 A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar IAS Academy for the date 18th of August 2022. The list of articles we are going to discuss today is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. Now let's start our discussion with this question. Recently, which of the following states launched Krishi Dasan program? Option A, Bihar. Option B, Maharashtra. Option C, West Bengal. Option D, Kerala. To find the answer for this question, we have to look at this news article. See the Krishi Dasan program is launched by the Kerala government. So the correct answer here will be option D, Kerala. See in prelims, UPSE might ask questions relating to some famous regional schemes also. So it is better to be prepared. I ask this question because the program has the word Krishi in it. Krishi in Hindi means agriculture that we all know. So people might guess that the program might be from Bihar or UP as Hindi is one of the widely spoken languages in that states. But as we saw, the program was launched by the Kerala government. As a part of this discussion, let's see a few points about Krishi Dasan program. To this program, the Kerala government aims to address the issue faced by the farmers. As part of this program, the Minister for Agriculture and senior officials of the Agriculture Department will interact with the farmers across the state on a regular basis. This is done to first listen to the problems faced by the farmers. After identifying their problems, prompt action will be taken by the government to address them. This program is one of the steps taken by the Kerala government to achieve self-sufficiency in agriculture in the state. As you can see, it is an innovative program right. It is because the first step in this program is identifying the issues with the grassroots by directly interacting with them. This is a bottom-up approach. If properly implemented, this will bring productive change for the farmer. In the main system also, you can quote innovative schemes like this in the suggestion part or in the way forward part. You can write about how programs like this can be implemented at the national level. This will show the evaluator that you are up to date with the current affairs. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this news article discussion, we saw about a scheme called Krishidashan, which was launched by the Kerala government. With these key learned points, let's move on to next news article discussion. Look at this news article. It says that, the Tiruvananthapuram Corporation's property tax collection has increased in the current financial year compared to the same period in previous year. This is about the article given here. In this context, let us learn more about the property tax. See, first of all, what is a property tax? Property tax is sometimes known as house tax. It is the tax which is assessed, imposed and collected from property owners by the relevant municipal authority. See, anyone who owns a property or which may be apartment, commercial space or land needs to pay some money to the government authorities in the form of property tax. See, the tax is paid to avail basic civil facilities available in and around the property. However, certain categories of properties or certain categories of owners are exempted from paying tax. And sometimes they are required to pay at a lower rate compared to others. For instance, agriculture land or property used for worship are exempt from paying property tax. Similarly, there is a rebate for property owners who are senior citizens, women, disabled or differently abled or ex-servicemen. Now let's see how it is calculated. Know that three methods are used to calculate property tax. One of them is capital value system. It is levied as a percentage of market value of the property. The second one is annual rental value system. It is calculated based on the yearly rental value of the property. And the third one is unit area value system. It is levied on the per unit price of the build-up area of the property. Know that different municipal authorities follow different methods to evaluate property tax. Now after calculating the amount of tax, it is paid annually. But some municipal authorities allow semi-annual payment also. With this knowledge, let's see the significance of property tax. See, property tax are the financial backbone of local governments. They account for a significant portion of local revenue source. See, the collected amount is mainly used for public services like repairing roads, constructing schools, buildings, sanitation works, etc. Okay, so that's all regarding this news article. In this news article discussion, we saw about property tax and its significance. With these learned points, let's move on to next news article discussion. See this text and context article. This article talks about Arctic Amplification. It mainly focuses on three things. First, on the causes of Arctic Amplification. Then on the consequences of Arctic Amplification. And finally, its impact on India. So in this discussion, let's see all these aspects in detail. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is highlighted here. In the prelims, the topic we are about to discuss will come under general issues on environmental ecology, biodiversity and climate change. And in the main perspective, it comes under both paper one and paper three. In paper one, it comes under changes in critical geographical features and the effects of such changes. And in paper three, it comes under environmental pollution and degradation. Now let's start the discussion. First of all, what is Arctic Amplification? We all know about global warming, right? Global warming is nothing but the long-term warming of the planet's overall temperature. See, warming and cooling of Earth's temperature is not new. But what makes global warming dangerous is that it is caused by anthropogenic changes. So in recent times, due to human activities, the planet's average temperature increased by 1.1 degree Celsius. This 1.1 degree rise is not uniform across the planet. When the average increase in temperature is 1.1 degree, the temperature rise that is happening in the poles is more compared to the rest of the planet. This is called polar amplification. Out of these two poles, the temperature change is even more pronounced in the northern latitudes that is around the Arctic Circle. So this increased change in temperature due to global warming that happens in the Arctic Circle compared to the rest of the planet is called Arctic Amplification, okay? See, various studies have shown varying levels of Arctic Amplification. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program in 2021 states that compared to the rest of the planet, the Arctic has warmed three times quicker. So what causes this quicker warming in the Arctic? Or what causes Arctic Amplification? The article highlights three causes for it. They are, number one, ice albedo feedback, number two, lapse rate feedback, and number three, water vapor feedback. But to understand this, we must know what is a feedback reaction and especially we have to know what is a positive feedback. See friends, feedback reaction is a reaction in which the output of a process influences the input and in turn it influences the process. Here, positive feedback amplifies the process. To understand positive feedback, let's see an example. Let's see how a person becomes an alcoholic. See, a person does not become an alcoholic in a single day. What happens is that he or she will consume little alcohol initially. But over a period of time, our body starts building tolerance. So to achieve the same high, he or she will start consuming more alcohol. Then also, our body will develop tolerance to the increased alcohol consumption. So then he or she will start to consume even more alcohol. Due to feedback between the output and the input, the whole process becomes amplified, right? This is called positive feedback. I hope you understood what positive feedback is. And you also understood the ill effects of alcohol. So friends, kindly stay out of alcohol. Now coming back to the discussion, let's first take ice albedo feedback. Now what is albedo? Albedo is the ability of a body to reflect the incoming solar radiation into space, right? And we know that the albedo of a sea ice and snow is higher than water. So due to global warming, when Arctic sea ice starts melting, the albedo in the Arctic region will also come down. Once ice melts and forms water, the water having lower albedo than ice will absorb more solar radiation. This increases the temperature in the region and further amplifies the melting of sea ice. This positive feedback that causes increased warming in the Arctic region is called ice albedo feedback. Now let's take lapse rate feedback. We know what the lapse rate is, right? See normally with increasing altitude, the temperature of the earth's atmosphere will decrease. This is called normal lapse rate. In the Arctic, there will be an inverse in lapse rate as the surface temperature is very low due to the presence of sea ice. That is, in normal conditions in the Arctic, with increasing altitude, temperature does not decrease but increases. See, the atmosphere of the Arctic is highly stratified and due to stratification, it will be difficult for a hot parcel of air to rise to the upper atmosphere in the Arctic region. And due to global warming, as sea ice in the Arctic starts melting, the surface temperature increases. The increase in surface temperature results in an increase in evaporation. But due to the stratified nature of atmosphere in the poles, the hot air finds itself difficult to escape. So this will increase the temperature in the ground level further. The increasing temperature further increases evaporation, but the evaporated air cannot escape, further amplifying the heat in the surface. Thus the loop continues. This is called the lapse rate feedback loop. This positive feedback loop is the next important reason for Arctic amplification. The last important cause for Arctic amplification is water vapor feedback. To understand this feedback, you have to know that water vapor is an important greenhouse gas. Here also a positive feedback loop is at play. What happens here is that with global warming, the air temperature increases and we know that hot air can hold more moisture. Here moisture is nothing but water vapor. As water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the temperature further increases. With increasing temperature adds ability to hold moisture further increases. And the positive feedback loop continues. This water vapor feedback is another reason for Arctic amplification. Having seen the reasons for Arctic amplification, now let's see its impacts. First major impact is sea level rise. The Greenland ice shield holds the second largest amount of ice after Antarctica. With Arctic amplification, the melting of Greenland ice has increased. This has resulted in increasing sea level. Second is the change in properties of the Arctic sea. With Arctic amplification, the sea surface temperature in the Arctic region is increasing. This is causing acidification of the ocean as warm ocean can dissolve more carbon dioxide to form big carbonic acid. In addition to this, warming oceans and associated melting of the Arctic and Greenland ice has resulted in declining salinity in the region. These two factors, that is, declining salinity and increasing acidity are affecting the marine population in the Arctic Circle. Okay? The last important impact of Arctic amplification is the melting of Arctic permafrost. See, permafrost is a permanently frozen layer on or under earth surface. It consists of soil, gravel and sand, usually bound together by ice. The permafrost has naturally sequestered carbon with it. Due to Arctic amplification, this permafrost is also melting. This results in the release of carbon and methane back into the atmosphere. Since methane is a greenhouse gas, melting of permafrost will further amplify global warming. In addition to this, there is also the threat of release of long dormant bacteria and viruses that were trapped in the permafrost. These new bacteria and viruses might result in new diseases. Okay? These are the three important impacts of Arctic amplification. See, Arctic amplification also has some effects on India. Firstly, there is various evidences showing links between rising temperature in the Arctic and extreme rainfall from the Indian monsoon. Already, the Indian monsoon is highly unpredictable. With the Arctic amplification, Indian monsoon will further turn erratic. Since most of India's farmlands are monsoon dependent, the Arctic amplification will affect agriculture production in India. And the next one is regarding sea level rise. Melting of Greenlandic and Arctic ice is resulting in sea level rise. India has a long coastline and many major cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Vaishag and Kolkata will face the threat of drowning due to rising sea levels. So, Arctic amplification will have a direct impact on India also. And that is all regarding this discussion. Here, we saw what Arctic amplification is and its causes and impacts. This is very important from both the prelims and main points of view. If you have time, please practice answer it, because only the practice will make us to clear the examination. Okay? With these takeaway points, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this image. It is the Bada Imambada in Lucknow. The news is that this special landmark is undergoing some restoration. This restoration work is being done as its dome collapsed on Monday following heavy rain. So, in this context, let us learn a few facts about Bada Imambada. See, Bada Imambada is a imambada complex in Lucknow. It was built by Asafut Daula, who was the Nawab of Lucknow. It is also called the Asafi Imambada. See, Bada means big. And Imambada is a shrine built by Shia Muslims for the purpose of Hasadari. Here, Hasadari means the remembrance of Muharram. And it is a set of commemoration rituals observed primarily by Shia people. Okay? Now, coming back. Construction of Bada Imambada was started in 1785. But note that this 1785 was a year of devastating famine. In spite of this, Asafut Daula planned this grand project to provide employment for people in the region for almost a decade. So, it is majorly built for employment generation. And the construction of this imambada was completed in 1791. See, the estimated cost of building this imambada ranges between half a million rupees to 1 million rupees. Even after completion, the Nawab used to spend between 4 and 500,000 rupees on its decoration annually. Let's see some more important facts regarding architecture of Bada Imambada. See, Bada Imambada has a unique style of construction. The central hall of Bada Imambada is said to be the largest arched hall in the world. The hall measures 50 meters long and goes up to a height of 15 meters. What makes the construction unique is the fact that the blocks have been put together with interlocking system of bricks. And there has been absolutely no use of girders and beams. The roof stands steady till date without any pillars to support it. So, the Bada Imambada is among the grandest buildings of Lucknow. The complex also includes the largest as if we mask the Bulbulaya. And the Bauli which is a stepped well with running water. And two imposing gateway lead to the main hall. Here you can see that. So, that's all regarding this news article. In this news article, we saw about Bada Imambada and its significance. With these learnt points, let's move on to next news article discussion. See this op-ed page article here. It says that only few Bauli the service officers who are working in the state are coming forward to work with the centre. This is because majority of the officers wants to work in their comfort zone of their states. They don't want to migrate to the capital region or its neighbourhood even for 3 to 5 years to work for the union. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us see the tassel between centre and the state over this issue and some important points mentioned in the article. Before that, the syllabus relevant to this article discussion is highlighted here for a reference you can go through it. First of all, let's see the appointment of all India service officers. When I say all India services, it means the 3 civil services of India which is IAS, IPS and Indian Forest Service. As we all know, the selection process is done through UPSC. UPSC conducts an annual examination which attracts lakhs of applications from the eng aspirants. And they compete for less than 1000 positions every year. This is very well known, right? We know that civil service examination have preliminary examination, main examination and an oral interview. Based on the marks of the written examination and oral interview, candidates are selected. And after the appointment process, the officers are allotted to different states based on the requirement in that respective state. This CADR allocation is based on the CADR review. Every year, 3 CADR controlling authorities carry out a CADR review. The 3 ATAR Edis are Department of Personnel and Training for IAS and the Home Ministry for IPS and the Environment Ministry for Indian Forest Service. Okay? This CADR review gives an assessment of how many new officers are needed to be recruited in each service in each state. The review is done in consultation with the state. So, each state gives the required number of officers to the center. But here, the ultimate decision is taken by the center government. And based on this CADR review only, the required number of officers in each service is sent to the UPSC. So, when the notification comes out every year with the number of posts available, it is based on this CADR review only. Now, who appoints them? See, the officers recruited by the UPSC are appointed by the President of India. So, this means that the appointing authority is the union government. After this, the selected officers are assigned to the state CADRs by the center. And after working in the state government up to 9 years, the officers can show their willingness to come to the center through their state governments. Their names are then compiled into a consolidated offer list through which the center can choose officers for vacant post. Now, here only some problems are there. One of the problem is unwillingness of the officers to work under the union. And the other problem is the tussle between center and the state over this. Now, let's discuss these two issues one by one. First of all, let's see the reason for unwillingness of the officers. One of the main reasons is that the rigor of center's routine. That is the harsh working condition in the center. The difficulty lies in the long hours of work and there is a need for extreme care in the preparation and submission of reports. And the next reason is that the officer need to operate far away from one's native state. Okay? Now, there is also another reason. See, to work for the union government at the level of joint secretary and above, it is essential for an officer to be enrolled by the center. But this enrollment process lacks transparency. It allows only a minority of IAS officers to be made eligible for senior postings at union. So, the officers lack interest to work for the union government. See, these factors should be addressed because there is growing demand for officers in the ministry at the level of deputy secretaries and directors. You may say that there is lateral entry for qualified personnel from the public and private sectors. But the issue with the lateral entry scheme is that the number of persons recruited through the scheme is too small to make a difference. This is because the number of persons recruited through lateral entry is disproportionate to the demand for officers. As per the article, the case of the Indian police service is also equally bad. There are many vacancies in the central police establishments comprising the paramilitary forces such as CRPF, BSF, CASF, CBI and NIA. See, on one hand, the demand is growing. On the other hand, the non-IPS direct recruits to the paramilitary forces are fighting with the home ministry. The fight is to have a greater share of jobs in higher positions. See, the current cadre rules do not permit such expansion of opportunities for the non-IPS officers because only IPS officers are posted in higher positions. These are some issues with IPS. Now, how can we address the issue? See, firstly, to address the unwillingness of officers for central deputation, they should be made aware of the advantages of working for the union. Some advantages include psychological satisfaction of contributing to the formulation of national policy on many critical issues such as education, healthcare or even the preservation of environment. Then, they should be made aware of the opportunities for foreign travel and a chance to be deputed to work for international agencies. Secondly, to address the issue of mismatch between demand and recruitment, many officers should be recruited both by lateral entry and by deputation. And for non-IPS officers, carrier progression should be made attractive. Steps should be taken to have large number of non-IPS officers in the higher position. Now, let's see the tussle between the center and the state. When we saw about the appointment procedure for all-in-the-service officers, we saw that the officers are assigned to their respective state cadres by the center. And after that, the state has complete authority. See, the state can decide who should be posted in which district and who should be elevated to the level of state secretary and whom to transfer, etc. Here, the tussle is regarding who has the power. Here, states are not willing to send the officers for central deputation even if the officer is interested. The article says that there were instances of unjustified harassment of the officers. For instance, a distinguished police officer was harassed for reporting to the central government after the state government did not relieve her to join a central organization. So, what needs to be done to avoid such scenarios? The article says that the center is having dialogue with the state to amend the all-in-the-service rules. This amendment will empower the center to take control of the services of any officer serving in the states to work for the center. This will help address the issue of growing demand of post in different ministries. But we don't know whether state will agree to this or not. But the need of the harass is a stable system of civil services to bolster democratic and responsive public administration in our country. So, that's all regarding this editorial article. In this editorial article, we saw about all-in-the-service. And then we saw who appoints the officers of all-in-the-service. And then we saw the problems associated with central deputation. Finally, we have seen some of the suggestions given by the author of this editorial to rectify this issue. Okay? With these learned points, let's move on to next news article discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article talks about the Saguna and Nirguna Bhakti. These are some forms and approaches to devotion. So, in this news article discussion, we will learn about Saguna and Nirguna Bhakti in prelims point of view. See, the term Bhakti refers to devotion. As a movement, it emphasized on the intense emotional attachment and love of a devotee towards God. Okay? This movement originated in South India in 7th and 10th century CE. Mostly in the poems of Alwars and Nainas. These poems were composed in Tamil. See, the poems of Alwars were addressed to Lord Vishnu while the poems of Nainas were addressed to Lord Shiva. Okay? Then, Bhakti soon spread to North India. It appeared most notably in the 10th century Sanskrit text, the Bhagavata Purana. It swept over East and North India from 15th century onwards. It reached the peak between 15th and 17th century CE. Note that the Bhakti saints moved against the austerities propagated by the Buddhist and Jain schools. And the Bhakti saints professed that ultimate devotion to God was the means to salvation. Okay? See, this movement developed under two different schools of thought. First one is Nirguna Bhakti. It is a belief in formless worship. It was introduced by Adi Shankara. See, the Nirguna worship is very demanding. One should have Samadarsana. That means one should have the ability to view both joy and sorrow with an equal mind. This is possibly only to those who are able to control the senses and the mind. Some Bhakti saints who preached this school of thought are Kabir, Guru Nanak, Tadudayal, etc. Now, coming to Saguna Bhakti, it believed in the worship of form. It believed that God is the biggest manifestation of everything perfect. See, in Saguna worship, the Lord is omnipresent. And they believe that the Lord is present in all beings. He rules each and every aspect of creation. And the one who is able to fix his mind and heart in such a God is known as Bagdha. And note that the Lord's incarnations such as Narasimha, Rama or Krishna are suitable to be the object of their meditation. Worship of the Lord's auspicious qualities is a sure means for salvation for all of them. Some prominent people who belong to Saguna school of thought are Ramanuja, Nimbaraka, Madhava, Vallabha, Mirabai, Chaitanya Mahabrabhu, Tulsidas, Surdas, etc. Okay, so that's all regarding this news article. In this news article discussion, we saw about Nirguna and Saguna worship. Okay, with these key learnt points, let's move on to next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article as the title itself hints this news article talks about manual scavenging. See, a complaint was made to the Chief Justice of Metra's High Court. The complaint was regarding the labourers who were made to remove sewage water right outside the High Court premises. So, taking this as an opportunity, let us quickly go through what is manual scavenging. See, manual scavenging refers to the practice of manually cleaning, carrying, disposing or handling human excreta in any manner. Here, manually means doing it by hand rather than automatically or electronically. It often involves using the most basic of tools such as buckets, brooms and baskets. Now, to understand the severity of this practice, we must know a little bit of history about it. See, the practice of manual scavenging in India goes back by a few centuries. Its roots lie deep within the caste-based occupation system in India. Under British India also, where the first municipalities were inducted, manual scavengers were employed to collect waste from public toilets. Within a century, these toilets were equipped with the flush system. But by that time, most homes had outhouses or dry latrines that required human scavengers. Whom do you think they used as a scapegoat to perform all these works? Yes, the so-called lower caste were expected to perform this job. That is, the Dalits, who were lowest in the caste hierarchy, were employed as scavengers. Even within the Dalit community, it is lowest among the sub-caste who undertakes scavenging work. Manual scavengers are regarded as unclean, untouchable and face social exclusion and deprivation from multiple dimensions. Finding an alternative vocation was almost impossible. There are three reasons for this. Firstly, this is due to the fact that power and caste hierarchy are interwind in a complex web. For example, most scavengers have inherited the work from their forefathers. Secondly, the economic and social deprivation for generations have given them little opportunity to be trained for something else. Thirdly, those who dared to question the situation were met with social marginalization, exclusion from village resources, and in rare cases, they were subjected to physical thrashings. Despite its dangerous working nature, the sad reality is that manual scavengers still prevail amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in India. Now, that does not mean that Indian government did not take any steps. The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines Act 1993 formally prohibited the construction of dry latrines and employment of manual scavengers. The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act 1993 was a welfare legislation passed to monitor implementation of scheme for sanitation workers and also addresses their grievances. However, it was only in 2013, both houses of the parliament unanimously passed the prohibition of employment as manual scavengers and their rehabilitation act, which outlawed the practice of manual scavenging completely. Now, talking about this act, it is an umbrella legislation that aimed to look at the issue holistically. This act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers, construction of dry latrines and manual cleaning of septic tanks and sewers without protective equipments. It became the first legislation that identified the links between scavenging as a profession and social caste hierarchy. And it also became the first act that placed the responsibility on the owners to demolish dry latrines and build proper toilets. The act overrides all previous state laws on manual scavenging. There is a strong vigilance mechanism in place and offenses under this act are non-bailable. It is also the first legislation to have some concrete notion on rehabilitation of manual scavengers. Additionally, articles like article 14 which is about right to equality and article 17 which is regarding abolition of untouchability, article 21, 42 and 46 of the constitution of India may be invoked for these issues. This further strengthens the constitutional right of a person to seek justice. See, despite so many legislations, the practice still continues. Now, why this practice is still prevalent in India? As we all know, the first reason is the social issue. As I already said, the practice is driven by caste, class and income divides. Even though in 1993, India banned the employment of people as manual scavengers, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on. Even if they want to leave their profession, their untouchability and uncleanness tag and the resultant social stigma makes it impossible for them to find alternate jobs. Secondly, manual scavenging exists mainly due to continued presence of unsanitary latrines where a human waste has to be cleaned physically rather than by machine or sewage system. The majority of such unsanitary latrines are dry latrines that don't use water. Third important reason is the continued reluctance on the part of the state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch. Apart from this, poor enforcement of existing laws is also a reason for manual scavenging. Though the construction of dry latrines has drastically reduced, the number of deaths in manholes, sewers and septic tanks continues to remain high. So what can be done to address the issue? Firstly, there should be proper identification of the workers. States need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge. Secondly, schemes like the Swachparath Abhyan should make expansion of the sewer network as a top priority and it should come up with a scheme for scientific maintenance that will end the manual cleaning of septic tanks. Thirdly, there is a need for social sensitization. See to address the social sanctions behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to embedded in the caste system. Okay? Then it has to be sensitized. Fourthly, there is a need for a stringent law. If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services and part of the state agency, it will create a situation in which the rights of this worker will not hang in the air. Lastly, the law should be enforced vigorously to eliminate manual scavenging in the country. Apart from this, there should be trials and testing of protective gears provided to the sanitary workers. Okay? So that's all regarding this news article. In this news article, we saw about manual scavenging, why it is prevalent in India and some of the ways to address manual scavenging in India. Okay? With all these learned points, let's move on to the next part of our news article discussion, which is a preliminary practice questions discussion. Look at the first question. Consider the following statements. Bada ima bada consists of 1000 pillars to support its large roof. Statement two, it was constructed by Asaf Uddhawala, who was the Nawab of Lucknow. Okay? We have to find the correct statement here. Regarding statement one, it is incorrect because in our discussion itself, we saw that the uniqueness of the building is its pillarless roof. It is because of the interlocking system of bricks, there were no requirements of girders and beams. And statement two, it is correct. The Nawab constructed is to provide job to his people during the period of famine. Look at the second question. It is regarding property tax. Statement one, a property of central government is liable to pay property tax. Statement two, vacant properties are liable to pay property tax. We have to find the correct statement here. See here, both the statements are incorrect because central government properties and vacant properties are generally exempted from property taxation. So, here our answer will be option D, neither one nor two. Look at this question. This question is a quiz question for you. This is a very easy question. If you have listened to our discussion today, you can easily answer this question. Find the answer and post it in the comment section. The main question based on today's discussion is displayed on the screen. You can write your answer and post it in the comment section. I will definitely review and tell you my feedback. If you like the video, hit the like button, post your comments and share the video with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel. Thanks for watching.