, et cetera. So this was essential equipment which still continues today in the form of flat panel image intensifiers. Also in this decade, Hal Anger invented the gamma camera and we had now a completely new view into the body. So now this was image of the physiology, image which showed us how actually things work inside the body. Also in the same decade was the introduction of the ultrasound imaging and we very often do not know that this is the work which was done by Ludwig Wilde, Adler, Herzen, Kosovo. Today all gynecology and obstetrics is impossible without the ultrasound equipment which they invented and it continues to develop over the years. But during this decade there was something totally profoundly different and this was the development of computed tomography. Computed tomography showed for the first time something what is a synthetic image. Remember we still didn't have all these mathematics which we have at the moment related to image processing. It was invented by Hansfield and McCormack and for that they received Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1979. Just by chance they get it together with Abdul Salam. The next decade was all dedicated to introduction of the new methods for image reconstruction for other areas in medical physics. There was one expansion of the image reconstruction from projections and this is how the city body, the computed tomography for whole body started to be developed. This is on the image Robert Ledley who actually developed the first body scanner together with Brooks and Dicero. And I still remember I used to work with a similar scanner like that and you could see how big was the computer at that time. Also this new method for mathematical reconstruction was introduced in the single photon emission computed tomography but this time instead of transmission we had emission type of image back projection. This method was developed by Kuhl, Edwards, Chapman, Terpogusian, Helps and Hoffman. And this method started the beginning together with city scanning the beginning of quantitative imaging. We were able after that to develop different methods and to really say with a number about the assessment of different functions of the body. Related to the spect was the development of the positron emission tomography which also happened in the spirit of time. You see, in the spirit of time we were only 8000 medical feces around the world. Positron emission tomography totally changed our perception about thinking because we were able to visualize the area of brain which are related to different movement and to different activities of the human body. It was invented by Robertson, Cho, Nutt, Townsend and Kuhl. And when we were speaking about these things it was exactly in the spirit of time when something unthinkable happened and I still remember how I saw the MRI number 1 produced as a young medical physicist passing my training in Cleveland, Ohio and this was introduced to us by Lottelbor Lottelbor and Mansfield received the Nobel award again in medicine and physiology for the invention of the magnetic resonance scanner. There were two other people, the median and John Mallard who were also working with them and they couldn't get the Nobel award but due to this reason we recently established an international award for introducing medical equipment into the fields named after John Mallard. So this was in this spirit of time. In the next spirit of time, 85, 95, there was further methods and novel technologies and specifically software. Now IT technology and software entered into our field and the spiral-computed tomography plus 3D imaging was invented and was introduced by Willy Kalender from Siemens. He is now working in Munich and he has received a number of awards for this invention of the spiral scanning which is now the standard scanning. Also in this decade there was the development of the electronic portal imaging device by Bailey and yesterday during the presentations of the students a number of them were actually speaking and working with E-Pyte systems. The reconstruction entered into the physiological measurements and this was the impedance tomography. Now the impedance tomography is one very important tool especially for monitoring the situation of traumatic lungs. It was developed by Barbara and Brown. There were so many new methods developed that medicine decided that they should have a new specialty doing with them and the new specialty was medical imaging. Things continued but I would have to say another Nobel award also made by medical physics and this was the radioimmunoassay by YALO in 1977 and a Nobel Peace Prize which was given to a number of specialists and this time including also medical physicists, Professor Rodblat for the establishment of the Pogorz movement for peaceful use of atomic energy. 1995, 2005. This is a period when some of you remembers as well and it was related to full digitalization and hybrid imaging methods. The computer radiography and digital direct radiography like final detectors changed just for three years the whole area of medical physics in the hospitals. I still remember in 1995 when I had the privilege to assess the first digital equipment in London and in 1998 I had a PhD student who had to compare digital with X-ray image quality so it appeared that in the whole of London we were not able to see even one X-ray film facility. The people who developed these new technologies were Charles Mistreta, Robert Moore, Netzel, Mac and Gunther and you could see immediately what phenomenal image quality we have here received from the new digital equipment. Another thing was the hybrid imaging systems, the SPECT-CT, the PET-CT, the PET-MR. The SPECT-CT was invented by Mirshanov, Kaplan and Osigawa, the PET-CT by Knut and Townsend and the PET-MR by Marsden and McEwen. I'm very happy to say that the PET-MR was developed in our department in King's College. Paul Marsden is one of the lecturers in the course which I'm running and John McEwen was one of the students from this course. Also in this period of time was the 3D or the 4D which is 3D in real time, a Futter-San scanner developed by Brown, Brinkley, McCollum, Holm and Baba. There were so many devices with digital imaging that in the hospitals they started to introduce new systems, the picture archiving and communication systems, which actually now are running in every single hospital around the world, but they started through the medical imaging equipment. During this period of time, one was obvious and this was that there is a need of more and more medical phases and engineers in global healthcare because there was increased production and use of medical equipment. Now just let me give you one example of the radiographic equipment. This is the first type of equipment invented by Rungen. In 97 there were 9.9 billion equipment produced. This equipment was planned and introduced in 2016 as 16,000 billion and the plan for 2021 is 21 billion equipment, 21 billion dollars for this equipment. So you see what kind of incremental growth we have. Due to this reason we need more people to deal with this equipment. Also there was quite a lot of focus on safety and medical technology and you see here the increased use of CT scanners in the United States and England, but also it is in other places. The World Health Organization took special care about that but still there are people who deal with the safety of this equipment. So it was obvious that there is a global demand of more medical phases. And on this background we developed a sequence of projects and I'm very happy to say that this sequence of project was developed before the existing of the world e-learning and e-books. So actually we were setting up the trend globally in this, not only in our profession but everywhere. So these were a lot of conferences and seminars and master courses and e-books, etc. All of these were actually triggered and guided by King's College of London and the ICTP. We were developing one of the things, the other things, were immediately tested here. And just in several words to say this was the first database, the Emerald Entemic, which some of you use and remember well, the first use of this was here in ICTP College of Medical Physics in 1996. And something what is very interesting, these are the three CDs in the world which had ISBN number as a book. So it happened that all three are in the field of medicine and the Emerald was the second, the 19th of February 1998. So this is the CD which was made at that time. So now we all have Kindle books and other electronic book readers but actually our profession was one of the beginning of digital publications. And you can see here some of the leaders of this project and the channel is with us. After this we had a number of meetings in this field. We developed also the first free website for teaching and education in medical physics in 1999, which now 20 years works non-stop I have to say because everything was coded from the very beginning. And you could see here how it is used every single month between 2,000 and 4,000 people around the world. And the International College of Medical Physics is established by Dr. Benini and Professor Bertocchi. In 2002 we with Professor Sproul changed to the train-the-trainer seminar. And you could see here people from different years, this is 2002 and 2004 with some of the arrows. I have much people who later on developed in their field the profession of medical physics. This is the person who started medical physics in Iran. This lady started it in Brazil. This lady actually organized everything in Thailand, in Ghana. I'm not saying everyone, but all these people triggered, like you, the profession in their own countries. So this continued. We hosted the first conference on medical physics on e-learning. Later on we continued and by now we have about 900 students from 82 middle-income countries who have passed through this activity. And again, I have shown here people who have been very active, for example, just here Dr. Aaron Chogule, who now from a student had become president of the Indian Association of Medical Physics and at the moment is president of the Asian Federation of the Organization for Medical Physics. This continued and all these students also took part in the dictionary with us, I'll show you later on. And you could see how the people increased over the years, these are the colors from 2010, 2012. And again, many people here, you could see the future secretary general of the National Organization of Medical Physics, of Myanmar, of Nepal, et cetera. And we published here from ICTP a special book about medical physics and education in medical physics and engineering education. And it continues, the International Organization for Medical Physics presents a special plaque to the ICTP for their support for the global development of our profession. And from here, we addressed all the medical physics around the world for the International Day of Medical Physics, which is 7th of November, the birthday of Marie Curie. And then came your course, the master course in 2014. ICTP and the University of Trieste joined forces in order to prepare this unique course. But alongside the course, we also have meetings helping you to transfer all this knowledge in your fields, in your equipment. And you could see here the meetings we had with Professor Padwani, with colleagues from Latin America, colleagues from Africa, we had the same colleagues from Asia, et cetera, et cetera, just don't have so much space here to put all the images. And these are the countries, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, et cetera, going to Zimbabwe. Now we shall add more of your countries here. And this is the special celebratory book which we presented to the ICTP for their phenomenal support for our profession. What was obvious at that time was that all the equipment and all the books and all the guides, et cetera, they were written in English. And for many people, this was a problem because terminology is different. So this is how we started the development of the International Dictionary in Medical Physics. So this is a scientific dictionary which was started first with English Tzarus. And after this, it was translated to 29 languages and 11 alphabets. Half of these translators are actually people from ICTP here, people like you, who were coming in this place. So now this dictionary exists in English, French, German, Italian, Swedish, Spanish, Portuguese, Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Estonian, Romanian, Turkish, Russian, Thai, Arabic, Iranian, Bingo, Slovenian, Malay, Chinese, Croatian, Japanese, Finnish, Korean, Georgian. And at the moment, we are completing the Ukrainian language as well. So you could see how this dictionary works. This is just one example between English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation. So this is free on this website and it helps a lot the development of our profession. As soon as we had the dictionary, we started the Encyclopedia of Medical Physics. This was so big that I had a call from the Guinness Book of Records to apply to them. So we decided that it is not serious to apply. But actually, we could have applied. So the Encyclopedia works now very well and these are the people who were some of the leads in this Encyclopedia. And you could see our meeting was here in Trieste. And on this photo, you see 21 presidents of National Society of Medical Physics. And this is how the Encyclopedia is used around the world between October and December 2018. In Asia, 6,000 users. In Europe, about 6,000. North America, South America, Africa, et cetera. And you could see how this is helpful for the development of our profession. And these are the places where the students from ICTP are working at the moment. So there are people all over the world and also these people were people to whom we helped to start courses. And the master courses were started in Bulgaria, in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Czech Republic, Belarus, France, and motor. Here this course. In Thailand, two courses actually. In Bangkok and Chiang Mai. In Tbilisi, we're now just working to start a new course. We just started a course in a Budapest, in Jamaica in Canberra. Again, people from Jamaica were from this course and they are now running it there. Costa Rica, Zimbabwe, et cetera. And importantly, the oldest data was collected in order to prepare the IMP model curriculum, which Dr. van der Merve was actually leading of this project. And now through it, it continues to spread. There was so much activities in this field that the European Union decided that there is nothing else in other professions and they gave to our team the first award for education of the European Union, the Lunarodavinci Award. Let us now continue with what happened with the physics equipment and with imaging. The MR angiography now, we are talking about the decade 2005-2015. The MR angiography now will completely change the angiography which is used for assessment of bloodstream, because now it is not necessary to inject contrast media. You could directly see the whole bloodstream. This method was developed by Higgins, Van Dyck, Atkinson and Edelman. Also in this period of time some other work ready to use of magnetic resonance, the tractography or the diffusion imaging. And you could see here something that I have spoken with some neurophysiologists who say it is not possible even to think before that this is possible, because you see the whole tract of the brain, the nerve tracts in the brain. And now this method developed by most Libyan, White-doic and filler is becoming a standard in many places. This is also the decade when the molecular imaging and personalized medicine started to be developed. There were so many people working in this field. It is still a working field. And in this area, due to this reason I'm not giving still the names, but in this area now we have reached the resolution of 100 cells so we could actually detect a new plasma of the order of 100 cells and below. Also in this period of time there was very much development of the mathematical modeling based on imaging. And this mathematical modeling now completely changes the way of thinking about medicine, because in this case you can see a magnetic resonance image of the heart. Then from this 3D image of the heart you can do mathematical model and when you merge this mathematical model with the mathematical model of one medication you could see how this medication will have exactly this person, John Smith. So it is not anymore something what we should do. The medication is based on the age on the sex and on the kilograms of the person but it is specifically tailored so this is another dimension of medical imaging. Also in this period of time we started to use a lot of 3D printing. 3D printing initially started just for the field of the architecture and art but now it is completely different and you could see here one image of 3D printing which was printed in our department. It was in 2014. This was one of the first such use of 3D printing. This was a child with malformation of the heart and the surgeon didn't know how to operate because it was so different from everything they knew. So after imaging we made a 3D model of this heart and the surgeon made their plan through this. It was very successful and everywhere on the news. Now we are dedicated. We are at the moment in and there are a lot of things. We are at the moment close to 25. We have moved now to 28,000 people and now we have the completely new development of imaging and I have to say, SICTP was influencing the people around the world. This is how medical physics also slightly influenced the STP because this method actually started here in Trieste and this is the face-contrast imaging something called to change profoundly the thinking about imaging just in the several years time because now this equipment started to be produced. I'm not going in detail but you could immediately see what kind of resolution we now have with 50 times less dose. Also in this period of time when was introduced the Hadron Therapy we have introduced something new which is totally new and some people have not seen it at all. This is the proton computed tomography and this computed tomography will give you direct visualization of the process of treatment of the tumor. So this is something what is coming and will be probably in the future. And there is a lot of work working again on modeling and personalized medicine just to tell you what happens around the world on this field. In our department in King's College, London we have now 550 people, two-thirds of them are just working on modeling in order to apply it to personalized medicine. The workforce for radiotherapy and for the medical imaging increases rapidly. So the World Health Organization decided to run a special report about the global task force for radiotherapy for cancer control. It is a free publication in the Lansington College from 2015. I would urge everyone to read it. It is a fabulous scientific piece of work based on 100 different references. So what they said is the medical thesis and we can add to this people working in the medical imaging will have to grow by 2035 by about 59,000. So you could see where we are at the moment here and when you see that we are here and when you see where we have to be in about 2035 there is a strong coefficient to climb up and we can do it only through courses like this one in ISTP and through courses all over the world because there is a need of this specialist for the global health care. And this is how the global health care in the world looks like at the moment. You see in the United States and Canada about 9,000 medical faces. In Europe about 9,000 medical faces. But see Latin America, see Africa. 800 people in the whole of the continent of Latin America, 415 in the whole of Africa. Middle East, 850 people. The Southeast Federation of Medical Physics 750 people. In Asia 5,700. But remember Asia is the biggest continent in the world and they have so many people. So if you see all these you can see that in Southeast Asia we have about 0.8 medical faces per million of population. In the Middle East 1.6. In the rest of Asia 1.4. In Africa 0.4 medical faces per million of people. In Europe and North America is better. We have 20 more than 10. In the UK we have more than 30. But that means that it is necessary to have a lot more medical faces to deal with this new equipment. So as I said, by 2035 we have to triple the profession. So as a conclusion what I have to say the collaboration between medicine and physics was one of the most successful interprofessional collaborations of the 20th century. And due to this reason the UNESCO conference in Durban in 2005 this year of physics which was co-organized by ICP by the way they decided that one of the four main areas into the physics applied to our life in future will be physics and health. The other one was physics and climate etc. So these are areas where we are going very rapidly because this is necessary for our for our profession. And you could see how the imaging changed from 1965 until 2015 and you see what kind of development it is. In order to apply this we have to have better education we have to have more physicists and engineers to apply it and this will be related to the proper application of medical physics. I have to say that all the results of the medical physics education and training which I was saying were actually a fantastic international work. 44 countries were working together. These are the flags of their countries. With the European Union and there is the ICDP who was also supporting all that. I should finish with this image of the world at night because equity and health care remains a big issue yet. And it is my plea to the colleagues who are graduating with the master course now that they are the people to try to put more light in these other areas here in the world. Thank you for your attention. Slavic especially for your fascinating historical panorama of the development of the instrumentation of medical physics. Now, usually there will be time for a couple of questions after a scientific lecture. So I don't see any questions. When we started designing the project of this master we have been very fortunate here at the ICDP to have the enthusiastic operation of two professional medical physicists. I am not a medical physicist but those two people are medical physicists. Professor Renato Longo Professor of Medical Physics at the University of Giovanni who at that time was the head of the medical physics at the Udine Hospital. Renato is now the director of our master and Renato the coordinator. Renato. Thank you Luciano. Money everybody. It's a great pleasure for me to be here today and to congratulate myself with all of you for your achievement. I have also a message from Marco Brambilla which is the president of the European Federation of Medical Physics. Marco is also a friend of me, of many of us. He's also a friend of our master his hospital also with Roberta is collaborating actively in supporting the master. It was not possible to be here but he sent me a message as in the capacity of president of the European Federation of Medical Physics. I'm reading the message. Embracing change sharing knowledge. This is the motto of our next European Congress of Medical Physics that will be held in Torino next year in September and I hope and sure that many of us will pay to this conference next year. Sharing knowledge is also one of the most significant achieved by this ICTP master of advanced studies in medical physics organized by ICTP together with the Trieste University and actively supported by the IEA. This initiative is the most effective answer to the growing demand of medical physicists training in developing countries the European Federation of Medical Physics is proud that this initiative is being organized in Europe with the active participation of a network of European, Italian in particular hospitals providing the facilities, the tutorship and the expertise for the clinical training in all the subspecialities of medical physics. Since the beginning of January 2020 the learning platform of EFOMP will be available will became available to individual associate members of EFOMP we decided as EFOMP to open the access not only to the European medical physicists but to all the colleagues in the world which are interested in continuing their education and training in particular for you so you will have access to this platform. This will be our next contribution to fulfill our mission of sharing knowledge which is the common goal of all the institution which also support this master program and this will be also an opportunity for you to be in touch with the European community of medical physicists. We wish you every success in continuation of your career hoping that you could also actively support the process of sharing knowledge to create a living community of medical physicists in your countries. Thank you for Marco Brambino for this. Now a few words from my side. First of all I congratulate all of you for this achievement. I would say that it is a pleasure to stay and to work with you to know each other of you each of you and I wish you all the best for your future career in your country. You had a great opportunity. I never had when I was young the opportunity you had participating in this international program and as other speakers told you before you are now part of international network you have a lot of international relationship you know how IEA works how ICTP works so this will facilitate your activity in the future but at the same time you will have more responsibility from now because now you have the responsibility to share your knowledge we know that many of you pass graduates are working developing medical physics in their country they are starting to teach to train people and to introduce this fascinating then help your country, your patient for a better health for a safer health so I wish you all the best and I am sure that we will stay in contact because we are still in contact with the other graduates all the best for your career and other supports for the colleagues and friends from the hospitals from the teachers in this program probably now this program is supported by 150 medical physicists as teachers tutors, supervisors head of medical so there is a great great number of people involved collaborating and support in this section and I want to thank all of these friends for this continuous support from the beginning we have we have increased the number of friends, colleagues that are collaborating to this program one after six years now told us no, it's enough for us we don't want to collaborate anymore so thank you and this is my opinion is a great contribution of the Italian medical physics community to this section I want to thank everybody for this thank you very much Renato now Renata thank you he's always touching to be for the closing remark of the graduation ceremony and the graduation ceremony is the is the celebration of an extraordinary experience of a large community the community of the students of the supervisor of the lecturer of all the collaborators of all the friends of our experience I selected two keywords for this my final others inter-disciplinary and inter-cultural in my opinion inter-disciplinary stays in science as inter-cultural stays in human experience inter-disciplinary is a characteristic of our fields and means to be able to exchange significant information with people with completely different background in my opinion it was a challenge when I was a young physicist in the radiology department to develop the common language to exchange information and to plan application and research in magnetic resonance image with radiologists and neurologists I was a physicist but at the same time it was also necessary for me to have a very technical language in order to discuss with the head of the technical team of the manufacturer in order to obtain the optimization of my system and the message was that it is necessary to be a solid physicist to understand very well the technology and the physics that we are involved in because only if you have solid knowledge you are able to translate your knowledge in simple words in order to exchange information and develop program with a medical doctor with a different background and at the same time you also have to be self-confident because you are not a second or medical doctor you are a first line physicist so don't be shy and the second point is the intercultural experience in looking at you today and thinking that the day that we spent together I'm sure that you are no more than two years ago I know that now we are able to exchange experience with people with completely different story and completely different experience and this is what they call intercultural experience and I'm sure that these are seeds that are printed in your spirits and could be a source of peace strength and joy during your everyday life for when you go back in your country I'm touched every year very touched for the strong motivation that convinced you to stay here two years far from your partner in life from your children and the master program fulfilled your expectation I wish you are coming back in your country be full of joy thank you now before the awarding of the degrees a representative of the students has asked to say a few words thank you to the members of the panel all the collaborators present and the fellow students from the master's program 60 years ago Abdul Salam had a dream of physicists all over the world sharing knowledge I think everyone in this room can be proud that we are a living testament to that dream at this time we want to invite Professor Paravani Professor Renata Longo and Professor Bertocchi we really want to thank UNESCO the ICTP and the University of Trieste all the participants in hospital networks and our supervisors and professors for the past two years we want to present to you guys a token of appreciation it is a map that we put together and we wanted to serve as a reminder we really want this map to be a reminder not of the students from which the countries from which the students came but for the lives that will be impacted when we return because of your contribution and for that we say thank you grazie mille well now we can really proceed with the actual degree awarding the degrees will be awarded by Professor Renata Longo for the University and Professor Dabholkar for the Abdul Salam ICTP so it is your task ok the first graduate is Agi Yaran Diop Moffia Mwap Zungrana Larba Adikari Tirthrai Parvei Mazut Ramos Gonzalez Wesley Arias Khalid Abdul Rahman Pisse Cagliata Kanchan Sarga Clement Clement Molecu Naima Roberto Alejandro Greyscu Kiris Paiga Siaka Kirina Liebova Katrina Revas Turmanize Glenn Sintek I just want to add that it's very good to see that your this year is very well gender balanced you know it's not the case in all the other fields so it's good to see there is a very good representation of both men and women Thank you What exactly was invented at ICTP this x-ray phase this is face-contrast imaging this is a totally new way of imaging in normal x-ray you measure the absorption in the body and now we measure not the absorption of radiation but you measure the change of phase of the x-ray phase as well and you do the business and you have the total x-ray total new detector so the detector actually changes So now the new I think at the moment there are two companies one started in the United States but it is not a big company but Siemens is now making a new tube and they are planning this next year to put it on the market at the moment it is still not very much accepted because medical doctors have to understand it is a new type of imaging it is a new type of imaging the same difficulties they had with the computer tomography so it is absolutely true but on my opinion 5 years time it should be quite long and maybe in 10 years time it will start to replace everywhere that x-ray so it was here we have a lot more information and why would you do this because the secret tom imaging who started here was actually leading towards that so was there some specific contributions from a city for example there was one professor who is now in London Alessandro so he was one of the leading specialists these are big groups now but he was one of the leading people who contributed but actually a crucial contribution very important so he knows him very well because he is a student so he is now some of these facts I didn't know I studied here in Trieste I made a PhD in Trieste and now I am updating the psychophysics and actually the people who write the articles are coming to Trieste and I heard it was good to come to this you come to know the details which you don't know and it is so good to see it over there yes it is so beautiful I have been to many of this but every time I see it it is really a lot of community no no no no