 So, we have we have started talking about syntax, where we understand sentence structure particularly for keeping particularly keeping in mind that language is a phenomena of human mind, how it works in human mind and how it is represented. We looked at language acquisition which simply tells us how we learn a language that is first language. Now, understanding sentence structure and which we know as syntax helps us understand how it is represented in human mind, how we understand the underlying structure of sentences, that this is what we are doing in this. I mentioned to you there are four different lexical categories, prominent ones they are nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. When we develop structure of these categories, we look at this these categories in terms of their phrases and they are noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbial phrase, adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases. And there are there are some intermediate categories and which I am going to show you how to draw that up and how to understand their internal structure. See a noun phrase is built with noun as its head and this structure is always binary. Please pay attention to how this is developed and then I am going to I will also discuss with you why this is relevant and what does this bias, why do we need to understand this representation. Do we really need to understand and does it does this thing really bias something or this is just a fancier stuff to look at. I will talk about that in a moment but first I want you to look at the internal structure of these phrases and how they develop. When we say a phrase and when when we call it a noun phrase, the only reason why we call it a noun phrase is because it heads a noun. In other words in the centre of it that is in the head position of this phrase we have a noun that is a nominal category. Therefore this this position is called heads position, this is going to be specifier position and this is called complement position. This is the fundamental structure of a phrase. All the phrases all all of them that you see here nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions are going to have similar structure, have exactly similar identical structure rather in which each one of them will have a specifier and a complement. With respect to the position of a head in a phrase, the relationship between specifier and complementizer is hierarchical. What comes in these positions and what is the what is the meaning of that relationship being hierarchical is what I am going to talk to you in a moment. But please look at this thing, the reason why this is binary and the structure is designed this way is because with respect to the head position of a phrase. We want to capture or say that the relationship between a complement and a specifier is hierarchical. There are different things that appear in these positions. Remember I had talked to you about this example that this is a nominal category. However this is a noun but now this is more than a noun. We understand this? Now this is more than a noun and if it is more than a noun then what is it and how do we understand this thing? In other words what it means is these two form a category, these two make a phrase and if this is a phrase then where does this element go? What is the relationship between this element and the noun in this phrase? Because when we use such things in a larger phrase or in a sentence we need to understand the relationship between different elements of a phrase in the entire sentence. Different elements, different categories of a sentence and their relationship is an important factor for us to understand how sentences really work. On your screen what I refer to as intermediate category is this thing. This is an intermediate category which we call n bar. This intermediate category does not have any element to represent. You understand this point? When I say this intermediate category does not have any element to represent. We may have a noun here, this head represents a noun, a specifier may represent something else. Likewise we may have a compliment of the noun in the noun phrase but this intermediate category does not have any lexical element to represent. It is a positive node to capture hierarchical relationship between the two. Therefore this whole thing is called x bar theory. That is x bar theory of representing a phrase. This is making sense. Hold on for a couple of more minutes and probably it will make more sense. Any lexical, I do not think I need to explain it to you. What is the relevance of x in this? Any element that they represent is an x and therefore the phrasal category is known as x p. It could be an n p, it could be a v p, p p or a p. Let me give you some examples of, let me tell you what this biases and what we are going to do. This helps us and of course understand the relationship between the elements in the sentence. It helps us understand sentential structure. We are going to be looking at the relationship between compliment and adjuncts today and the notion of C command. I am not sure if you will be able to reach to C command today or not but let us look at noun phrase. Noun phrase first. Here is the first example. The king of England. Is this one entity or not? It is one entity. And the first and what do you think is in the center of this entity? If this is a whole phrase, the king of England, then what is in the center of this phrase? King. Because the element that precedes the king is also saying something about the king and the element, the whole phrase that follows the king is also saying something about the king and that does not have its own independent meaning besides king. See this point? Therefore, this whole thing constitutes one phrase. If that is the case, then here is king and here is the king. The next element of England is let me give you this part and then I will ask you another question is compliment of this phrase. This is the compliment of this phrase. What we mean by a compliment is a required element. Remember when we were talking about the objects of a transitive verb? Remember that thing? When we were talking about objects of a transitive verb, that an object is a required element in a transitive verb whereas no object is required for in transitive verbs. There is a specific role of required elements in sentences, in languages. In this phrase, king of, when we say king of England, of England ends up to be a required element of this phrase. Such required elements are called, such required elements are called compliments and the things that are or may not be, that are not required or that may not be required are called adjuncts. Now, in this, in the second phrase, student of physics, again it seems to be a required element because it is giving some essential information about this student. However, in the next one, student with long, with long hair, when you look at these two, these two phrases, student of physics or a student with long hair, two native speakers intuitively speaking with long hair is not as required as the phrase in the previous one, student of physics. What does this student of physics mean? Can we elaborate on that? Student who studies physics. Describing the second phrase, student with long hair, can we say the same thing? Student who studies long hair, no? Who has long hair? Who has long hair? So, we have not developed this mechanism so far for you to clearly see this distinction and that is my goal today for you to make, see this distinction clearly which phrase, which phrase is an adjunct and which phrase is a compliment. I am trying to build on that so that you should be able to see. But in these two examples, student of physics of physics is a required element, is a compliment of this, of this head noun, the head noun king and in the second phrase student with long hair, with long hair is apparently an adjunct of the head noun student. In the, go ahead. Should be independent of the semantics that is used because student that it is something like implying that he studies or it is implying, we can only know, only if we know the meaning of it sir, but shouldn't the theory be independent of semantics. It is largely independent of semantics. I am going to show you in a, in a few minutes. The only reason why I talked about this, this description of a student who studies physics is the meaning of student of physics, but for the phrase the student with long hair this phrase does not mean student who studies long hair. The only reason why I talked about that is because we haven't developed this thing so far. Let me show you the structure and then you will see not the meaning rather structure tells us this difference. In fact, in fact just on the basis of meaning if you ask somebody right away this question, then it becomes very difficult for anyone to say why or anyone to see why of physics in the first phrase is a compliment is a required element and with long hair in the second phrase is a not required element. It is very difficult to see only on the basis of meaning. So, quite supporting what you are, what you are saying this, this whole description is going to show you that not the meaning rather the structure tells us this distinction. Give me few more minutes and I will show you how it works. In the last sentence student of physics with long hair, do you see this thing student of physics with long hair, we have both in this phrase. Do we, is this a sentence or less than a sentence? What is not there in this sentence in this whole thing, verb is not available in this whole phrase therefore, it is still a phrase. What kind of a phrase we may need to look at the phrase to find it out, but it is still a phrase less than a sentence. You do not have to figure it out, I have already mentioned this is a still a noun phrase, where we have both in this phrase a compliment and adjunct, where of physics is compliment and with long hair is adjunct. I want to give you one example of verb phrase before we talk about compliment and adjunct distinction. Further verb phrases are verb phrase denote elements that are associated with the verb and everything that are associated with the verb except the subject. In these two examples, when you see things in red they are part of verb phrase, John loves Mary, loves Mary constitutes verb phrase and Mary met with her doctor at 5 p.m. still constitutes the whole verb phrase. The reason I have tried to make the second one little look little longer is when we say a verb phrase we not only mean the required element of verbs, which part of this is required element that is in the sentence John, sorry Mary will meet with her doctor at 5 p.m. The verb is meet which part of this verb phrase is a required element, which part of the verb is a required element in this phrase with her doctor, why? That is the main object of the verb with her doctor, you go ahead. 5 p.m. it is not required, whether it is 5 p.m. at 5 p.m. it is not required because this just gives us additional information. Even if we drop that the sentence sounds complete that Mary will meet with her doctor, sentence is complete. However, if we say Mary will meet the sentence is not complete, get the point? So in this whole verb phrase also I am trying to show you two things, one that is required element and the other that is not required element. What is not required is called adjunct and what is required is called a compliment. I want to show you this structure in little bit more details, but even before that let me just for the visual purpose let me give you the structure of a verb phrase. Again the structure of a verb phrase is such that where the whole in the whole phrase a verb is the head of it and then we have specifier and a compliment. Let me go back to the previous slide for a moment. In the first sentence this is the verb love and the compliment is Mary. The idea for you to see here is we need not have any specifier all the time. However, this is an adjunct this is a structure of a phrase. We do have a space for a specifier, but this may not be available all the time and when a particular element is not available that space remains empty. This is where the head occurs and then the compliment occurs in its position. We call it a compliment. A compliment may be an NP or a PP or any other adjunct phrase. We call things here compliment that simply means this is a required element. However this compliment may itself be an entire noun phrase or a prepositional phrase. See my point for example, here this compliment is a prepositional phrase of England is a prepositional phrase of England is a prepositional phrase. In this case Mary is a compliment which happens to be a nominal element, but even in the absence of a specifier or further compliments we call such elements even with a noun this qualifies to be a noun phrase. Are you with me or am I talking about something? Is this still making sense? Forget about you speaking even nodding of head I see only a very few. Please stop me if it is not making sense to you. I do not think I am talking about any complicated idea. So far we are only talking about different types of elements in a sentence, how they constitute their phrases and then how such phrases are represented. That is all I have been talking about and that is what is the goal. And then different types of constituents in a simple phrase or in a sentence are related in a certain way. In some cases they have hierarchical relations how are such relations captured is the goal of this X-MAR theory is what we are talking about. But if it feels at any point that we are losing track and I am either moving ahead or not making sense please stop me we can look at this again. Is this point clear that this is a compliment position and this is in a specifier position. In this compliment position we can have different kinds of phrases and depending upon the fact whether a phrase is a required element to its head or a non-required elements to a head this can be a compliment or an adjunct. How we capture such a distinction I will show you in a moment. So we are done with a verb phrase. Let us now look at this compliment and adjunct distinction in a better way. This is in a structure for the phrase a student of physics with long hair. In this phrase student of physics we said is a compliment sorry of physics is a compliment and with long hair is adjunct which means one prepositional phrase of physics serves as a required element whereas the other one with long hair serves as an adjunct. As non-required element with respect to their positions in this structure do you find any difference between them? I want each one of you to look at this structure and stare at it and see the try and see the distinction between this. By looking at your cell phones probably you will not be able to see that. I have only talked about a compliment and an adjunct and I am telling you what is a compliment and what is an adjunct. Now at the next stage I want you to look at this structure and I am not asking for an answer or anything. I am only asking you to see do they look different structurally that is their representation in this structure has a special meaning as a special consequence. If you can please see it for yourself and tell me what is the first thing that you observed as the difference between compliment and adjunct. One more step let us take a step back and see do you find this structure consistent with what we have drawn here? Do you find this structure consistent with what we have drawn here? That is if we are talking about a noun phrase the head of the whole noun phrase is a noun. What is the head of the noun head noun in this structure? Student. Do you see any other head in this whole phrase or yes? Do you see any other head in this whole structure? Physics. Physics is another head do you see any other head? We have several of them. We have off as a phrase as a head and we have with as a head. These are the head positions and then we have a student as the head. Those who said they do not see any other head they are also partially right because probably you are responding to the answer with respect to this head this x p that is noun phrase we have only one head. If you find other heads this is this noun physics is the head of a phrase. This noun physics is the head of which phrase? It is still a verb. Off physics is a, let us work with this thing. These are done in a better way on the board. Let me show you. I think we still need to spend little bit more time before we look at this structure. We have a phrase of physics. This is a post positional phrase. How do we draw the structure of this thing? This structure must be consistent with this one. We have a p p. Do I have your attention please? This is going to have a specifier, an intermediate category and then it is going to have a head and then a compliment. Head of this phrase is going to have a purpose. We are talking about p p. Head of it is going to be a preposition of and then the compliment of this happens to be an n p which is physics. Please do not be lost with this how this whole thing is an n p. This is an n p in a very simple way. Let me draw it here. In this n p we have a specifier, a head noun and a compliment. When we say physics what we mean is there is no specifier in this phrase and no compliment in this phrase but we only have this one potentially. The reason why any word, not any word, nouns, prepositions, verbs and adjectives, because these are the elements in a sentence which may take other elements around them. They constitute a phrase. They still remain a phrase in absence of either a specifier or a compliment. We can have a noun as a phrase and here in this a structure that you have seen physics is represented just as a noun and off is also represented as a head because we know that there are no specifier and compliments to this phrase therefore that has been removed. But I am trying to elaborate them and show you that when physics becomes the head of head noun it is head of a different phrase. Proposition as a head is head of its own phrase p p and in this case again preposition is the head noun, sorry preposition is the head of this phrase p p and long hair is another phrase noun phrase and then this whole phrase is one single noun phrase of which the head is student. After this if I ask you this question is the phrase that is the structure that you see on the screen consistent with what we have seen with respect to specifier, head and compliment. If that is so then please answer my following question should be very simple. In the bigger noun in the noun phrase the first noun phrase what is the compliment what is the what is the specifier of this noun phrase a a and head is the noun which noun is the head student and then we have two p p's of physics and with long hair which one is close to the noun of physics and with long hair is away from this noun. Do you see that the one that is close to the noun is the compliment and the one that is away from the noun is the adjunct, get it? But that is not all that is not all about it. Now let me get back to the original question that I asked you what is the difference between these two phrases that you find? How are these how is the proximity with the head noun and the distance from the head noun captured structurally? Can you please look at this structure again? The proximity of compliment with the head noun is represented in a particular way and the distance of the adjunct with long hair is represented in a particular way. I want you to pay attention to that distinction. There is a order of the classes where of is greater than with something of that sort proximity would be. Yes, I am suggesting that. It is not about higher and lower it is about proximity with the head and distance from the head. Let us say if I want to describe a student so of physics make more sense is it closer to student than a student with long hair of physics something of that sort. Yes, in short answer is yes. How and why that distinction should be important? We are going to look at more examples and I will show you. But you are absolutely right and I am suggesting compliment is a required element and adjunct is not. Something that is not required is away from is not too close to the head and that is represented in a particular way. Therefore, what I am suggesting is the representation of different phrases suggest their significance in the phrase or in the sentence. One by one please go ahead. But proximity is not the best way to like classify this right because like he said you could have a sentence which says student with long hair of physics. Can we say that? No we cannot say that. One by one please. No it is not. Is that a grammatical phrase? No it is not. No it is not. That is not a grammatical phrase. One by one. I mean. I think saying that the compliment need not always be right next to the head now. It could be at the end of the sentence. I mean the way you make your phrases can change. Absolutely not. What come before a compliment? Compliment must be close to the noun. Therefore, it what the example that you gave as more consequences and I am coming to that in the next slide. We cannot say student with long hair of physics. Student with a degree in physics or something like that. Student with a degree in physics. Yes then that is fine. What you are saying is a phrase is possible where we do not have a compliment. We only have adjuncts. A phrase is also possible where we only have a compliment and no adjunct. Making sense? Wrong. Sure. So there is no hierarchy of classes as that which should be greater than or like we have the English grammar class you are referring to. Should be closer to the student which should be closer than only to be called a compliment. I think of that. No, absolutely not. A prepositional phrase headed with with can also be a compliment. It only depends on the nature of the whole phrase. We need to go to those things incrementally. I only need to build these things incrementally. Everything cannot be catered right away but I am glad that she gave this example. As a non-native speaker of English we may feel that what is the difference between the order? We can still say a student with long hair of physics but I am sure to some of you at least this order sounds odd. Now if that is odd to some of you and that is not acceptable to native speakers of English what is the reason for that? The reason why we are looking at the structural representation of this big phrase, a student of physics with long hair and we are trying to look at the hierarchical relationship between compliment and adjunct is sort of an attempt to find out how we explain this ungrammaticality and unacceptable. If a native speaker of English does not accept this whole phrase and say no, no, no, it does not look very good. That is just one judgment. If we want to study structure of English sentences then we need to know why that order is not acceptable. Unless we know this thing we have no idea why that order is not acceptable. We can simply say this is not acceptable that is all. As long as we are saying this is not acceptable that is called a judgment which is descriptively adequate but in order to understand the internal structure of a language an answer must be explanatorily adequate. That is the reason behind the unacceptability or ungrammaticality of a sequence of words must be explained and the answer for that is not acceptable that is a compliment is close to the head and adjunct is away from the head therefore that is not acceptable a sequence. In such case what we are actually trying to do is we are trying to put the adjunct as close to the head and which results into ungrammaticality and unacceptable. Get it? I heard some of the things from this side as well. No? Is it possible to distinguish whether something is a compliment or if there is an adjunct like from what things physics with long hair be one component to term physics without looking I am trying to understand your question. So, do you understand his question? The semantics comes into the picture if we go like this I mean the meaning part of it then becomes important. True see syntax is independent of meaning which does not mean meaning has got absolutely no role in it I am not saying anything contradictory I am saying the whole grammar or whole mathematics of meaning is something else and that is not part of syntax which is called autonomy of syntax. So, I am not trying to defend syntactic structure only on the basis of meaning and that is what I said it will make more prominent little later. So, let us not talk about all those things right at a time however let me first let us understand his question. Do we understand his question? I think I do understand what he is asking is there a possibility that this whole thing is one unit and in which this unit with long hair has something to do with physics am I right? Can I let other people answer that before I answer this question? Do you think that with long hair has anything to do with physics? No with long hair in this whole phrase student with long hair has to do with what? Who has long hair student or physics? Student right we may study here in physics right, but that is not clear in this phrase this phrase student of physics with long hair both the propositional phrase of physics and long hair has a relationship with the head noun that is student. We know that from the structure with long hair can be in the place of physics with long hair will never be a compliment of a phrase one by one please they need to do it here. So, go ahead. If you do not consider the meaning of physics with long hair student of physics with long hair. I am coming to that I am coming to that hold on it is possible to say I gave you the example like this it is possible to say student with long hair. We are not denying that possibility it is possible to say student with long hair, but in that sequence we do not have a compliment we only have an adjunct in the sequence a student of physics we only have a compliment no adjunct are we clear about that do you understand and structurally if that is difficult to see please hold on for another moment and this is where I am asking the question do you see the representational distinction between compliment and adjunct what is that representational distinction who said yes no I mean I am not trying to put you on this part I am only trying to understand what is that is just structural difference a please do not fight with each other this is all right we cannot make a we cannot find out between two people who said that now you are pointing to the third person hold on that is all right someone else please I am only only asking you for a visual clarity no no explanation I am not looking forward to any explanation from you I am only asking for a visual clarity now that so I I I understand that things are becoming little bit clearer to you, but I still take the responsibility of this thing that I am telling you of physics is compliment and with long hair is adjunct having settled down with that distinction do you see how adjunct is far away from compliment and how that has been structurally captured please tell me or tell the tell the class about it how is that done that is fine we got that now hold on I think I think my question is not clear to you let me try to answer that question and see if that is making any difference what I am trying to say is look at the structure look at the structure we have determiner as an specifier right and then it is being divided with an intermediate can can I please have your attention here on the screen we have an intermediate category n bar then we get to to show a compliment we have another n bar we and through this intermediate category we have a head noun and then another phrase which happens to be the compliment of the noun that is which is close to the noun some some p p this p p is the compliment which is close to the noun and this p p is an adjunct which is just adjoined with the help of another intermediate category get it this p p is just adjoined with the head of with with another intermediate category which means we can have we can have more more adjuncts in a phrase however we can only have one compliment in a phrase look at this there is no adjunction here this is a noun which branched into a compliment and end of it here you see adjuncts being represented with another intermediate category and getting away from the head noun do you do you do you see that separation or you do not I want an honest answer from you and this honesty is required for me because trust me if we do not see this distinction then going any further with this structure is not going to make any sense do we see the distinction between compliment and adjunct do you see the adjunction here the role of this intermediate category n bar look at this here this is to show the relationship between head and head and the compliment when we want another when we want another another thing adjoined to this this is how it works look at this we have an n p n bar if we had no adjunct then we have no adjunct adjunct then we are done here head and compliment if we have a if we have a have an adjunct then we need to go further we will put in head here compliment here and then this place becomes for adjunct there is there is no intermediate category here but there is an intermediate category here which helps us which helps this mechanism generate which helps this mechanism set up for more and more adjuncts it is possible to have more and more adjuncts in a sentence but not more and more compliments which results into following look at this look at sentence number look at this look at this one it is possible to say something like this a student with long hair with short arm in green coat is this possible does this sound like a possible structure we can say we can as many adjuncts as possible modifying a noun even though we have three p p's here none of them are compliments to the head noun whereas when we have a compliment we cannot have two is this sequence possible that is student of physics of chemistry this is not possible a sequence so when we are talking about a compliment we must have just one when we are talking about compliments as a matter of definition when we are talking about adjuncts as a matter of definition adjuncts could be many in order to represent them as structurally we need the help of an intermediate category we have more and more adjuncts we keep this is the recursive nature of this structure that we keep generating more and more places and accommodate them in this structure because of the non branching nature and no intermediate category available between the head and the compliment there is no it is not possible to have two compliments therefore empirical generalizations from the language like this the fact that a student of physics of chemistry is not a possible sequence but a student with long hair with short arms in green coat at IIT in Chennai all of that is possible get it so I I I do not know how to conclude this thing but I what I get from you is I think you understand the possibility of many adjuncts in a in a phrase and only one compliment in a phrase is this a fair way to conclude that is one can I be little bit more ambitious in concluding that you you through the help of this structure that we have tried to try to understand the presence of intermediate category and the recursive nature of this structure helps us accommodate more and more adjuncts and only one compliment it is also a fair conclusion to do and the third one which should be simple if you allow me to come to assume and conclude that all the all the phrases are going to have identical structure where we have a phrasal category that will have an a specified and compliment and there is a sister relationship between the head of that phrase and the compliment but a hierarchical relationship between the compliment and the modifier I have not talked anything about modifier so far which comes little later or as or if we need it but I want you to see that modifier is higher than the compliment this fair thing to conclude here so with this three conclusions I stop and I I do want you to hold on give me give me give me your 30 seconds more there are books on natural language syntax available in library these materials are available online as well I do expect you to look at some of these examples because tomorrow I am going to talk about more intricate relationships between these elements for which a clear understanding of a structural representation of what we have discussed so far is going to be prerequisite please work on that thank you.