 Hello, welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Kanna Girls to be College, University of Allahabad. And today I am going to discuss initial topic, a basic topic in the field of educational research or qualitative or quantitative research that is difference between qualitative and quantitative research. How we can compare between these two? Okay, and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and will be useful for various teaching examinations. And do subscribe my channel to get my future videos as well as my previous videos too. So, let's start. Sorry. So, first of all, when we talk about qualitative, that is, the basic paradigm of the basic paradigm. What is the main concept of the basic paradigm? What is the basis of the basic paradigm? What is the approach of the basic paradigm? So, first of all, we will talk about the use of positivism. The approach of positivism is called scientific and post-positivism approach. So, let's see how these two approaches work between qualitative and quantitative. In the positivist version, when we talk about the positivist approach, it is contended that there is a reality out there to be studied, captured and understood. That is, the positivist approach is believed to be the reality that we can read, we can capture, we can understand. That is, the reality is something that we can fully understand. Who believes this? The positivist believes it. And who follows the positivist approach? The quantitative approach follows it. Whereas post-positivists who believe in post-positivists, that is, after the positive, this paradigm shift is called post-positivist. They believe, RU, they suggest that reality can never be fully apprehended, only approximated. They say that we can never fully understand the positivist approach, we can only do an approximation of it. We can almost reach the positivist approach. Who believes this? The post-positivist believes it. And who follows the positivist approach? The qualitative approach. So, this is a very famous book by Lincoln and Guba, Handbooks of Qualitative Research. And they have told every aspect of qualitative research with great detail. So, Guba told us in 1992, that the positivist world means that the reality can be fully understood, when post-positivists say that we cannot understand the reality. Okay, fully understood. Then, quantitative researchers want to be sure of everything. The quantitative researcher, who is the soul of the mind, wants that everything should be absolutely accurate. What will be our sample, what will be our methodology, how will we work, how much do we have to make questionnaire, how much, everything. They want to know where one thing ends and the other begins. They want to know where one thing ends and the other ends. Whereas, when we talk about qualitative research, the data collection and data analysis goes along there. Whereas, when the data is collected, the analysis of the data is not done. When the questionnaire is filled, when the questionnaire is filled and comes back, then we will be able to see which tool is on it. Meaning, the tool is first understood, but how and what to do. Whereas, we are talking here, if we are discussing in a focus group, if we are interviewing, if our participant observation is in qualitative research. So, as the data collection goes ahead, the analysis goes side by side and it is understood that which questions will be asked next. Okay. So, they want to quantify everything. Quantitative researcher wants to quantify everything. Whereas, qualitative researchers realize that they may never know all there is to know. Whereas, qualitative researcher believes that he cannot know everything that he wants to know. Okay. So, this is the basic paradigmatic difference between qualitative and quantitative research. So, this is the main difference. That is why all these things are based on this. Let's look ahead. What else is there? Acceptance of post-modern sensibilities. Quantitative researchers believe that there is a way in which all human beings can collect the same kind of data in the exact same manner, irrespective of their entire interpersonal environments. Why does a quantitative researcher think so? Why? Because what is there is generalizability. We can generalize all the population of our research. Then, it is called objectivity. When a researcher is not even involved, a researcher from all over the world can do the same. They say, you can do the exact same thing anywhere in the world. You can do the exact same thing anywhere in the world. That means, whenever you will constant your conditions, you can do the exact same thing anywhere in the world. You can do the exact same thing in the world. Quantitative researchers believe that. Whatever the interpersonal environment is, because when a subjectivity is not even involved, when a person is not involved in the subjectivity, then objectivity can be done in the same manner everywhere. When qualitative researchers accept the qualitative researcher, the one who is responsible for the wrongdoings, makes it clear that the collection and interpretation of data is confined within the limitations of human behaviour. That is to say, a person's behaviour is only possible in the midst of the distinction between the collection and interpretation of data. What is personal attitude? How I collect data, how I collect data, will be very different between the two when the data is collected. How many emotions do you have? How many emotional intelligences do you have? The other person says something is going on in his mind, his facial expression and his gesture and what he is saying, there is only one sound and you are listening to what he is saying, then all these things will come out and all these things will be wrong. Personal preferences etc. Limit the amount of attention we place on the data we collect and what we human beings filter out at sense making information from the information that does not make any sense to us. I mean we have to limit this, we have to filter out from where we get the data, from which we get a sense, from where we get it, from which we have to discard it, which is not sense making. So when you start data collection and analysis, then as you move forward in that way, you learn a lot of things yourself, otherwise you can't take training for it or you can study a lot of literature for it. There is no limit to a person, I think so. If a person records something like this, then you can't take a tape recorder or something like that. You can't note everything down in the interview because you have to note a lot of things, you have to note your facial expression, you have to note your gesture, you have to note down where you are sad, where you are happy, where you are perfect. There are so many things, if you want to record everything, then you should have some assistance in that. If you have a lot of information about this field, then so many things influence data collection. This is considered a qualitative researcher, so it is considered a quantitative researcher that we can collect the same type of data from human beings in the same manner that any internal or internal personal environment is. Why? Because its basic paradigm believes in objectivity, it believes that everything can be quantified. Okay, so this is also a criteria of a difference between qualitative and quantitative. Now, let me tell you one more thing, we can compare qualitative and quantitative in many ways. If you search on Google, you will find that its data collection methods are different, its analysis is like this, its analysis is like this. But I have tried to explain it to you in a different way, so that you can understand it better. But the individual's point of view. We have to catch the individual's point of view in qualitative, whereas there is no such thing in quantitative. Qualitative investigators think that they can get closer to the actor's perspective through detailed interviewing and observation. After all, it means that there are participants here. That is, the qualitative investigator who is going to investigate it thinks that he can get closer to the participant's perspective through detailed interviewing and observation. They argue that quantitative researchers, they argue that quantitative researchers seldom are able to capture the subject's perspective because they have to rely on more remote, inferential, empirical materials. I mean, a qualitative researcher believes that he can get closer to the actor's perspective through detailed interviewing and observation. But he also believes that quantitative researchers can never get closer to the subject's perspective. Why? Because when we ask questions about remote, do we check the gestures? Or do we all fill in the questionnaire, do we all have an idea? I mean, it is not just a questionnaire, it is a data connection mode. But what is the main thing? How do we fill in the questionnaire? What is the tick? What is the tick? What is the tick? How many people read it and how many people exactly? I mean, I have apprehension about it. So, their remote, inferential, empirical material cannot reach the subject's perspective. The empirical materials produced by the softer, interpretive methods are regarded by many quantitative researchers as unreliable, impressionistic and non-objective. And when quantitative researchers believe that their qualitative researchers' mode of data collection is softer, unreliable, impressionistic and non-objective, Why? Because they have made the questionnaire face-validity, reliability, validity, and subset. But we have made our observation schedule, our interview schedule, and we have not verified it. So, these are the basic differences. Both of them believe that there are limits in their methods. I said in the beginning that both of them have different research questions. What we want to know depends on which method we will follow. If you want to get a cause-and-effect relationship, you do not need to do qualitative research. But if you want a deeper insight on something, on an issue, then you will not be able to get it from a questionnaire. You will not be able to get it from a closed-ended questionnaire. For that, you will have to go to the Charada of qualitative research. Then, qualitative researchers feel that the mere act of quantifying perspectives in an attempt to fit them into predetermined categories or create new categories for them leads to the loss of unique perspectives and capturing of the unique characteristics of each individual being that is under study. A qualitative researcher believes that if we want to quantify the perspectives and we want to fit into the categories of the individual being, then we will never be able to get a unique perspective and lose them. Why? Because we have already determined the categories. So, what are we going to do in the research? What we have already seen is that these are the techniques that we will fit into that category. Whatever new unique special we cannot find out in quantitative researcher, researchers consider qualitative researchers as such. So, this is the basic difference of individual point-of-view capturing that a qualitative researcher considers and can do individual point-of-view capture while not quantitative. Then, examining the constraints of everyday life. Our daily life is filled with both the differences in the pattern of their examination. Quantitative researchers see this world in action and remember their findings in it. Quantitative researchers abstract from this world and seldom study directly. They see a nomothetic or itic science based on probabilities derived from this study or large numbers of randomly selected cases while qualitative researchers are committed to an imic, ideographic, case-based position which directs their attention to the specifics of particular cases. If you consider sampling, then in quantitative research, we say that we have to randomly select cases so that our sample is representative of the population. Only then will our sample be able to generalize our research on the population. There is no case-based. They have randomly selected cases and then they have to generalize them. So, qualitative researchers say that it will be ideographic, case-based and there will be specific or particular cases. That is why the main type of qualitative research is purposive sampling. That is, we have selected the cases with full purpose and we feel that the data will come out better or if there has been any incident or we want to measure their particular stance then we choose them. So, quantitative and qualitative researchers study different things at different levels. That is, we are measuring quantitative and qualitative things at different levels. Quantitative researchers study things from an outsider's perspective. That is, the quantitative researcher, who is responsible for math, doesn't measure things from a different perspective. That means he has to deliver it to himself. He has to stop himself from getting involved. We don't have any sense of what is going on in his mind, how he has filled it out. We have removed the data like an outsider's perspective. They study classes and categories of subjects. Subjects are no more than 10. No more than 10. No more than 10. No more than 10. No more than 10. No more than 10. So, the study is inside us. We are observing participants. We have become a participant to observe them so that we can actually observe what they are thinking, what they are saying, what their mind is. And individual characteristics. So, this is called ideographic. That lies outside the boundaries of categorization. So, this is a different topic. The qualitative researcher, the quantitative researcher is managing you like an outsider's perspective. The qualitative researcher is going inside you to study your case-based studies. He is ideographic. He is quantitative. He is nomothetic. Okay. So, this can be a topic. Then what? Securing rich descriptions. Look, the qualitative researcher's finance is very big. I mean, it is very lengthy. It is very thick. It is thick data. Rich description. When is the data collection covered in the qualitative? As long as we don't feel that it has become redundant or repetitive, the data that is coming out of us, it keeps going on. We don't know how long our data collection will last. Okay. So, the qualitative researchers give rich descriptions. Qualitative researchers believe that rich descriptions of the social world are valuable. Whereas quantitative researchers with their no-mothetic commitments are less concerned with such detail. They just have to tell you that there is significant difference between whatever. There is not significant difference. No hypothesis rejects or no hypothesis rejects or accepts whatever. But here, rich description will come out. It is very lengthy. There are its findings. So, this is also a basic difference. The quantitative researcher doesn't know what rich description is. There will be two points. According to table one and table two. Then, qualitative researchers look for explanatory information in the description surrounding individual entities, events and phenomena. The qualitative researcher explains explanatory information. Why? Because our basic goal was that we wanted a deeper insight. We wanted an explanation. We wanted to pull out the process behind it. So, it will come out. They seek to supplement the information generated as a result of categorization and generalization with unique descriptions of entities, phenomena and individuals that have been categorized. Sorry. The qualitative researcher supplemented it. We started by telling it that we can do it as a standalone research. We can do it as a mixed method research. We can first take some data from the statistical tool in the quantitative. Then, we can apply a qualitative method on it. So that we can know the process behind it. So, in this way, the qualitative researcher secures the rich description of the quantitative researcher. Or, she doesn't pay attention and doesn't give importance. I think it has been completed. Okay. So, we can compare qualitative and quantitative research in many ways. I have done this. You will find many different ways. But I am sure that you will understand the basic difference in their methodology and approach in different ways. So, you won't understand or if you say that qualitative research is not a research that you can't generalize when you don't have reliability then you can clear the logic behind it. You can see the issue and the goal. Our goal is not to generalize. We are going to study specific cases. So, how will we generalize specific cases? We are not studying to generalize. Our purpose is the other one. Otherwise, you can't and we can't say this is not good or your수가you or something good or anything anything kind of bad. 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