 If there's our logic function, we can double click on the if or add the brackets, shift nine, here's our logic box. So here's our arguments down here. We're on the logic test being the first argument where we're gonna say that we want, if this number is equal to the number one in our box over here, then when I say then I put a comma, if that test is true, what do you want us to do? That's the next value if it's true. We want you to put a heads next to it if it's true. And then comma, if it's false, what if it's not true, what do you want us to do? We want you to put a tails. So once again, first test, if this number equals one next part, we want you to then put a heads in it. Next part, if it's not equal to one, put a tails in it. And if I hit enter, it puts a tails. Now I'd like to copy that down. I'm gonna double click on it. I can't copy it down as if because these cells will shift down. I want this cell to shift down. I don't want these cells to shift down. So anything that's outside of the current range I'm working in, I need to tell Excel don't shift it down. So for example, this one's in D one. So I'll put my cursor in D one. Now the way you do this is one way is you could just select F four on the keyboard. It puts a dollar sign before the D and a dollar sign before the one. Those are the two variables locating our cell on the two-dimensional screen, right? We've got D one. So it's saying that dollar signs have nothing to do with dollars. It's just telling Excel, when I pull this down, don't change the D or the one. Keep the cell exactly the way it is. That's called an absolute reference. And you only need a mixed reference by the way, but an absolute will work here so that I'm gonna use that. And then over here, we've got the tail, the tails. So that's on C one. So same thing here. I'm gonna put my cursor in there F four dollar sign before the C and the one and C two. Also, we don't want it to move F four. So now these are all absolute cell references except for this one F two because I do want that one to move down. So let's hit enter. I'll show you what I mean. I put my cursor on this, put my cursor on the fill handle. Let's drag it down to the number one where it should show us the heads. If I double click on it, there's the references. Didn't change that cell, didn't change that cell, didn't change that cell, did change this cell because now we moved that down to four whereas here it was at a number two. Then if I just put my cursor on this one and double click it, it'll go all the way down. So there we've got it all the way down and we could say these are our results for our first test. I could make it into a table if I want now, go into the insert tab, tables and insert a table and say I want to add the table and then we could look at our results and we could look at them this way. I could show the results from Z to A and put all my heads and all my tails which might give me an idea. I can count where the middle point is and then of course what we would want to do is get the percentage that's gonna be heads versus the percentage that's going to be tails. So let's make a skinny H over here and so this is basically our sample that we took now. We took a sample of the population which in theory is infinite number of flips which we know in theory if you did an infinite number of flips would come out 50-50 but we just did a sample of 100. So now we can count the heads and count the tails. Let's say we've got heads, tails and we'll do a count function here so I could say, I could do it this way we were gonna say equals count if. Count if brackets, we only need one condition. So I'm gonna say count if, I'm gonna pick up the range. Now I could do either range doing this with numbers or doing this with the non-numerical value. So let's just do the heads here. So I'm gonna say count them if that range, comma, has a criteria, what's the criteria that it's just simply going to be heads. So count them if they are heads and then enter so there's 52. Now I know if there's 52 out of 100 I could say 100 minus 52 or it would be better for me to give me a double check to do the same thing here. Equals count if brackets, the range. So there's the range, comma, the criteria if it's a tails and then closing that up and enter. And then I'll pick up the total and the total equals the sum of these two. So there we have it and I only have 99. So notice I don't exactly have 100. Apparently I didn't count it out properly because I stopped at 100, I missed that first cell. So there's only out of 99. Now actually I think that's actually good because notice if it was out of 100 we could see here that that would be representing 52% versus 49%. But the fact that we always use round numbers in these practice problems can kind of lead to confusion because what we're really doing is saying I'm taking the 52 heads out of the total number of flips which there was only 99 in this case. So that means to get a percent. Let's put an underline here, font group and underline. I can get a percent by taking equals the heads divided by the total which is not 100 but only 99. So it's not 52%. We've got a number one. I need to make that to a percent. Home tab numbers, I'm gonna make it a percent. Add a couple of decimals just to make it a little bit more exact. So it's 52, 53, right? So and this is gonna be equal to 49 divided by 100. Let's, and then this one is simply gonna be equal to this divided by itself or 100%. Or in other words, I can sum up these which will be 100. And then let's format this one. I'm gonna use the format painter this time to format these two the exact same formatting, home tab, clipboard, format painter and then paint brushy these two. And so it's the same formatting. I'll underline it here. Home tab, font and underline. So we can see that it didn't come out exactly even though I did a pretty fair amount of flips, 100 or 99 flips but it's still 52 heads and tails 47. So if I was to judge this, I can't really say well it's unfair on heads side based on this result because statistically speaking it's quite possible that I flip it a hundred times and that's pretty close to 50, 50, right? So I'm still gonna assume the null assumption that the coin is innocent, it's not fair. I mean it is fair unless I get a preponderance of evidence that's gonna prove to me otherwise. And so that's kind of the general idea. Let's go to the home tab, font group, put some brackets and make this one blue. Okay, I'm gonna try to make all these skinnies the same skinny size, put my cursor on B, I'm holding down control E, holding control H and then I'm gonna make them the same skinny size so they're kind of uniform. And then, so now let's copy this number H, I'm gonna go to the home tab, clipboard and format paint the skinny and then skinny rise the L over here. So now let's just do another test just to play with our numbers here and let's say that we did like 15 of the one to 15 flips. And let's say that we did a sample of just one flip up to 15 flips and see what the differences are or two flips up to 15 flips. So let's say we say the number of flips is gonna be one and then two and let's bring it up to 15. I'm gonna put my cursor on this one and bring it up to 15. And so then I'll center this one and then let's just add our tests. So this is gonna be test one and then I'll put test two and so on up top. And then I'm just gonna use my random between one and two again. So random or equals random between double click the between one comma two. So one's head and two is tails is what it stands for again. So I'm just gonna hit enter and so I'm gonna put my cursor on that one and fill handle it down. So on the first test I'm gonna say we flip it just two times and then I'm gonna put my cursor here and copy it to the right and then I'm gonna copy this one down. So I'm gonna imagine we flipped it three times this time and then I'm gonna notice all of those came out to one on this one random test. So with three flips that's quite possible. If I copy it over again and then I pull these down we're gonna imagine we flip it four times and then I'm gonna copy these to the right and then pull, oh hold on a sec and then pull these down. We're gonna flip it five times copy these to the right and flip it six times copy these to the right. Imagine that we flip it seven times copy these to the right. I'm gonna pull this over a bit. Imagine that we flip it eight times copy these to the right and then imagine that we flip it nine times and then copy these to the right and imagine that we flip it 10 times. I'll do it this way. So I can copy it to the right easy 10 times copy to the right and then we're gonna imagine that we flip it 11 times copy to the right.