 So thank you, and as I was saying earlier, it's an interesting ship from this morning to this afternoon and the question seems at some point the rhetorical question of who do you like more your father or your mother the top down or the bottom up and in a way It's the absurdity of the question It's it's it's played out itself in the decisions of planning every day And I'm going to try to show some of the conflicts that in Latin American cities these top-down approaches have have represented in terms of both physical and spatial Issues, but but in a way what I'm also going to try to open up is a discussion of whether this Gap between top down and bottom up is really useful for us as a language and as a mechanism to discuss projects of cities and and of course we know a kind of a big white guy with a Stick and pointing at a big model as a planner standing next to a politician is Conditions in a quantum of what top-down means but but in a way we come to almost In a cartoonish way represent this debate between the most essence of the world and the Jacobs of the world And I think this is kind of a useless Who do you like more your mother or father? But but in a way the elephant in the room in the context of Latin America goes back to what Alejandro mentioned earlier Which has to do with inequity and the way that poverty on the one hand we've had in Impressive urbanization and incredibly fast urbanization, but at a task that has been in a way on Resolved and the issue of language which have we have been exploring I brought this side This is a panel that we made ten years ago for the Rotten but Dan Biennale and he talks about citizens and he talks about concepts we we tend to Favorite globalization and we tend to imagine that free flow of goods and people are good But when they move from north to south we call them tourists when we move south to north We call them refugees workers or immigrants But in a way this has become the new citizens of the new cities of the of the contemporary cities and the places where these these represent conflict and these two diagrams Torres Garcia's drawing of Our north is the south on the right side and the Corbyus years of which I love the he draws New York And he says Pathetical paradox and one of sight is the possibility of a new of a new city in a way represent the challenges of Latin America Latin America is an a territory for your urban speculation for more than 500 years From the loss of indies to to this idea over the 20th century Which is have we done planning or have we done big projects and the big projects more probably represented by the by the cases of Brasilia and a Kind of symbolic move to imagine that Architecture and planning could resolve the problems of national identity of citizenship of participation of housing But also this is replicated all over from projects of education such as a national universities. This is Caracas, Venezuela This is a case of Mexico City again a lot of our suits only white men pointing at a model In the national campus in in Mexico City, but the same goes for almost every other aspect This is what has been called the exuberance of modernity Let the exuberance of modernism without modernity So this is a gap which I think it's problematic and something which we should address Where there is a case of housing 13,000 housing units on in Lattelolco Only three different typologies or similar projects is all over South America But but in a way it this goes back to this issue of the heroic F Scott Spigero has this phrase show me a hero and I'll write you a tragedy brilliantly taken by David Simons in his in his in his recent HBO program about segregation in junkers and and in In the 1950s movie Los Olvidados or the Forgotten Ones by Buñuel There's this moment. There's actually a brilliant two-minute manifesto on urbanity at the beginning of the movie and For every moment of development of the city for every moment of large-scale planning. There is always the Forgotten Ones there's always the losers of of Urbanization and this in a way begs the question can we imagine better ways? during the 1980s and 90s during the 80s and 90s the processes of Liberalization and the regulation what we have called kind of a political economy Neoliberalism in a way is nothing more than what John and Alejandro have mentioned which was bad design bad regulatory frameworks and non nonpatient capital Cases such as Santa Fe in Mexico City But even the case of Puerto Madero, which we could say or argue whether it is a success or not as a real-estate venture as a piece of a city or as something else And we have to to be critical of how these efforts to substitute planning as a kind of a state move through other Mechanisms it has been successful or not Sir Peter Hall which has which wrote this fantastic book great planning disaster could probably write ten additional tones on Latin America planning disasters and I have pointed to three kinds of failures what I call the failures in conceptualization in Never understood me the power of stupidity or perversion Keller is Easterling has has defined it that the stunning political success of stupidity We do not learn or even if we learn we replicate the mistakes The cases of the elevated highways in Mexico City But that's now being replicated in over six additional cities in Mexico and all over Latin America When we know that this only caters to one out of four people moving in the metropolis So it's a bad allocation of resources even in the case of economy. It's bad economics the cases of trying to replicate examples which have a uniqueness like kind of building a high line and privatizing it for a shopping mall in the middle of Mexico City such as a corridor cultural chapulte peck which brought a kind of a picket movement as it is as participation Which stopped the project so or even doing a new house man project such as the agonial Surin Buenos Aires, which is sort of evicting And moving and drawing a boulevard again through a city is really that our understanding of the contemporary city And it's really that our understanding of planning the second failure has to do with processes And it has to do with it. How do we communicate and who do we how do we allocate the resources? And it connects to two issues that have been mentioned the notion of adjacencies and the notion of identities which came forward in the panel Yesterday and this is our lot. These are lost opportunities where there is the Olympics Planning in Rio where there is Porto maravillas well in Rio and who the question that Joan close was saying is Who is in charge of what in terms of these processes is crucial because this is creating Not a reduction of the gap but actually an increase of the gap the same goes for the Mexico City Airport We're even to this day. We are not sure how we are going to get to that airport and and It's a it's it's really beyond laughable It's actually dramatic and the third kind of projects is failures in implementation and Arab and I mentioned that the most difficult asset is not actually capital But it's actually coordination even good projects and good ideas such as VRT is like the one in like Transantiago Maybe face or even the serritos airport of Projecting in in Santiago as well Which may be good ideas of identification of good public transportation bad implementation can create a toxic grammar or even these rise of the of a Smart seat is weathering while a lahara creating it in the center of the city or in Porto Alegre It is said the story goes that Corbusier draw this this plan from Rio from the airplane And it seems that sometimes these firms are right are drawing from the airplanes traveling in from London, New York City LA or Miami and somehow they're dropping kind of tiny bombs not that Unlike the ones that case mentioned I like to propose three ideas in the minute I have one of them is that we should move beyond the top down to discuss the issues of scale Can we actually find moments of success? beyond The idea that we think that planning operates here the top down at the large scale and imagine that planning can have movement to these moments of Of a smaller scale and even click getting closer to the bottom up We could feel this with a with a multiple multiple projects The second idea has to do with thresholds of participation We cannot the city in itself is a capital production So we have to imagine how the private sector and the social sector participate in this notion of of The large-scale planning and though we clearly understand that this is not planning the shopping mall in Puerto Madero is not planning Or even we could say that in the pedestrianization of streets is not necessarily has a strategic nest that we may desire of planning We need to move somehow to places where we can have a combination of a different bank for the buck in terms of participation And finally, which is something that Rahul Merotra has mentioned has to do with the thresholds of time between the fixed and the flexible between the instant and the long term and Maybe what I'm I'm saying is that maybe we should move from this idea top bottom to this idea of oblique planning And maybe we should pick up on what I consider one of my personal heroes in terms of planning. I know it is not Hank Obing It is a Brian, you know producer dash artist and in his oblique strategies He proposes 105 aphorisms to produce ideas to get out of Difficult creative problems some of them and I just selected six of them seem very relevant in terms of our efforts to Reimagine the new task for planning and especially for top-down planning make more mistakes faster Let's not focus on one big mistake. Do nothing for a long as possible emphasizes is difference. Is it finished? Which goes back to Richard's comment use unqualified people do not trust the experts listen to the quiet boys Ask your body and I would add the last one which Abdul Malik Simone beautifully put is one thing is not one thing Thank you very much Jose that was a great presentation and as you come and sit down I don't want to question so much as rather and no response But perhaps to put something on the table for us to pick up on later We've already asked the question about what are the limits of design and What your presentation really invoked for me is a wider question, which we've nudged in Different sessions which is about the relationship between the building of the city and Democracy whether that's about elected democracy or any other form of democracy Can we just come back to that question because your provocation of we we we when we don't know who we are Begs that very question all the time so let's come back to it because I think others will have lots to say Thanks