 Microglia are increasingly implicated in brain pathology, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease. To better understand these diseases, there is a need for authentic, efficient in vitro models to study human microbial pathological mechanisms. Embryonic MYB-independent IPSC-derived macrophages can be differentiated into microglia, which can then be co-cultured with IPSC-derived corgul neurons. This co-culture retains neuronal maturity and functionality for many weeks, and microglia express key microglia-specific markers and neurodegenerative disease-relevant genes. They also develop highly dynamic ramifications and release multiple microglia-relevant cytokines upon activation. Furthermore, this co-culture promotes a more anti-inflammatory and proremodeling cytokine response than corresponding monocultures, demonstrating that co-cultures are preferable for modeling authentic microbial physiology. This article was authored by Walter Hensler, Stephen N. Sansom, Julian Buchriezer, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.