 is that in order to talk about economy we need to talk about numbers, real numbers, absolute numbers. And I wish to propose that also we are now in a position where we can start doing that or at least we can start simulating it. And the first thing is we need to reconstruct population figures because people are consumers. And we need to know their numbers in order to know the level of consumption, whether it's food or metal or textiles. And that again will give a measure about the level of trade. And the method to do that is to use a multi-scale approach where you take local studies of high resolution where we have really solid figures and then you will have to extrapolate from there to the larger regions. So it's different from what I see and what you see. It doesn't move. No, you have to go the other way. One more there. There we are. Okay. Well, I just tell you what I've just said. And my case will be a region that we have studied in Northwestern Ireland 2 and we actually published two monographs last year about that if you want to check what I'm saying. So let's see if it works. Okay. By the Bronze Age we have a global economy. And which basically means that every community in the known world was depending on supplies of metal, copper and tin. And therefore there had to be a well-functioned infrastructure that would supply that. The question is only what did it look like? What were the quantities? And then we are back to the figures that I'm talking about. Let's start with population figures. Here's a study by probably several years ago by Johannes Müller as the first attempt. And what we see here is from his graph you see up there he compares the Near East and Europe in absolute numbers. And between 2500 BC populations nearly double in Europe. You have really good conditions here. High survival rate of children and we can begin to ask why is that? The new metal economy, new wool economy. That's the first time we have wool in clothing. New food treatment, shorting and smoking of meat. And you could travel and bring food with you. Perhaps even also fast exchange of genes and so on and so forth. But the important thing is to note that he reached a figure of nearly 13 million Europeans by 1500 BC. And here are some minimum figures just to inspire the imagination from Anatolia. Here we have one of the best documented instances of trade and consumption. Even throughout early history in Asuwa. The oldest year in trade. And in 30 years we know that they traded 110 tons of tin, 4 tons per year. They could provide 40 tons per a branch. And 150,000 fine textiles and so on. Each household would have like 50 to 75 kilos of branch. Kindness had an estimated population of 20,000. 1,000 to 2,000 households, 50 ton of branch, just a single Near Eastern normal town. Add that up with all the other towns. Huge, huge quantities had to be traded here. And Europe I would suggest is not that different. We had nearly similar numbers of people in Europe in the Near East, but they were not urbanized, but still. And we have already an economic division of labor in Europe. By the mature branch, the middle branch, which I'll be talking about from 15, 1600 to 1100 BC, Europe is written in Europe had something that others needed. You had then to trade. You had to develop an infrastructure. Here are the books, just a commercial for our projects. This is a study I'll use as a micro study. And here we could establish that by the middle branch age, here we have one of the densest settlements in Northern Europe, two to three farms per square kilometer. And the same settlement density as 1800 AD. No forest left. At all. You had to import timber at that time in this region. And population estimates we can do say that throughout the branch age, we have an average of one farm per square kilometer in Denmark. And we calculate conservatively half of Denmark was settled. That makes 22,000 farms with an average household of 10 to 15. That makes a living population around quarter million to 300,000 people in this little area. You can then extrapolate to Europe from there and you'll reach figures that even properly exceed Johannes Müller's. These were cataloging free farmers of local chiefs and entities. And so these, when 2000s farm would minimum have two working axes of making up one kilo. So you would have 22 tons circulating at any given time as a minimum. Properly the double if you had shorts and weapons and ornaments and resharpening would take away from the axis every year. You use them daily. conservatively 5%. You need them to replace minimum one ton per year in this little region of Denmark. Again, if you extrapolate to the rest of Europe, we are up in hundreds of tons, maybe thousands of tons per year that need to be replaced. The same with textiles, even if we say that the free farmers, we can calculate them to maximum 20% of the population. It's still 40, 50,000 people who need textiles, who need textiles. They were not produced in Denmark. We have shown that. They were imported. They were still only done in southern central Europe. So you need several thousand pieces of cloth to import per year. We are here talking about commodity trade of scale. Something that looks a lot more like the Iron Age or the Viking period. So the suggestion I make here is really that by the Bronze Age, by the Middle Bronze Age, we have a European economy of scale and an infrastructure that support that you can trade systematically, caravans, hundreds of kilometers annually. We know from our lead isotope analysis of several hundred artifacts that the metal was coming from two or three mines in Europe. We provide all the metal to Europe. So it's highly centralized, highly organized. Basically, we have a society just as developed and highly organized. Fifty hundred BC years, we have a thousand AD, I would say. Everything in between is fluctuations, ups and downs. And population, Europe is 10 million square kilometers. If we assume that three million square kilometers were densely settled conservatively, take away, you know, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia. Still, we end up with a figure of 30 million people. Now, Johannes Müller didn't calculate Russia. So he raised 13 million. I raised 30 million. But we are talking about high numbers. Many regions in Europe had already reached maximum population density and settlement density with the known economy. Then we can add the different technological and actually innovation. As Daniel was talking about, and that would raise the figure in some regions, yes, by the end of the Bronze Age, the figures are probably higher. And this is the organization of trade. As I see it in northern Europe, in South Scandinavia, a maritime motor production where the farmers, they invest their surplus in boats and cruise that trade systematically. And you develop a whole maritime economy along the coast where you have people who are not supporting themselves from agricultural products. They make the rock carvings. They are the specialized traders, maritime traders. And here are some distances that you can reach by these boat, paddling boats of the Bronze Age, like the York Spring boat. And you can reach different regions in Europe within two, three weeks. There are big distances, but going with boats, you can go quite far. And then, of course, the question is how far would they go? Scandinavish will probably go to the English Channel at least, TANET. We know that from the side of TANET or to the rivers. So we have an integrated yet diversified world in terms of democracy and economy. But we are talking about an economy of scale, a commodity-based economy. Whether they were using psychophysical methods or later developed scales, we know they had scales in the Middle Bronze Age but only for small things like amber and gold. We know they chopped gold wire. So for the finer, valuable things, they were using scales. But I go along with Michael for the heavy things. So hundreds, perhaps thousands of tons of copper were traded annually from two or three major mines in Europe. A modern economy supported by advanced commercial systems. And all communities were depending on bronze. Even if consumption was substantially lower than in the Near East, it was still a commodity-based metal trade, based on regular caravans and shipments. So a pre-modern economy of commodity trade emerged from the Middle Bronze Age onwards. And later developments are rather changed in scale than changed in organization. The Vikings had better ships and sails and could reach further out in the world. But essentially it's the same kind of organization, the same kind of system. Thank you.