 So, Holly Rebecca Cole is the coordinator for the Globe Observer, a project which aims to extend the long-standing citizen science program global learning and observations to benefit the environment, otherwise known as GLOBE, to non-school-based audiences. Prior to her current role, she was the education and communication lead for the Earth Science Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Previous to that, Holly was a science writer for NASA's Earth Observatory and education and public outreach efforts for NASA's Terra and Landsat missions. Holly has a graduate degree in science communication from the University of Washington and an undergraduate degree in physics from Idaho State University. Kristen Weaver is the deputy coordinator for GLOBE Observer. She is also an outreach specialist for the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission based out of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Prior to that, she taught middle school science for eight years. Yay, I love teachers in both Montgomery County Public Schools of Maryland and the Denver Public Schools in Colorado, with a primary focus on Earth science. She holds an MA in education and a BS in computer science and psychology, both from the University of Denver. Please welcome Holly and Kristen. Holly Okay, so let me, first of all, glad to be here this evening. Happy to talk to you about GLOBE Observer and what we've got going for the eclipse. Let me get my screen shared here. So, yes, so as we were introduced, we are the coordinator and deputy coordinator for GLOBE Observer, which has more to it than just clouds and eclipse, but that's what we're going to talk about for this evening. And so I'll just go ahead and get started. And I don't know, Brian or Vivian, if I'm happy to have questions in the middle, if people have questions, but I'm not sure I'll be able to how easily I'll see the questions. So, feel free to interrupt if there are questions in the middle that come up. Yeah, we'll moderate that for you. Holly Perfect, okay. And Holly and I are going to kind of tag team just here and there and kind of split up some of this as we go along. So, as was mentioned, this is a project that we're doing for the eclipse, specifically in combination between the GLOBE program and NASA. And I just like this poster, I like putting it in presentations, that we want you for citizen science, we want you to help collect data for us during the eclipse. And I'm here to tell you how you can do that. Hey, Kristen, I don't think we see your screen. Do you want to share your screen? Kristen No, I thought I did. Holly Everybody else seeing it and I'm just missing it. Kristen I haven't. Holly Nope. I will do it again. Does that, is that better Vivian? Vivian There you go, you got it, thanks. I thought I had, but yeah, maybe not everyone was seeing it. So, as mentioned, the GLOBE program is a citizen science project that has been around for more than 20 years. And actually, this is an older slide because it's now 117 countries. And so, what we are doing with GLOBE Observer is taking this really rich program that had training teachers with students to collect data and do the really hands-on science in all of these different areas, but actually now expanding it to new audiences, including just people who are interested in the citizen science data. And that's what makes it really exciting that we're taking the pieces of the GLOBE program that is really, is a very rich resource and making it a little bit more accessible to more people. For the eclipse specifically, we are looking, our tagline here is, How cool is the eclipse? Because it is pretty cool in many senses, but the idea is to try to look at what happens to clouds and what happens to air and potentially service temperature or focusing on air temperature. But what happens when the eclipse occurs? And so this is more than just what happens during totality, this is what's happening during the whole process between first contact and last contact. What, how much is the earth cooling? How is that affected at different percentages of totality, at different latitudes, at different parts? The eclipse in Oregon will be in the morning, the eclipse on the middle and east coast will be more in the afternoon, the totality portion. So we just really want to see, can we get a lot of data to help us look at patterns in what is happening during the eclipse in the atmosphere? And the other aspect of it is not just collecting data that it has scientific value, both, I will say for the, we have, we have a few NASA scientists who, they're caging it a little bit, but they're willing to look at our, they may use our data if we get enough of it and if it's good enough. But the other audience is the globe students. So we can help provide this, this amazing database of real data about a particular interesting event that then we hope that we will have lots of globe students looking at and analyzing and doing projects about as well. So we've kind of got multiple audiences that we, that we want to use the data, but then also kind of the other goal of it is just having people be more aware of some of these atmospheric changes during the eclipse. So of course it's an amazing, beautiful, awesome astronomical event. I've never seen a total solar eclipse myself, so I'm very much looking forward to it. But there are other things that are happening before and after that amazing two and a half minutes that we want people to be paying attention to. And one of the ways that we can have people pay more attention is by having them have a task that they need to do. And that's what we're hoping that you may be willing to help us with. So during the eclipse, normally in the Globe Observer app, we have clouds and we also have the mosquito habitat map for which I will mention. And I think I have one slide about just so that you know it's there, but it's not really related to this. But during the eclipse, we'll add air temperature special for that day. So all you need is a simple thermometer. And I know that thermometer in the middle is in the sun and it shouldn't be, but it's kind of hard to get a good picture of a thermometer without it being in the sun. So we'll talk about that a little bit later. And then, you know, for those who are interested, if you want to do service temperature or other variables, the Globe Database doesn't have a real way to enter wind data. So we didn't include that, although I know there is some interest in whether there is a solar wind that occurs with the eclipse and eclipse winds. So we don't have that as like a formal protocol, but if people are interested in collecting some of that other information and putting it in the comments, then we'll also be trying to look at that. I mean, I'll mention also, if you want to enter service temperature or some of these things into Globe, there is a way to do that with online training. But through the app, it will just be clouds and air temperature. So this is what our app is going to look like. If you download Globe Observer today, you will see these three buttons. There, the eclipse one has a little like red triangle off the side that says that, you know, data collection isn't available yet and just will direct you to our website. But once on about the 18th, so we're giving people a few days to practice their observations and do air temperature before, like a few days before the eclipse, you will click on that and you will see the eclipse special mini app. And so there's the triangle there gives you information. When you first come in, you will see some basic information and we'll also ask you what type of thermometer you have. I'll talk about that a little bit more later about some of the different types of thermometers. And then also some settings, whether you want notifications and things like that, you can always change that in the settings button in the middle there. And then you can see a data table of your observations. So this particular example has three observations that one of the cool things that our app developers did is that little moon at the top will actually move closer and closer to the sun. This is, I think that the numbers they have here aren't really particularly accurate in terms of where that moon is going to be because it should be a lot closer to the sun and this particular setup. But it will actually move when you're using it during the eclipse. You know, there's a time to your next observation. And then as you go, it'll create this graph of air temperature that you can save on your phone, that you can share via social media. And then the graph will be stored. But more importantly, the data points will be sent into the globe database. And so you can see here we've got our temperature being recorded. And it does have the ability to do Fahrenheit as well as Celsius since we are, you know, globe normally prefers Celsius measurements, but since we are in the U.S., we thought it would make it a little bit more friendly for people to also have the Fahrenheit option. And then you can see the cloud observations that are being made there as well. So different types of thermometers. We are not being terribly picky to be perfectly honest because we want people to participate. Now, this is a little bit more of a sophisticated audience. So we expect you might have a more sophisticated thermometer. But really we are not going to turn down anybody's data. We are going to ask people what type of thermometer they have. But part of the goal is that if we get enough people crowdsourcing the data, we may be able to, you know, read out if there are some really big outliers that somebody's thermometer really isn't working. But we didn't want, because it's also an engagement activity, we didn't want to be, it's terribly particular about what type of thermometer people were using. So of course we have guideline suggestions for, you know, get one that is at least, you know, resolution of five degrees Celsius at least, you know, try to get a good one. But, you know, honestly anything is okay for this purpose because it is an attempt to get as many people engaged as well as collecting data that we can hopefully also, you know, use and by getting enough data, we can read out any sort of problems that we notice. And so as you see, you know, I actually did test these instant read thermometers that you see here on the left and the right. And they do seem to actually, they were not that far off compared to some of these other more sophisticated thermometers when I did some testing of them, just taking them inside and outside to test how quickly they would respond. If you are looking for specific suggestions about thermometers, the GLOBE program has information about some particular, some suppliers and things that you might be able to get of some of the companies that provide a lot of GLOBE equipment or separate sort of things. But really you can also just go online and find various sorts of thermometers as well. There is not, like I said, we're not, because the goal is also outreach, we're not being terribly particular about thermometers, although we will be able to, I think, tell those who have the more sophisticated thermometers and be more, rely a little bit more on their data since they'll tell us what type of thermometer they have. So what we want to do is have you take air temperature measurements for two hours before and after the maximum eclipse or totality if you're across the path of totality. But so the other thing that's important, and I imagine many of this audience are planning to travel for the eclipse, but these are measurements that can be taken, whether you're experiencing a partial eclipse or a total eclipse. We do actually want that comparison data. And we're going two hours because that will actually go before first contact. So we really want to get this curve of temperature from before the eclipse even starts, and then after it ends. So what we're hoping is that people will take those measurements throughout that entire about four-hour period. But you don't need it quite as often at the beginning and the end. So for that period of a half hour before and after totality or maximum eclipse, we want people to increase those measurements to every five minutes, but trying to balance the burden of asking people to make measurements, enough measurements, but not having it too on our, it's a task that they don't, that they choose not to do it. And if there is anybody that is interested in doing, you know, that has some kind of data logger and wants to enter data more often than that, I can talk to you about that. That's something that could be entered through the regular globe program with a little bit of online training. And then we want people to actually practice a day or two before and maybe get some comparison data for the day before the eclipse. So like I said, data collection will actually start to be available August 18th. So that's the Friday before. And so people can start taking some measurements before that. And you know, if possible, maybe we can get some comparison data because one of the things that's challenging in looking at the effects of the eclipse is you have all these other weather variables that are involved. So, you know, if there's a cold front coming in, how do you, how do you separate out what the temperature drop is because of the cold front and what is the temperature drop because of the eclipse? And so maybe by having, you know, more comparison data, we'll see if we can sort out some of those differences. A few things again, because I know this is a little bit more of a sophisticated audience. We're not asking people to necessarily calibrate their thermometers, but it's certainly not a bad idea to do if you're willing to take that extra effort. So it's pretty simple to do. Prepare this crushed ice and water. Make sure you have more ice than water. Put the thermometer in the ice bath and let it sit for a few minutes, about 10 minutes. And then if it's showing between 0.5 and negative to positive, that's Celsius. I didn't do the conversion for Fahrenheit on this slide, I guess. But so, you know, you want it to be within that range of above plus or minus half a degree. And then that will show you that that's a good thermometer to use. Again, we're not going to turn anybody down if they don't do a calibration, but it's certainly not a bad thing to do if you want the most accurate data. And again, for accuracy of measurements, I mean, Globe prefers that air temperature be done in the instrument box that you see on the left. But of course, people are traveling for the eclipse, so they're not likely to be able to carry that instrument box along with them. But still, measuring it in the shade or even your own shadow will help make those measurements a little bit more accurate. And so this is, I just want to show this. So this was me testing those thermometers. So I took them from my air conditioned inside out to my very much not air conditioned outside to just kind of see how quickly they would respond. And most of them actually did within a few minutes. I mean, that's another reason for having the five minute time frame is that some of these thermometers are not necessarily going to change super quickly. They do have a bit of an adjustment period to a new temperature. So really five minutes is a pretty good time frame. And like I said, these seem to work. They even my really cheap thermometer there on the right that was I think under $10 actually was not too far off compared to the more expensive like multi-day thermometer or my kestrel there. Kristen, we have a question that relates to what something that you just said and it seems like a good time to bring this up. Brian asks, what are the chances of getting access to the app earlier? Three days isn't a lot of time, especially for like he mentions that he is and a lot of other people will be traveling during that time and might want to have an opportunity to test it and make sure it works before they're having to get in the car and go. Yeah. So actually that's a very good point. Let me clarify that. So the app you can download anytime. The app is available now. Cloud observations are available now. You could start doing those tomorrow if you wanted to. So once you have updated the app, then it will have everything you need to do the eclipse. It will be already downloaded. It's just that we don't have data collection available until right before the eclipse. And part of that is honestly because of the globe program wanted to make sure that we weren't letting, like this is not as controlled of data as the globe program usually has. They usually require for most of the aspects of data going into the globe database. They want people to be trained. They want people to be doing a certain steps using certain, you know, have calibrated those tools, have used very specific thermometers. Many of these thermometers would not be acceptable for normal globe measurements. So that's kind of the balancing act between we want to have this special event where people can, where we're not being as restrictive. So that's why we're just allowing it a few days before. But you are able to, and we actually encourage you to download the globe observer app and that everything will be there. And then the data collection will just become, it'll just kind of click on on a time, like a time set that then you'll be able to enter data. So hopefully that makes sense is that the app you can download ahead of time, you can get it set up, you can get your account made and everything that you need to do. And then once you get there on the 18th, everything will already be on your phone that you need to make the observations. This is Holly. If I may encourage you to download the app ahead of time, if you plan on participating in the experiment. So once you download the app, you need to register and that registration process is just to confirm that you have an actual email address that you are a real person. But it does take a little bit of time and a little bit of back and forth, just a few minutes, but it still takes a little time. And if you are in an area that's really crowded and you don't have the best data access at your Eclipse site, it's probably a good idea to make sure that that is set up ahead of time. And then once it's set up on your phone and you were registered, you no longer need data access to use the app. You will need data access eventually to send all the temperature measurements and cloud measurements back to us. But during the Eclipse itself, you will not need that access because we know that data will probably be somewhat limited. Thanks, Holly. That's a much clearer way of saying it. And that's actually something that is built into the app normally is that once you have the app on your phone, whether you're doing clouds or the Eclipse measurements or the mosquito habitat mapper, once you have the app downloaded, you don't need a Wi-Fi connection. You don't need cellular data to collect the data. Then you can go back and send it later on. So you're able to do it out in the field, whether that's because it's a remote place or if that's because there are thousands of people all trying to use the cellular network and so there's no connection. This is an example of some data collected from an Eclipse in 2001. And this is Stena Odenwall at NASA Goddard didn't collect this data, but he, that link at the bottom, he's put together some information that has a bit more detail about some of the types of thermometers and some things like that, as well as some insight into observations. But so this is an example of what we're hoping that we can get for observations. And this is about, not quite, what, 12 degrees? There are about 12 degrees difference in between the top temperature and the bottom temperature here. So this is, hopefully we will get some nice curves like this from people collecting the data. And then I am going to pass it off to Holly to talk a little bit about clouds. Great, thank you, Kristen. It's really nice to be here and it's good to see everybody. So thank you for having me, for having us. So why observe clouds during an eclipse? You're kind of hoping you don't see clouds during the eclipse. This idea stems from an experience that I had in 2005. I traveled to Turkey to watch the 2005 total solar eclipse there. And it was a really hot, clear, sunny day. So we're sitting on the beach waiting for this eclipse to get going and we have first contact and over a rather long period of time, the eclipse continues to progress and it starts to get really cold and we have a wind picking up because we're on the beach and so we have the land, ocean temperature difference and so we have a wind picking up and as we get closer and closer to totality, we started to see really thin ice clouds, thin high ice clouds forming kind of around the sun, which was a little disconcerting because we were afraid that it would be blocked during totality. But it was all part of the eclipse experience, this huge dip in temperature that made it go from uncomfortably warm to really cold and then the cloud change. So the clouds are a really nice proxy for what's happening in the atmosphere and help us think about what the relationship is between the sun and the energy we get from the sun and our weather and temperature and patterns here on the ground. So this slide is a series of cloud images as we see them from NASA's perspective from space and you see just, we're looking at clouds from above using a variety of sensors, whether they're airborne based or satellite based. Go ahead and go to the next slide please, Kristen. And for some reason, the presentation is freezing on my screen. So there we go. Okay, I wasn't getting all the slides before but it seems like it's here now. So this is the globe observer cloud protocol inside the globe observer app. So when you download the app, you're going to get that screen that is on the left where you have, it will actually have the eclipse app on, or eclipse protocol on top and then clouds and mosquito habitat mapper. And I just wanted to talk a little bit about what the cloud protocol is and again encourage you to download the app ahead of time and to practice using the cloud protocol way before the eclipse starts because it does take a little practice to get the hang of the cloud classification. So when you first download the app and first launch the cloud protocol, you will be giving a series of training slides to kind of help orient you. But as you go, a few training slides are probably not going to give you the deep knowledge you need to definitively classify clouds in each instance. And so if you have questions as you go, there's that little question mark down at the very bottom of your screen. And there's also on the cloud page, you don't actually see it here, a little key. And those things will help give you a little bit more information. The key is particularly useful because it opens up a much more detailed description of different cloud types. So when you launch the app, it's going to automatically find your location for you and record the time. And it will also have a little map and so you can look at the map and see if the location that it's getting from your phone is accurate. The phone location isn't always accurate, so we give people the ability to correct that. So once you have that set, to go to you click next, the next screen, I will ask you about how much of the sky is covered in clouds. Are we looking at just a few clouds? Are we looking at isolated clouds, 10 to 20% scattered, broken, or completely overcast? For your sake, I'm hoping that you're clicking that top button during the eclipse that you only have a few clouds. And then there's a question in the chat about is the slide advancing? You should be looking at a screen that says globe observer clouds at the top and it has images of different screens from the app at the moment. Is that what you're seeing? Yes, that's what we're seeing. Good. Okay. Yes. So once you've classified the cloud type, we're going to ask you, I'm sorry, the percent cloud cover, we're going to ask you a few additional questions about what you're seeing. So we'll ask you what kind of cloud are you seeing? Are you seeing really high thin clouds? Are you seeing the thicker cumulus, zero cumulus high cumulus clouds or the really high serostratus clouds? And we break it down into different sections of the sky. So you have your high level clouds, your mid level clouds, and your low level clouds. And we just ask people to do their best to classify what they see. And if you don't know exactly what you see, don't worry about it too much. Because we will have you take pictures of the sky, which I will get to in a moment. So once you classify what kinds of clouds you see, we'll ask you what color is the sky. We're asking that because we're trying to get at, you know, what kind of, what is the air quality? Are there a lot of aerosols in the air? Are things like smoke or dust? I think smoke could potentially be an issue for us in August. Or is it really clear? Is it deep blue? And then we're going to be looking at visibility. You know, can you see a long ways? Or is it really hazy and you can't see very far at all? And then once you've kind of classified everything, using the keys that will show up on the app itself, we ask you to take pictures. And what the phone will do is it will tell you to rotate your phone so it's a landscape sideways. And then it will ask you to tilt your phone up to 20 degrees. And it will, it will help you do that. And it will also help you face North, South, East and West. And so as you rotate around, it will actually automatically take a picture when you get to North and you're tilting your phone 20 degrees. It will snap a picture of the sky. And this is kind of a verification, if you will. You know, we can go back and see if the serious clouds you say are there are actually there. Or maybe there's some additional things there that you didn't perhaps notice. It's also useful for scientists to compare actual photos to some of the satellite data. So that is what the cloud app will have you do. Again, the training is in the app itself with links to additional material through both the help button and the suddenly things are changing. Can I just go ahead and go to the next screen? So anyway, you do have help in the app and we just ask you to do your best. So next slide please, Kristen. I'm still seeing globe observer clouds. There we go. There we go. What can clouds tell us? Should be what you're seeing now. So why monitor clouds? Well, as I mentioned, it's a proxy for what's going on in the atmosphere. They can tell us about air temperature and water and wind high in the sky. So for example, in that top left picture, you're seeing a airplane contrail and it's a really short lived short airplane contrail. And if you see that and the rest of the sky is fairly clear, you know, it's probably pretty dry up in the atmosphere because that contrail is forming and there's not enough moisture. It's evaporating away very quickly. Whereas the photo on the right top right is showing a moist atmosphere where, you know, there's enough moisture in the atmosphere that things are not evaporating away and the clouds are persisting a little bit longer. So it's telling us a little bit about, you know, dry the humidity of that level of the atmosphere. But it also tells us, you know, if you have really cold icy clouds, then it's the atmosphere is getting cool very quickly. Whereas if you have some of the big cumulus clouds, it's perhaps not quite as cold or freezing quite as much. So it tells a little bit about temperature and winds and humidity. It also tells us how much sunlight is reaching the ground and how much heat is escaping back into space. And this is actually why NASA is particularly interested in cloud data, not just during the eclipse, but, you know, generally. It helps us to understand the balance between energy coming from the sun, energy leaving the earth and how that actually forms our climate. You go ahead and go to the next slide, please, Kristen. So you should be seeing a slide that says Cloud Effects on Earth's Radiation and with lots of arrows. And so the yellow arrows are referencing energy coming in from the sun and it comes to the surface of our planet and it heats earth and that the heat goes up as outgoing longwave radiation, which is represented by the red arrows. So different kinds of clouds interact with this energy, both incoming and outgoing in different ways. High clouds tend to be kind of thin and transparent, so they let that light through and to reach the ground. But they tend to trap heat. So if you have a lot of high clouds, you're going to have some heat trapping properties because they let more in and they let out. The low clouds are thick. And so they reflect that incoming radiation back out into space, which tends to have somewhat of a cooling effect, broadly speaking. But they also reflect a lot of the, they let about half of the outgoing heat back out into the atmosphere and they radiate half back down to the surface. So that's why on a winter's day, when you have a cloudy sky, it's a little bit warmer than when you have a really clear sky. The energy is coming back from those clouds. So they have a different effect on the energy budget and where this energy goes. So by knowing where all the clouds are on Earth and seeing how the different cloud types change, helps us understand all of the pieces of where this energy is going when it comes here from the sun and what it's doing in the atmosphere and then what happens is it leads Earth. Next slide please. So this is just very quickly, this is the NASA fleet of satellites and the satellites that are circled are those that have specific instruments designed to observe clouds. Go ahead and go to the next slide. So why do we need citizen scientists if we have all of these instruments that observe clouds? Well, citizen scientists can provide us unique data to help us understand that satellite data a little bit better. So it gets us global data points in areas that scientists themselves would not be able to go to, but it also provides us the bottom-up perspective. Satellites looking down from space, but we can see unique things looking up. Go ahead and go to the next slide. So this is a couple of examples. We can identify certain aspects of clouds that sensors might not be able to see. We might be able to see details in the clouds, like the rainbow you see here, or some of the smaller clouds that might otherwise blend in when you look at it at the course or satellite view. So human observer can tease out some of those details. We also see small features that are just too little to be observed from the satellites that we use to observe clouds and that are too short-lived. Most of our satellites are in a polar orbit, which means that they go over a spot on Earth once a day, twice a day once during the day and once during night. And that means we're only looking at that area for maybe five minutes, 10 minutes during the day. And so these short-lived clouds that kind of change throughout the day, we're going to miss them. So an observer from the ground is going to see that, whereas our satellites might miss it. I've also seen examples of some of the photos that people have submitted to us through the Global Observer app where they've noted some contrails and you see the contrails very clearly in the photos. When you go back and look at the satellite data, it just isn't showing up. It's just too little. Next slide, please. So the other favorite reason that citizen scientists and the ground perspective is really useful is that you can see clouds that we might have a tough time seeing from a satellite. So in the right-hand image, it's the view from the top looking down. And you see in that scene, there are clouds there, but there's also a snow-covered landscape. And it's really tough to differentiate the two. You can kind of tell because they're slightly different textures, but it's tough. And we could look at other wavelengths of light and tease it out that way, but the view from the ground looking up, you have then really nice contrast with the sky and the cloud. So you can tell the difference between sky and cloud pretty easily. And so just having that additional data point is helpful for scientists in knowing where the edges of clouds are and what's cloud versus land cover. Next slide. So during the eclipse, we're asking people to make the observations every 15 to 30 minutes. More often, if you see changes happening, if you're also measuring air temperature, you'll get a reminder in the app every third time you enter an air temperature observation to think about maybe making a cloud observation as well. And then you also have, through the app itself, in the photo fields, you can add narrative comments to your photos about anything interesting you see happening. So you see a cloud maybe forming or dissipating very quickly. Yes, please remember to turn on your phone location or else the app's just not going to be able to get that for you. Thank you for that in the comments. So anyway, you can add narrative and additional information for us to complete the story of your experience. Next slide. Still a lot of advancing. Maybe try again. I think there's just a delay because I advanced it and then I don't think you can see it right away for whatever reason. No, I'm still looking at cloud measurements. There we go. So some of you may be leading outreach events or activities. And so we wanted to suggest maybe some things that you could do. And maybe not the day of the eclipse or possibly the day of the eclipse, depending on what there is going on around you. And one activity that I think that I plan on using when I do outreach events in Idaho is the cloud and the bottle. And with this activity, you're going to be changing the pressure inside the bottle which will raise the air temperature in the bottle. And then you'll increase the pressure and then release the pressure. And as you release the pressure, the temperature in the bottle is going to decrease and you should get kind of a cloud in quotation marks to form. And so you can talk about why we might see changes in the atmosphere and changes in clouds during an eclipse if we have temperature changes in the atmosphere, similar to the temperature changes we're going to be experiencing in the bottle. So if you haven't done this activity before, there are lots of examples on YouTube. So I encourage you to take a look at it in action, but really quickly. You'll just pour just a little water bottle. Works really well. A very flexible water bottle works very well. You pour just a little bit of water or water in the bottom of the bottle, just enough to cover it. Swirl it around to coat the sides of the container. And then you'll light a match and push the match inside the bottle. I always caution if you're leading the event, you're the only one holding that match. I don't ever hand them to anybody to get if you're outdoors in a fire prone area. So you're going to put that match in the bottle. It will go out and then you'll put the cap on the bottle very quickly and tightly. What we want is the smoke coming off that match. So you want to trap that inside the bottle. So you're going to squeeze that bottle really hard for a few seconds. Have a kid squeeze it or a kid and parent squeeze it and count to 10. And then release it. And you should when you release the bottle, you're again decreasing that pressure. And so the temperature will decrease and you should see a cloud form. Next slide. So I know the next slide while Kristen is well we're waiting for it to show up. That next slide is going to tell you a few variations on the cloud and the bottle activity. One of them is to instead of water to put alcohol in the bottle. In this case, do not use the match. You're just going to increase pressure and then release the pressure. And since the evaporation point for alcohol is much lower, you don't need the condensation nuclei that the smoke will provide. It's just a way to do this without a match. It also produces a much thicker cloud. So if you're working with a large group, it's an easier one to use. So you can use rubbing alcohol without a match. And when you do that, I think it's a good idea, especially if you're using both to color the alcohol so you don't risk putting the match in there. So another thing you can do is instead of squeezing the bottle, you can use a bike pump with a sealed cork on the bottle to increase the pressure. And then you can just pull the cork out to release it or you can use a fizz keeper to do the same thing. You can put an aquarium thermometer inside the bottle so you can see the increase in temperature as you increase the pressure. Rubbing alcohol with a match would be a different physics demonstration. I don't think any of us want that. Let's see. And then the last one is that you can shine a laser through the bottle to just emphasize the clouds forming in the bottle. And again, this is just a nice way to talk about changes in pressure and temperature, things that we expect to see during the eclipse and why that would result in cloud changes. All right, Kristen, I think it's yours. And I see the next slide. Yeah, so that delay is really weird. I don't know why it's doing that. But so again, just to continue with some other things that you can, that you can, that some ideas you might think about for table demonstrations or things like that. And by the way, we are not talking about any of the eclipse, like astronomy eclipse activities because there are so many resources out there on the NASA Eclipse website, eclipse2017.nasa.gov. I mean, lots of other people have done Eclipse demonstrations with the ball and the light and all that sort of thing. This is just some things related to the cloud specifically. So this is one, and I'm sorry, I forgot to put a link at the bottom of this, but I can make sure I paste it in the chat later on. But so this is something you can print out and it's the idea of looking at sky conditions and some of the reasons why the sky appears different colors based on what's in the atmosphere. And so if you put a little cup on each of these and then put water in the cup and then add some drops of milk, none on the left, and then steadily increasing drops of milk on the right, then you can actually see that that's why the sky is becoming more hazy is because of these added aerosols, these added bits of particles, in this case represented by the milk and in nature represented by very dust particles or other pollutants or even water vapor. On a more humid day, you might have it be a little bit less blue. And so you can look at this. So this relates to the observations that we have people do because you're both looking down through the top of the cup or the bottle, whatever you use, and seeing that's kind of like when you were looking up at the sky and seeing that different sky color, but also then looking across the horizon, you can put something behind the cups and look through it to see how those differences are going to affect how the horizon appears. And so this is just a way to show that in a very controlled setting of why the sky is not always the same color blue. Also looking at cloud transparency. So this is an activity that you can have people do. And again, I should have had the link at the bottom of this, but the idea is that you give people different materials. And this could be certainly an activity for kids and working at it for half an hour, or it could be just something at a table where you give people some tissue paper and some paper towels and some white paper and some cardboard or maybe some foil or whatever different types of materials you have and have them sort it into transparent, translucent, and opaque, which are the categories we put the clouds in. And so you can have them start to think about, well, how do I actually determine this? Do I hold it up through a light? Do I try to see something through it? Do I shine a light through it? Like, how can you actually determine what category these are that we also then have for the clouds and of course make such a big difference in terms of how much energy is getting through those clouds? And so it's a way to make it hands-on especially when these are especially suited for kids, although I think adults, I've done that with teachers and they seem to enjoy themselves as well but especially for kids to think about what are the differences between these things and something tangible that then they can connect to their observations looking up at the clouds. This is one that I've done. This is not related to the eclipse but you could also just, if you're measuring temperatures at a location, have a whiteboard or a piece of paper. This was looking at air temperature versus surface temperature and then the clouds observations for the eclipse. You may want to limit it to just air and clouds but keep something like a running total as things are happening. So it's not just in the app but also something visible that if you've got a big event, if you're running a big event, you can also then have people seeing something as it's changing and kind of contributing to a group activity. This is our eclipse website on Globe Observer. So a lot of the things that we've talked about are here. We are constantly updating it and adding new things as we think of new things that would be useful, new information that people would be useful for people to have. So please visit this website and to find all of the information. This is also where if you download the app now before data collection is available, it will take you to this page when you click on the eclipse button. I wanted to talk a little bit about some of the past eclipse and some of the, especially one fairly recently that had some citizen science data collection that I think that we can surpass with the eclipse 2017. So these are the last eclipse that went across the United States fully in 1918. And then the last one in the United States, these were some fund maps that were on one of the NASA websites that I think show what those past eclipses where they went compared to where the current one is. But so this is the one where there was actually this eclipse that was partial in the United Kingdom but they actually did, there were a few different papers that were published in this Philosophical Transactions A of the Royal Society about among other things the National Eclipse Weather Experiment which incorporated citizen science data. And so what they did is they collected, they collected air temperature, they collected clouds, although only four categories from clear to somewhat cloudy, mostly cloudy to completely overcast. So not the level of detail that we're collecting. They also had people observe wind not with an anemometer but just doing the Beaufort scale and observations of signs they could see of the wind as well as wind direction. And so this is one that I think we can much surpass because here is our eclipse 2017 and there is the geographic size of Great Britain there and look how much more, first of all, we're getting a total solar eclipse whereas they were only getting the partial part of the eclipse. I think it was 85 to 95% depending on where in the UK you were. And then also we have a lot more people in that path. So I think that we can, we can manage to collect a whole lot more data and see if we can, we can match some of their observations. This is one of the papers that they put out about it actually assessing those citizen science weather observations. And you can see here they also had kind of a similar twofold goal to provide this dense network of observations but also as a public engagement activity because trying to get people involved in doing science rather than just being a little bit more passive and observing. So they did find, you know, these are some of their observations. This was also the totality was in the morning, I believe. So we're a little bit more middle to the later afternoon. We'll see if that makes a difference. So we've got some, so that's the absolute temperature. And then also the anomaly. Clearly they did see an anomaly. In this case, it looks like only about three degrees drop. But again, that was only partial. So I expect that we will be able to see more of a drop in temperature during observations collected next month. And then they did also look at clouds, although you see there are four categories. Just clear sky, mostly clear, mostly cloudy and overcast. So we will have a lot more detail in terms of do we see different types of clouds forming? Do we see, or what other changes do we notice? One thing that I will mention, for those who are, who would like to go a little through some online training, and we have information about that on our Globe Observer website, if you go up to training and clouds, if you would like to be able to collect data more often than the app will allow you, more often that five or 10 minutes, if you have some kind of data logger or weather station, if you want to be able to officially send in surface temperature or some of the other measurements that Globe does allow, but we're not focusing on, then you, if you go through that online training, there is also a data entry mobile app that you could then also add those days, or you could collect the data during the eclipse and then go back to your computer later and send it in. So if there, if there, if anybody is interested in doing that, there is information on our website, or of course you can also contact us via the observer.globe.gov, contact us form, and I'm happy to send you additional information. If you really want to go gung-ho and collect more than just air temperature and clouds. And then I had some things about satellite overpasses and checking those, but I'm looking at the time and I'm wondering if I should just stop there, Brian. Yeah, we have a few questions and there's some other questions that might come up as we go. And so, but that's really good. They're, you know, I guess it just is a testament to the flexibility of the app and the amount of information that really goes into having a more complete record of what's going on now out there in the environment. Well, let me jump then to the last slide, which has our website information and then we can do questions. All right. Well, we could leave that up there for just a moment. We had a question a while ago from Joe and I think that this is a good place to mention this one. He notes that he signed up for the app, but he didn't receive a password. So kind of what's the protocol about what goes on when you actually sign up for it and passwords and then actually make it so that you can use it? So it should, if you've signed up for it, it should automatically send you a password. If it did not do so, please just send us on our website. There's a help email and we can see what happens with that. It usually sends the password pretty quickly, but I think there are some isolated incidents where for whatever reason it didn't work properly. And so if you just go to observer.globe.gov and the help at the bottom and contact us if you don't get the password and we'll sort it out. Right. The password will be in your email, the email address that you gave us. So yeah, check your spam folder. Make sure it doesn't get tucked away junk folder, whatever you use. Okay. Well, Shoshana, we haven't forgotten about you. I'll get to your question just half a moment here. Brian asks, will it be possible and useful to enter temperature data for multiple thermometers in the same location? That's an interesting question. You know, I think because of the way, that is an interesting question. I'm trying to remember if we have multiple measurements from the exact same location, if the app will even take it. Yeah, if it's too close together to the same location it may overwrite it. So what you may, if you have multiple thermometers, you may just try to check and see which one is the best calibrated and which one has the best reaction in time. So, you know, for example, taking it from a warm temperature to a cool temperature or a vice versa and seeing which one, which one equilibrates and gets to the new temperature the fastest. And I would say just choose your, what you think is whichever thermometer is best although there's part of me that says, ooh, that would be interesting. Maybe that you could do some, some of your, even if it doesn't, even if it doesn't work to submit it to the app, you could do some interesting tests to see on your own whether what changes that affects. If you wanted to do that, you're going to have to, each thermometer would be assigned to a different user because the app will only record temperature from one person and you don't want to mix instruments in the absence. It's looking at change over time. You don't want to throw in two different thermometers. Oh, I was just thinking of like recording it on paper and seeing if there's a, Yeah, report your best, whatever your best thermometer is, report that. But, you know, for me, I would probably write it down and then do a graph later and see if I noticed a difference. Yeah. Well, I think that Shoshana was quite intrigued when you have the different functions within the app. I'm guessing that she noticed that one of them has to do with mosquitoes and so she was hoping that you would say something about mosquitoes and then I was thinking about this. You know, how about actually be applicable? Mosquitoes might change their behavior during the eclipse. That's an interesting thought. I think, I think, do I have the mosquitoes? I have the mosquitoes right before. I can talk about this a little bit. What we are looking at with the mosquitoes is not actually like the adult mosquitoes and what they're doing. It's actually their mosquito habitats. So I would not expect there to be any eclipse effect on because this is going to be more related to rainfall and vegetation and some other things. But if you are interested in this one, this is in the app now and the basic idea is that you go and look for a standing water somewhere where there could be mosquitoes. Identify the type of habitat it is. Look and see. Do you see any larva in that container or pond or whatever it is? And if you'd like to, you can actually take a cup or a turkey baster and actually sample and see and count the larva. If you want to get this like a little clip-on thermometer or not thermometer, I've got thermometers on the brain, a clip-on magnifier, you can actually, we do have a key that will go through and help you identify some of certain types. It's not comprehensive. It's focusing on certain ones that are disease-carrying mosquitoes. But so this is something that the app steps you through trying to identify what type of mosquito it is, a mosquito larvae that you see. You do focus on the larvae, not the adult mosquitoes. Although there may be adult mosquitoes around, you should absolutely, you know, use bug spray along sleeves. But you can't get the diseases from the larvae, but you can know what types, where they're spreading, where the mosquito habitats are. So probably not at all related to the eclipse, but kind of a cool thing to do and those little magnifiers are pretty awesome. That is pretty cool. Okay, so Kevin asks, he had seen that the atmosphere class was being offered in Fayetteville. I guess that's how it's pronounced. Over the next couple of days, it states that the audience is for teachers, and he's wondering if they can sign up for classes to become club teachers. And so I guess, you know, what's the breadth of people that you can accept into these classes? Can amateur astronomers or informal educators participate as well? Sure. So that is up to the person who's running the class. You know, that whoever the trainer is, they may be looking to build a teacher network and may only choose to accept teachers into the course. However, the program broadly is looking for citizen scientists and encouraging people to take the training, whether it's online or in person. And so we're trying to make that accessible to as many people as possible. So I encourage you to go ahead and get in touch with whoever's giving that course and ask them if you can sign up for it and tell them you're a citizen scientist. Do you want to participate as a citizen scientist and just see if they have space to let you in? We definitely want you to participate and provide data. And JJ kind of has a more general question and I'm guessing that this has to do with kind of the whole thing about being a citizen science. Scientists is basically an opportunity to volunteer. And so that's really kind of correct here, isn't it? That's what we need. We need people to volunteer to collect data and send it into us from all the places that we cannot be. Particularly scientifically minded people like this community. Well, why don't you go ahead and stop screen sharing. And we had a couple of other comments and a question that's kind of outside the scope of this webinar. And so we're not going to be able to get to those. But I do want to thank Kristin and Holly for coming and sharing with us. This is really fascinating. I put a link in there. I think that I'm not sure if it was one of you too or one of your colleagues. I think it was actually Lynn who presented about the Globe Explorer, Globe Observer app to a workshop that we did with the NICE network this last spring. And there are some very nice videos about the bottle with the alcohol and some other information on... I put the link in there. And it's up a little bit. The nicenet.org exploring earth investigating clouds. And so there's a few more links to some activities that you potentially could use in your outreach activities there. And that's all for tonight. And so in a few days, I'm sorry, what? Don't wait before we go. Don't forget the giveaway. Oh, we're not there yet. We're... I know it's right here. We're not going anywhere. So you better find this webinar along with many others on the NICE Network website in the outreach resources section. Each webinar's page also features additional resources and activities. And we'll post some of these things there as well. And you'll also be able to find this presentation on the NICE Network's YouTube channel.