 Hello friends, today let us know the important commercial crop and its insect test and also the management. So as you know this cotton it is called as king of fibers, it is grown throughout the global and it occupies 5 percent of total cropped area and India stands first in area and second in production. So in globally cotton is grown as BT cotton. So here is the graph here in different year how this cotton is grown and how much production is and how much yield is obtained in different areas. So in India the major cotton growing states are Gujarat and Maharashtra, they occupies almost more than 50 percent of the area and other the important cotton growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Karnataka. Mostly in India also majority of the area it is under BT cotton, it actually manages Lepidopterna pest and at the same time the sucking pest they are going to cause much damage and here are the list of pest, sucking pest and bowlworms which cause much damage in non-BT cotton and also some of the stainers like red cotton bug and also dusky cotton bug which are late occurring pest and they are also going to cause much damage during later stages. And this is one slide wherein the important insect pest showing their occurrence in different countries, one important pest is American bowlworm. So it is found throughout the India and other countries also. Actually it was actually recorded in Brazil also. The another important pest pink bowlworm and it is occurring throughout India and other countries like America, Africa and also Australia. And next important pest here are species and this is also one of the important pest among bowlworms occurring throughout North Africa, India, Pakistan and also other countries. The next important pest like cotton leaf roller, white fly, leaf hopper, f-feeds and in some part of the country even a mealy bug. So recently occurred in India, myriad bug and also flower mead, these are the emerging pest recently on BT cotton. So these are the some of the important pest, now important pest which are occurring on cotton, both sucking pest and bowlworms. So lyriomyza, it is one important pest, immediately it is occurring once the crop puts up two to three leaf test and by remaining inside the two layers it is going to cause damage. Next important and it is going to, I mean it is occurring throughout India even South, Central and North India that is leaf hopper, it is also called as jacid, both adults and names they are going to cause much damage and the affected cotton plant it is going to produce the characteristic symptoms like margin of the leaves start curling downwards and also starts redding. The hopperworm symptom, so it is the last test and even some cases it is going to cause much damage even depth of the plant it is going to occur. The another important pest that is thrips under a dry situation it is going to multiply rapidly and its symptom is prevailing of leaves due to scraping of epidermis and continuous de-shapping, so it produces the characteristic silvery appearance on the lower surface of the leaves and it is going to see from the distance even. Next sucking pest that is aphids, both here nymphs and adults they are going to cause much damage and damage it is causing both direct and also indirect damage, direct damage most of the insects which are going to congregate on growing tips and it is going to produce the high need use secretion which is going to fall on the leaves at later stage even on the bowls also it is going to fall and it enhance the development of this shooty mold if you see it looks like a sicky appearance plant. And the next important pest that is white fly, so both here nymphs and adults they are going to cause much damage to the plant and it is one of the complete pest as you can say and it is very much important in transmission of CLCV diseases and here also this shooty mold development is seen it is because of high need use secretion on the plants and thereby lint contamination is also seen. So, recently the other important pest which are occurred on especially on BT cotton that is myrid bug and this myrid bug so it was recorded in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and other parts of the country and here it is going to cause damage due to insertion of its silest to the growing squares even developing bowls even sometimes it is going to cause even flowers also. And because of this abnormal production of flowers and even premature shedding of the squares and also small bowls is seen which is affected by these myrid bugs at the same times because of its insertion of silest so characteristic symptoms of this oozing out of yellow fluid from the this buds is seen. And sometimes even as well you can see the feeding functions on bowls and another symptom that is one can say it is a characteristic symptoms produced by myrid bug that is a parrot being taking the symptoms because of this much of the damage it is caused to the developing bowls and ultimately the deformed bowls are going to produce. So, this myrid bug it is occurred throughout the country recently and here both crawlers and also names and adults they are going to congregate on the plants and they are going to congregate on each and every part of the plant that is birds, squires, bowls and even on shoots also because of this so complete drying of the plants can be seen even sometimes it is going to deteriorate the quality of the lint also. And recently this flower midge occurred in some of the states especially in Karnataka it is also going to cause much damage on the squares and even the developing flowers because of insertion of its eggs in the flowers so sometimes even 10 to 15 maggots they are going to emerge from these flowers and because of this so internal content will be destroyed and premature shedding of the flowers can be seen even sometimes squares shedding is also seen. And these are the some of the late occurring purse that is dusky cotton bug and it is seen in just opening bowls in numerous numbers and another pest is red cotton bug and it is also going to cause at later stage especially during the opening of the bowls and because of this even the quality of the lint and even viability of the seeds it is reduced. Okay friends so up to this we have seen the various sucking pest which are occurring on cotton and next we will see the bowlworm complex which are going to cause direct damage among them that is Helicopa Armijara which is seen throughout the country and also other countries these are the different color marks on different ecosystems and it is going to cause damage on developing bowls, squares and also even it is going to feed on flowers also. Because of this square shedding is seen and the heavy loss it is due to the square because of characteristic feeding on the squares. Next important pest that is spotted the bowlworm here we have two species Arias vitella and Arias insulina so it is also going to cause much damage and recently it has damaged even BT cotton also in some of the pockets and similarly this pest also causes damage to the squares then at early stage it is going to act as a shoot borer and later stage even it is going to cause the developing bowls by boring. Then recently this pink bowlworm has caused much damage on even BT cotton also so here it lays some 100 to 150 eggs on squares, flowers and more preferably on developing bowls that is 15 to 30 days old they are preferred for egg laying and emerged larvae from the egg it is white in color and after a third instar it is going to get this pinkish color and ultimately afterwards the developed layer comes out from the bowls and pipettes in the soil and emerges out as adult. These are the characteristic symptoms which are produced on the different parts of the cotton plants reproductive parts especially the on flower bud in flowers I mean the characteristic symptom that is rosette flowers is seen because of its webbing inside the flower and even sometimes it also bowls after feeding on flowers so developing larvae it is going to bore into the developing bowls to feed on its preferred food that is seed and these are the exit holes which actually cut open by the last instar larvae for pupation in the soil. Because of this the bad bowl opening is seen in some cases some 8 to 10 larvae will come out from the bad opened bowls and this is one tobacco caterpillar so occasionally occurs or sporadically it occurs on cartons and it is mostly acts as a defulator and sometimes even it also feeds on these developing bowls and another pest that is cotton leaf roller it is also occasional pest which is occurring on cotton so its characteristic symptom is folding the leaves and feeding inside the leaves. So there are some mite species which are occurring on cotton among them one is red spider mite so it is also occurring at later stage and because of its continuous feeding the plants will be stunted and the flower is brittle in appearance. The another mite that is yellow mite which occurred recently on a cotton especially in Karnataka so it belongs to tetranicade and because of its continuous de-sapping the leaves become brittle and also later stage it is going to shed also. So in this class we have studied the various insect pests which are occurring on cotton and also the symptoms produced by these insect pests. In the next class we are going to study about how we are going to manage these pests on cotton. Thank you.