 Good evening, it's good to be here. The title of my lecture is remanufacturing, remaking UK manufacture but really I'm going to be talking about waste because we're immersed in it. Every minute each day industry in England alone produces more than 308 tons of waste. That's equivalent to three and a half Boeing 737s at take off weight. So if we are to address our waste issues the solutions must begin and end with industry which leads me to the heart of my presentation. Today I'm going to introduce a different way of making products called remanufacture. Remanufacture is defined as an industrial process which takes waste products, use products and returns them at least to the same performance specification as they were when new and give them the same guarantee as would be given new products. Now this process is not entirely new, it's just very unknown and undeveloped. The first study of remanufacture, in fact the greatest study of remanufacture that's ever been done is a 10-year study conducted between 1972 and 1982 and paid for by the World Bank and this study aimed to determine the implication for remanufacturing for developed countries and for developing nations. However, because the study was driven by the US it tended to dwell a lot on the impact of remanufacturing for the US economy. Now this study determined that in the late 1970s, that's more than 45 years ago, there were more than 73,000 companies engaged in some form of remanufacture or other and together these companies brought in more than $53 billion to the US economy. $53 billion a year, that's a lot of money for one country. If you extrapolate it to today's currency it's even more. So in the next slide I'm going to explain the significance of remanufacture and the key thing about remanufacture is that it takes waste used products and returns them into the manufacturing cycle thereby saving landfill processing energy and new material and other resource whilst at the same time maintaining product quality. I'm going to use this simple diagram of the production cycle to try and explain the benefits of remanufacture in comparison to conventional manufacture and in comparison to end-of-life processing activity for recycling which is the most predominant way that we manage end-of-life products. Now in conventional manufacture, sorry I don't have a pointer, that's the conventional manufacture here highlighted in lime, raw material is extracted from the earth and is pre-processed by the primary producer. The pre-processed material are then given to the product manufacturer who uses them to make products. The products are sold to the user and when they are finished with it they dispose of those products as waste and they enter landfill. Now the idea of remanufacture is to arrest the waste product on disposal but prior to landfilling and then to reintegrate the components back into the production cycle saving in terms of the environment with the landfill and extraction of raw material to fuel the production process. The economic savings are all the energy on the source that would have been used in landfilling the used product, all the energy on the source that would have been used in extraction of raw material and all the energy on the source that would have been used in pre-processing the raw material and the bulk of the energy on the source that would have been used to make the product. Now if we take into account the circumstances of modern manufacture where you extract the raw material in Africa then you move it all the way to the other side of the planet somewhere maybe to the east where we have low labour costs and you pre-process the raw material, you drag the raw material by air or sea to another part of the globe maybe somewhere in China or India or maybe in Eastern Europe and you make the components and then you bring the components to developed countries like the US, Germany and the UK and you simply assemble the product because that's what we do, we don't really make a lot of things in the UK, we assemble. So if you take into account that all the energy on the source and the carbon that's implicit in that is our loss. Now in comparison I'm not going to compare re-manufacturing with recycling, the key difference there is that re-cycling is a process of reduction, whereas re-manufacturing is a process of addition because re-manufacturing takes away product and adds value to it by bringing it back to working order and in fact working order that's equivalent to a new product and verifies that with our new guarantee. Recycling on the other hand takes something that we've already put energy on the source into making and reduces it to the value of its raw material thereby losing the bulk of energy on the source input into that product in its first manufacture and in fact we use energy to do that reduction. For example if you had a structure made of metal to re-cycling it you add energy on the source to smelt it then you have to do something with that material. You have to add further energy on the source to turn it into products that people can use. So when re-cycling we use energy twice or three times. First in making the product then we lose all that energy and the source by adding more energy and then we add further energy to turn it into something useful. Now I'm going to use the next slide to show to quantify the benefits. So if you decide to produce something by re-manufacturing as opposed to conventional manufacture you get the same quality of products as conventional manufacture but at more than up to 80% cost savings because of reduced processing and reduced virgin material use. We have even factored in the reduction in waste penalty. We look at environmental benefits. We get the same quality of products as conventional manufacture but we use up to 80% less energy and then when we look at the impact on landfill it's quite convincing because up to 85% of the weight of a re-manufactured product can come from used components that would otherwise have entered landfill. Then we can look at the societal benefits. Re-manufacture enables us to tackle the key courses of social exclusion which is lack of money and lack of jobs and that's because re-manufacture, like conventional manufacture creates employment across the board but re-manufacture drives down production costs thus allowing manufacturers to put high quality products into the market at prices that is affordable for everybody. One of the things about this era where we're all trying to be environmentally friendly is the amount of these worth beginning with re when we sort of do something with that product that has lived, we re something's recycled, it's repurposed, it's re-manufactured, it is re-conditioned but what are the difference between these, these secondary market processes. So I'm going to use this diagram to explain the difference between repair, re-conditioning and re-manufacture because of the ambiguity and definition surrounding them. So the key thing about re-manufacture is that it's the only process that we know that can take our broken product and return it to the same quality as a new product and verify that with giving it a guarantee that's at least the same as a new product. So the key defining feature is re-manufacture is at the very top of the waste hierarchy or product recovery hierarchy and the other defining feature is the idea of identity. If a product is re-manufactured it retains its identity, if it is re-conditioned or repaired it loses its identity. I'm going to use a very simple example to explain what I mean by identity loss and retention of identity. We are a simple product we often we're all familiar with could be a radio. So in a couple of years time there will be facilities which are set up specifically to deal with end-of-life products. So I take my radio to this facility and I say I want a repair because my radio is no longer working because the play button isn't working. Repair is where you attend to the specified fault. So this person would take the radio from me and let's attend to the play button. When I come to get back my radio I get the same radio I gave them. If I have a guarantee it applies to the play button because that is what I specified as failed. If I had however said I want my radio reconditioned because the play button is not working what that person would just take the radio from me. The will attend to the play button as well as the major wearing parts that are have failed on the point of failure whether or not I have specified faults in them or notice faults in them. If I come back for my radio I get the same radio I gave that person and if I get a guarantee the guarantee applies to the play button as well as the major wearing parts. So reconditioning is a bit like a car overall. Now with re-manufacture I come back. I see before me a radio that looks like a mine but very new. If I get a guarantee I will get a guarantee that's at least equivalent to that of a new product but it's not my radio. In a batch processing environment I'll be lucky if one component in that radio I've been given belongs to the radio that I gave this person. Because re-manufacture is a production process that has as raw material used products. So I'm going to use the next slide to show how it is I have this item in my hand and actually it could be that not one component in it belongs to that item I gave this person. So this is a typical re-manufacture process simplified from this. So use products that's my widget I want re-manufactured comes in at the top. The first thing they're going to do is they find out what do I need to bring this product to as new condition. They'll assess it, what product is it, what model is it, what year of manufacture, what make. Once they have that information that they go down to strip, strip simply means disassembly reduced to component level. And they will put my product together with other similar products and disassemble them to component level. They'll then clean them together and then they'll go to re-manufacture where they take each individual component and returns it at least to as new quality in terms of performance. Then they put the clean components in store. In store there's no differentiation between both new components and re-manufactured components because they are equal in quality. Now when the assembly area calls for work somebody in store would put together a kit. A kit is a casket or some container that contains all the components that I need to make. My widget has come in at the top. It's been disassembled with a lot of other products that are similar widgets. They're being cleaned together and they've been put in stores. In store all the components of the same type are in one area. So when the kit is put together, it's very unlikely that one component will come from mine. But being the case, when I go to a re-manufacturer and I say I want my widget re-manufactured, they immediately close the customer order. If there is not a product already re-manufactured and sitting in store, they will simply call to store and say put together a kit and assemble it. It's no point because they don't wait for mine to be done. Which is why re-manufacturers can give you that 24 hour turnaround time. You don't get your product back. You get one that's completely manufactured from re-manufactured components and bought new components. So a re-manufactured component loses its identity because they're re-manufactured ones. Maybe if I'm lucky, one or two components from the widget are brought in, re-manufactured components from other similar widgets and new components to replace components that cannot be brought back as new condition. So, bachosedd, the study by Lund, that's the 10 year study, was done between 1972 and 1982. So we got to look at how things changed so far. And one person that has been doing this is Professor Stan Hilfer. He's German, I don't speak German but I think he's Stan Hilfer anyway. And he was looking at what would be the implication if there were, we were to make automotive parts by re-manufacture as opposed by conventional manufacture. And he compared stato motors and automotors in terms of energy consumption and material consumption re-manufacture or conventional manufacture. And what he's found was that for alternators, you can produce the same quality as new manufacture using 14% energy and 12% material compared to conventional manufacture. And then when you look at stato motors, you can produce the same quality of stato motor, 9% energy use and 11% energy use compared to conventional manufacture. That's quite a big impact. Now, because of the situation we found ourselves in with resource insecurity, there's been an increase in interest in re-manufacture. Actually, one of the people that are driving re-manufacture is the Scottish Government. And you can see here, lots of studies reports by the Scottish Government on how re-manufacture can rejuvenate the Scottish, not just the Scottish economy, but economies world over. And currently, the value of re-manufacture is 1.198 billion, that's a global market. Of this, Scotland has 1.1 billion. And then the future prediction is that by 2030, the re-manufacture market will be worth 511 billion. It will create 580,000 jobs and save us 450 million tonnes of CO2. And then there are all the other emerging global opportunities, such as the circular economy and low carbon market that re-manufacture is an enabler for. So, other considerations, resource insecurity. A study was done in 2011, between 2011 and 2015 by McKinsey Group, asking the top company in the world what they see as the threat to their existence. And the key thing there said was rising resource prices and resource insecurity. At the same time, it so happens that 80% of manufacturing executives saw raw material shortage as the key business risk. And we can see why, because the key elements we need for producing high-tech products are gold, antimony, tin and silver. As you can see, each of these are waning. We have 45 years of gold left, 30 years of antimony, 40 years of tin and 29 years of silver. That's quite a lot. So, really because of this, we need a circular economy in order not just to become competitive, to remain competitive, but to be able to continue trading and manufacturing in the future. And I think this is from the Scottish government as well. Effective raw material usage can save Scottish businesses £1 billion a day, a year, a year £1 billion a year. That's what our country is with just 5 million people. So, another reason for increased interest in re-manufacturing, these emerging global opportunities. We have here from Ellen MacArthur that re-manufacturing and refurbishment could save EU manufacturers £630 billion per annum. We also know that the global low-carbon market exceeded £3 billion in 2008. And this is the example of what the automotive sector is worth at the very top as well. So, re-manufacturing Scotland, we are quite lucky. Re-manufacturing already exists in key Scottish economic sectors. Not only that, Scotland is ideally placed to take advantage of these opportunities because we have the right mix of skills. There's a lot of high-end engineering skills in Scotland. We are in Ireland and all these big re-manufactured products tend to be big chunky metal stuff. And these kits are moved by sea. Not only that, we have good transportation links within the country and outside it. I don't know why people get this idea that Scotland is actually isolated. No, it isn't. You can enter Scotland by sea, by land, by air. It's very easy to get round Scotland. That's a key advantage. The Scottish Institute for Re-manufacturing, we also try to identify where the opportunities can come for people who want to enter this area within Scotland. As you can see, there are opportunities not just for people who are already re-manufacturing, but for other businesses who might want to enter the re-manufacturing arena. Re-manufacturing is so wonderful. Why is it happening? Well, key things. Over the past 40 years, we've put in a lot of effort into enhancing conventional manufacture, developed wonderful business models, lots of tools and techniques. Well, re-manufacturing hasn't benefited from that. So the key issue while re-manufacturing is not growing is these technical and non-technical barriers. The technical barriers are lack of specific expertise. Even the people that are re-manufacturing in Scotland are doing so, it's not optimised. It's just that the products they have are chunky bits of metal and are amenable because of their characteristics for re-manufacturing. But the re-manufacturing is not optimised. So, key technical barrier, how to do re-manufacturing effectively? How do you design products for re-manufacturing? Inadequate tools and techniques. There are very few re-manufacturing tools and techniques. I don't know of a single tool that's been developed specifically for re-manufacturing. So re-manufacturers tend to make do with the tools of conventional manufacturing, but they're not ideal. They're not technical barriers. Lack of understanding and awareness. If you tell somebody something is re-manufacturing, it's worse than a new one. It's been repaired. So there are also that ambigating definition which I've gone through and the benefits are not widely understood. The custom perception, the idea that it's got poor image, a product that's lived before must be inferior to a new one. How can that be? So we're identifying products, defining them on the basis of how many life cycles they've had rather than what is their quality, what is their functionality. Of course, there are very few policy and regulations that have been developed to encourage re-manufacturing, but there's quite a few that are there and deter re-manufacturing. One of them is that in the UK, if you have a widget and it's got maybe 2,000 components, and a single component within that 2,000 has lived before, you cannot call that product a new product. That stands out a message because it's completely saying if you have this product and you re-manufacture a component in it, you cannot call it a new product. It's automatically saying that products that have lived before are not as good as new ones. So what does a re-manufacturable product look like? And who are re-manufacturers? Well, most of us is one of our greatest re-manufacturers. Most of the agents are re-manufactured. Last time they brought the power by the hour. They developed their products and they sell your service for the product. Then they bring it back, they re-manufacture it, give it back to you again. So they actually put it into the market several times. But no one ever says actually if re-manufacturing doesn't make things bring out high quality products, would anyone fly? That's what we have to think about ourselves. So Roswell, Fujitsu, PNW, Volvo, they're all re-manufacturers. Again, like I said, so what type of products are re-manufacturable? Using the current technology we have, it just happens to be products that accidentally are re-manufacturable because they are big chunks of metal and therefore valuable and durable. And they have no process and product technology. But what we are trying to move now is to develop tools and techniques that will enable us to re-manufacture a wider range of product and to develop products that are amenable for re-manufacturing. And that's where the Scottish Institute for Re-Manufacturing comes from. Like I said, one of the people who are driving re-manufacturing is the Scottish Government. In 2015 I was given 1.3 million by the Scottish Government to start this centre as a hub of expertise for re-manufacturing. And our specific remit was to enlarge the extent of re-manufacturing that happens in Scotland as a mechanism for turning the Scottish economy circular by doing two things, increasing the amount of re-manufacturing that happens in Scotland by increasing the capacity of existing re-manufacturers and enabling other re-manufacturers to start up within Scotland. So this is what we do in a nutshell. We raise our awareness, which is why I'm quite keen to do this talk. We transfer knowledge because there are distinct expertise in industry and also quite a lot of expertise in academia. And these two types of expertise must come together if we are to optimise re-manufacturing. We help the stakeholders, academia, re-manufacturers, public sector and trade associations to come together because we need everyone working together in order to optimise re-manufacturing. And of course we fund industry-driven projects as well. So this is our key job, accelerating the move to a second economy in Scotland via product recovery. Before I describe one of two, a couple of the projects I'm involved in, I'm going to talk about one of two of the challenges of re-manufacturing. As I said, there has been a lot of attention given to conventional manufacture of the past 40 years. The challenge for re-manufacturing now is how to produce product at the cost and speed of mass production in conventional manufacture. When you compare re-manufacturing to manufacturing, on a one-to-one base where you're outputting one product at a time or small batches, re-manufacturing is very competitive. But once you move to a mass production scenario, re-manufacturing fails because the technology we have for re-manufacturing at the moment is low innovation and low level, it cannot compete. And to make it worse, we know that to remain sustainable, we need to flip the situation where we have at the moment where over 98% of production happens via conventional manufacture. To be able to survive on this planet, we've got a few years to flip it so that at least 50% of our production occurs by product recovery and even better to get 70% by product recovery and 30% by new production. Re-manufacturing cannot compete when we talk about mass production in conventional manufacture. What's going to happen now that conventional manufacture is going through a fourth industrial revolution based on digitalisation. We have to input those new technologies into the re-manufacturing arena to be able to move where we need to in order to survive. So trying to enhance re-manufacturing, one of the things we are doing is concentrating on the critical activities of re-manufacturing and two of those are assessment, inspection and disassembling. And you can see why from this. If you're re-manufacturing something, you have to bring to as new condition every single component inside it. That means you have to be able to disassemble. If you're going to bring something back to as new condition, first of all you've got to inspect it to find out what's its status, how far does it deviate from the performance of the new product. Then you do work on it and inspect it. Unfortunately for us, the disassembly and inspection in re-manufacturing are very difficult, they are very manual processes, therefore they are slow, error-plune and costly. Disassembly is one of the first things you do. You get a product, you disassemble, cannot disassemble, you can't re-manufacture. Suppose you're able to disassemble, that's inspection there in ground. It's most frequent activity that you undertake in re-manufacturing, but it is error-plune and costly. So if we're going to optimise re-manufacturing, we have to deal with these two critical activities first, and then look at other activities. One of the projects I'm going to introduce is called Large Scale Demonstration of New Circular Economy Value Chains based on the use of end-of-life fibre reinforced composite. It's a mouthful. It's a mouthful. So we actually found an acronym that says exactly what we are trying to do. Ffibre reuse. It's fibre reuse. So the aim of this project is to find effective way of managing end-of-life composites because we are using more and more composite in all areas of industry. And this trend is going to continue and even accelerate because of the advantages of using composites. Light weighting, corrosion resistance and strength. But the problem is that manufacturing composites is very expensive economically and environmentally, but at the end of life there are only two reuse options. There are only two end-of-life management options for composite structures, and that is land film or recycling. So we are trying to see how we can get higher value reclaiming of used composites in this project. This is a 9.8 million project funded through the European Horizon 2020 programme. We have 21 partners from seven EU countries. Of those 21 partners, only five are universities, so it's a very industry-driven project, and it has to be because if we are going to develop solutions that are going to be taken on board by industry, then we need the voice of industry in that project. Moreover, we need industry to do more of these collaborative projects because industry is the cause of our waste issues. On this map, that shows the collaborators in this project and their vocation in the various areas of Europe. So the aim of the factory use project is to demonstrate profitable reuse of end-of-life composites and on a large scale so that industry will take it on board. We have identified three objectives that we need in order to meet these aims. The first one is to determine new profitable reuse options for end-of-life composites. This involves developing new re-manufacturing technologies and integrating them in order to maximise the benefits. The advantage of doing this is that it enhances ease of working with these composites. It reduces cost of both manufacture and it also enables us to better meet new directives on waste. The second one is finding measures to enhance effective communication and coordination between and within all sectors that touch the composite market. This is necessary in order to advance potential for trade. By this I mean we want to use composites. That means that the person with the waste composite must have visibility of the person who is going to make something with the waste composite. The person who is going to make something with the waste composite must know where the person with the waste composite is. They must know what type of waste composite is available, what it will cost them and what is the process that will be needed for them to get that waste composite and their premises in order to work with it. So here we are looking at really bringing together the network that we need in order to ensure trade in re-use composites. The third one is the one that as engineers we tend to ignore. All engineers want to look at technical factors because it is a lot more tangible. However, the non-technical factors are actually, that's the elephant in the room. Suppose we had wonderful solutions for composites, but we haven't dealt with one little non-technical hind and squitties, customer perception. Customers don't want to buy this product. It doesn't matter how good the solution is. So we need to address these non-technical factors. But no-one wants to do it because it's not tangible. It doesn't seem as important as going around, running around, building robots. That looks a lot easier. So the first one we want to look at is lack of market due to lack of understanding and knowledge of the properties of composite. And this results from two key factors. The first one is ambiguity in definition of re-use processes, which is why at the beginning of the presentation I tried to define and differentiate repair, reconditioning and remanufacturing. The second one is what you cannot work with material while you don't know its properties. With virgin composite we make virgin composites. We know exactly what properties they have, what characteristics they have, and therefore what uses we can put them to. With used composites we don't know that. All we know is its properties differ from that of virgin composites and they might be contaminated. So what do we do with them? So the other thing is low revenue. Used composites tend to be lower value than metals and that doesn't attract businesses because it's low value. They don't want to work and they want money. And of course lack of supporting legislation and incentives to encourage composite reuse. That's not specific to composite. Every reuse operation has problems because there aren't legislation and incentives to support reuse in general. So the predictive solution is new service-oriented business models. I've already said that the business models of conventional manufacture, that is product sale, is not ideal for re-manufacture or reuse operations. So we need to develop new innovative business models that will encourage trade in reuse operations and reuse products. We need to optimise the reverse logistics network architecture. Now the reverse logistics is the process by which they use composites, gets to the person that's going to work with it. Currently that system is broken, it's not systematic, and a lot of damage can actually occur on the used composite on its way to get to the person that's going to use it. What is it? And we also were talking about sustainable solutions. So we have to undertake a lifecycle analysis on all our solutions. That is analysis to determine what is the environmental impact of those solutions before actually proposing them. Last, I'm going to jump to the beginning because I don't know how long I've got left. Last but not least, we want to show the re-manufactured parts in both our virtual and our physical product library. We want people not just to read about it, but to come and see, touch and feel the products because that way people have better understanding and then they can decide do they want to buy these products or do they want to enter our business where they are making such products. So the library use project is based on implementing three micro-use cases which are composed of eight demonstrators. Use case one is the use of mechanical recycles short fibres from construction industry and re-using them in added value customized applications in furniture, sports and creative products. Use case two is thermal recycling of long fibres from wind turbine and aerospace and re-using them in high-tech high-resistant applications such as automotive. And use case three is inspection repair and re-manufacture of end-of-life parts in high-tech applications. And this is where Scotland is represented by Stratflight. Yeah, because like I said we are known for re-manufacturing but we are also known for things like non-destructive evaluation as well. I bet you didn't know that. So this is the concept we are using. We are trying to have a syniagetic holistic view of the problem so we are joining together the enabling technologies and processes with digital innovation and with a cross-regional value chain building. And this is necessary. It is necessary to have this systematic approach that fuses together a lot of knowledge enabling technologies if we are going to achieve circularity in manufacture and use of composites in Europe. So I'm just going to show you some of the solutions that we have. And the first one I'm going to show is the objectives. The demonstrator based on use cases two and three. And the objective here is to design re-use-oriented modular design of composite cars. And this is led by Edag. We are designing manufacture cars. So the aim here is to enable multiple useful life of automotive structures throughout circular economy design methodology. And this compiles use case two and three because the inspection techniques developed in use case three will then be required to enable re-use of carbon fibres from use cases two. So in use case three we developed new anti-euterechnology because like I said to be able to use these waste products we've got to know their characteristics. So we developed new NDE techniques to enable us to determine their properties and their characteristics. And that enables us to develop outputs in use case two if we don't have the ND techniques. We don't know the properties therefore we cannot use them. So the advantage of this concept is that it enables a circular economy by increasing re-use, that's one, and also by increasing new businesses based around re-use. I'm going to demonstrate this in the next slide. So our current method of our current business model, conventional business model is product sale. And we're using here a best case scenario where in product sale we're actually using, we're actually integrating waste product in the manufacturing cycle. So we can have an area called company A. It develops and distributes our car to the first user. The first user uses this car for about 50 years and then discards it for another business. For example, a colleague business company B, that's a dismantler. This assembles the discarded car and sells the components. We have a new company come, an end-of-life operator, and buys a major pass from the dismantler, recovers and reinforces that sells it back to company A who purchases the refurbished and enhanced components pass and then integrates it into the new car production. That's the best case scenario you can get for product sale, conventional manufacture. You have someone who's actually using a waste material integrating it into their production cycle. So you have here ABC. That's three businesses created. So we have three businesses created and we also have some reuse. That's quite good. But let's go to the product service system. Here you have a company A called a car sharing company and it commissions the design of a car based on a platform that enables use of composites in the manufacturing cycle of used composites. Company B, the manufacturer, builds a car and the car is then used for car sharing for about 45 years. At the end of that, it is disassembled by company C which is a dismantler. Company D, the end-of-life operator, recovers and reinforces the major components and company B, the manufacturer, integrates the recovered component into the production of new cars for the car sharing company. So you can see in all these cases you have reuse, which is good, but in the second case product services you have ABCD. There are actually four different businesses created. I'm just going to show you some of the redesigns that we have been developing. This one is looking at a redesign of the car frame to enhance durability and ability to absorb impact by integrating waste composite into the design. We chose the car frame because it's an expensive kit and it has to be strong because it contains the battery and provides protection from impact. You can see here, we've made it stronger by integrating where you've got the green bit there. It's actually the recycled composite, the weight composite we're putting in there. So the design consideration is to optimise reuse, effective business model and waste reduction in production. In terms of optimising reuse, we're doing it in two ways. Firstly, although we're using new raw material in the first manufacture, the parts have many lives, so we're having a lot of reuse of parts there. Secondly, the reuse sign includes addition of recycled composites to enhance stiffness and crash performance. So we have two instances of reuse. Firstly, the products go around several lifecycle and secondly, we also add recycled material in the new design. So our progress is that so far we have been successful in incorporating recycled material in the first design. We have validated it but we want to have more robust validation. In terms of waste reduction, we're using sheet moulding compound as a manufacturing method because A, it is effective, it is flexible and scrap is reduced. And then to enhance the use of business models and reuse again, we're using modularity for use of assembly and disassembly. Again, enhancing reuse. So you can see the components separate which makes it a lot easier to actually re-manufacture the car. This is another thing that we are redesigning and this is the storage platform redesigning. We have made it stronger by adding new elements that's shown in green and those new elements are actually made from recycled composites that would otherwise have gone into landfill. One of the things we talked about was the fact that user perception lack of market and the way we're addressing this in this project is by trying to find solutions for co-creation and the concept there is to integrate the customer voice in the design in order to enhance the market potential, i.e. if the general public is involved with the designer in designing the product then there's a great chance that they're more likely to buy it and this is demonstrating for use case one. So the MTI is for circularity and eliminate waste by changing products and processes and our key objective is to create new material from waste and determine the best uses for them and also to determine measures to prevent waste of remanufacturable products. I am making sure that products that can be remanufactured do not enter landfill and our solution for this is a co-design methodology that enforce the general public in designing new products from used components. What we are using for this is that designers create product ideas from waste material, waste composite. The general public vote for the best design ideas and then the selected ideas are advanced and realised as part of our solutions. So in order to enable communication between the general public and the designers we rely on IT to enable this communication that we need. So we have a web based tool to collect new ideas to type the ideas with keywords and then to rate and comment them and then ask for external feedback for questionnaires and surveys and then create concepts by merging the different ideas based on the best ones that the general public have selected. So this is example of some of the examples of the ideas that the designers have come up with. Many of these solutions use recycled glass reinforced polyester Glepinite because of its processing advantages it is easier to colour so you can have good accepted qualities and also a variety of processing methods can be used for processing Glepinite products. And this is example of some of the things that have come out so far. This is a Glepinite modular stacking system. Its uses are for attractive road barriers or for indoor and outdoor benches or tables. The advantage is Glepinite blocks are vandal proof and so it's suitable for indoor and outdoor. It's flexible because it's modular and stackable and a wide range of ships can therefore be made. Oh sorry, I've gone back. This is another one. Again, all these are from a waste that would have entered landfill and these are tableware for putting drink bottles in and also they can be assembled for outdoor furniture and the advantage here is tough. So it can be used for indoor and outdoor again that is Glepinite. So this is there used for outdoor furniture, desk and bar table. And the next slide I'm going to show you where the same material is being used for a wine cooler. Again, using Glepinite this is trying to replace marble taps and this is by geominelli design and it's tiles for internal or outdoor use. Again from all these all this material would normally have entered landfill and by the way the cutting of this by water jet again saving energy. So the next project I'm going to talk about is the EU Vanguard initiative for efficient sustainable manufacturing yes and for short. This project came about because the EU identified that there are particular regions in the EU with specific expertise related to sustainable manufacture. So its idea was to bring these regions together to collaborate so that they can develop energy technologies that can be given to manufacturers as a way of pushing forward a sustainable manufacture capability in the EU. So the idea is to develop a network of demo site at level. These networks would then get problems related to sustainable manufacture from manufacturers and then they'll work with the expertise in the region from universities and technology providers to bring out the high tech solutions that industry needs. The reason that this is being addressed is that for the past 30 years or so the EU has been giving a lot of money to academia to produce solutions to address sustainable manufacture. The solutions produced are very good but they never find their way to industry because of two key drawbacks. First of all it cost of implementation the companies can't afford it and secondly is also lack of expertise on how to implement and how to operate the new technologies. So the advantage of this approach is a collaborative and joint approach to address EU sustainable manufacture issues is a common EU approach and therefore prevents wastage for example by doubling up of resource. So if you look at the research at the moment being undertaken in Europe you might find that is one research being done in France and it's very similar to the one in Italy very similar to the one in Germany so the idea here is to pull away all the expertise and resources together so that we can save money and also use the best brains for the work. So the expertise has been identified as having industry manufacture as a result there are 11 ESM categories and one of the categories that Scotland is involved in is the ESMD and re-manufacture pilot network and there are seven regions involved in that project with us. There can be two types of network one is new infrastructure where everything starts from scratch and everything is developed from scratch specifically for the pilot network or you can have an upgrade Scotland is going for an upgrade because we already have a lot of existing infrastructure so what we are looking for is more money and more high-tech equipment to up what we have so another reason why we are going for an upgrade is also that it is less risky Italy Polini in Italy is going for everything completely new but it is too risky. We have a lot of expertise here already a lot of equipment we want to add to it rather than just leave everything and start from scratch. So the value proposition here is using EU funds to upscale manufacturing capabilities of companies for sustainable manufacture and there are 50 million euros available to be shared between the seven regions involved. The benefit for the companies manufacturers and we manufacturers is that it did risk the investment in enabling technology by addressing the key barriers which are cost and also lack of expertise so the process for this project is to develop the enabling technologies that are required by the companies and then to showcase them in a demonstration site. The companies then see how the technology looks like how it is used and if they so wish they can then get money from the EU European Investment Bank to replicate that technology at their own premises that's what large companies will do while the small companies will just prefer to get money from the EU and access on a pay-as-you-go basis. Now within the D and the manufacturer pilot network Scotland has been chosen to lead and we are one of the areas looking at the manufacturing in the transport sector and there are four regions involved in that Lombardy, Norte, Tampere and Scotland leading and the committed stakeholders so far are the regional governments the companies and also the technology providers as well as the end users from these four regions and this multi-regional approach is required because there's a lot of expertise out there in Europe in Scotland and elsewhere but they're not coming together so advancing is not effective or efficient by taking this approach we pull the talent and we also ensure that we reduce wastage because of how shall I say we reduce because of sub-system optimisation so barriers to industrial uptake of new technology a lack of knowledge of how to implement and how to operate the new technology and the Vanguard initiative is addressing this by providing ready to use solutions that is TR7 to TR8 with full support infrastructure so some of the enabling innovations we want to establish are innovations to enhance profitability and there we're looking really looking at digitalisation industry 4.0 so autonomous inspection and disassembly because this reduces lead time and reduces cost and improves accuracy we're looking at automating inspection and data handling and then combining the two to deliver smart inspection again this reduces lead time and cost and improves accuracy and we also want to look at automated disassembly because this reduces lead time so again if you're the key ways of competing in the modern industry are lead time cost and responsiveness so here we're looking at how come we use digitalisation to enable that okay and the other thing is enlarging the market and again we're using digitalisation to ensure coordination and communication in order to enhance quick potential so these are examples of some of the equipment we have already for the Scottish nodes we manufacture and and so we have extended range of robotic systems metrology and NDT capability and we are linked to over 10 centres of expertise the companies there are the ones that have already signed up so we are looking for more equipment and more money to add to this from Europe and we will get it because we don't need it officially for I think 2 years so we will get it so how does Scotland compare with the rest of the world well all the major economies China, America have identified product recovery things that we manufacture as enable us for future competitiveness so now there's a global race to build national capabilities that skilled workforce especially supply chain and legislation framework to export the emerging opportunities all the major industrial regions US, Taiwan, China Singapore, Germany and Scotland have a centre of expertise for re-manufacturing in fact one of the reasons that the Scottish government was so keen to set up is issues for re-manufacturing because we look out the globe China has one you know Taiwan has it US have it but that's not in the UK so basically the Scottish government went on online but they're going to establish one because they can't wait for the UK to have one it's moving too slowly but if you look at Scotland and China China is improving expertise policy strongly supports re-manufacturing as new defernt area and for since 2000 a re-manufacturing has been appearing consecutively in China's five year plan in 2004 it was promoted as a key area in the state circular economy pilot project and recently has lots of legislation and is centred forward in re-manufacturing in China so we're doing well for Europe but you know other people when you look at China we're not doing so well and other people are catching up so thank you and I'd like to if you want to know a bit more about what we do we do have our annual event on the 17th of June and it's going to be at the tick building in George Street so please feel free to join us Thank you very much for your very interesting lecture I have several questions first one is you were talking about the loss of elements you can talk about lithium and you can talk about cobalt which is essential Manufacturing across should get a grip of being able to de-manufacture and a lot of things I come across a myoes particularly on cars is that it's impossible to take the component of a car without the skirt and I think that has to be addressed by original manufacturers secondly the original car manufacturer has to take on more the re-manufactured parts do not affect the guarantee of cars BMW in particular are bad for this for example I had a post-aid on the field while I was mining unfortunately she wasn't driving in the town but as another thing all I needed was all new seals cost of the new part 800 pounds cost of the seals 10 pounds but the seals part had to destroy the first new part that can be addressed I think we're going in the way today I'm often re-manufactured at original equipment manufacturers I think that's the way it works Yeah, too Can I just run over that? Oh sorry You can see that re-manufactured aircraft engines is obviously logical because they have a long life we don't see it in a place where you're thinking I wonder how old the engine is on the other hand if you have a car that is 15 years old it's re-manufactured who's going to want to come by a car to design it which is 15 years old is it going to be a problem when it comes to the re-manufactured industry? I think that's one of the sets You can design a car or any structure so that it can sort of serve the next user for example in construction business what we're trying to do is to have buildings that can serve for different new user so depending on the way you design the car it might be possible to implement advances in it to update it I want to see that I want to speak to the models If you can ask a question please I don't know about you Do you think it wasn't what it was that you liked to see? Can we help you a question please? I don't know about it It's okay, thank you No? The man in the third box Is it one of the problems that we have to persuade the public not to want the newest thing if you hear it's a great example it's not going to be the young people who want this because it looks different from New York in the last years I know there are some grammars and grammars and there are the other ones but this idea of newest is best but we need to have it don't have to change public attitude first that is true that's what I mean about the one of the non-technical factors but also a lot of this thing is driven by the manufacturers they drive that one to marketing I've got a contract with three and I have to it used to be every year that gives me a new model of mobile phone now it's every two years but you want to hang on to your old one but you find actually they will give you a new one every two years I think you have to blame not just the young people but marketing and the audience I'm interested in the social and political aspects to this you didn't really talk much about that I mean is it possible for example tax incentives to manufacturing companies to re-manufacture and it can be made trendy a 45 year old car body that's been re-manufactured it states me that there's a social dimension to this which creams really help I think so I agree what we're trying to fight for or re-manufactured are trying to fight for is to be giving some sort of recognition for the good they do so you could get tax breaks for something I think they deserve that and can it be made trendy I think so I think if you had maybe Brad Pitt or something driving something old other people would I don't know if this is a true story but someone told me that one of the queen's nephews is a carpenter and he actually makes I don't know he actually makes these you know chairs and whatever that got three legs and people would buy these chairs and tables because they want a royal furniture so I don't know if he's too but you know see it's really the marketing has to come first I think it ties in with what the gentleman was saying about perception I have a question a lot yes thank you very much and good evening I have one question I understood that re-manufacturing includes re-manufacturing a machine and object but all the material itself I think I understood that correctly I have just one thing to say I have visited a lot of places in Europe and I have almost never seen a place like Scotland where virtually the money is dropped into the litter bin because there's almost total absence of any separation of trash so I have basically I have never seen it I have just spoken to the colleagues a few days ago ago and he mentioned in Malta basically people are identified if they are separating their residues correctly as I said coming back to the gentleman who spoke before that is there is a problem a problem in society my question just now as I said I think that here in Scotland separated trash is almost absent it's absent everywhere basically you are asked to drop all the different kinds of material into the same box and I can't read that but this is being separated and my question now is that somehow addressed the separation of residues to be implemented or strengthened or enforced or something like that thank you thank you very much for the most interesting talk I do wonder whether there isn't a need for a differentiated strategy for what you talk about re-manufacturing for large chunky bits of metal that may be utilised within industry and within industrial value chains and the way re-manufacturing might be designed for more consumer value chains and there is perhaps a need to differentiate those two separate processes of re-manufacturing so you are saying there should be different processes for re-manufacturing industry stuff and also a different one for consumer goods I'm wondering whether there is a need for re-manufacturing for re-manufacturing big chunky stuff like what the slide behind you and the processes associated with that within your networks and the re-manufacturing that may be required for the consumer buying for the more consumer short-term products that we all get through every day as I can see some different issues that are arranged at different opportunities between manufacturing value chain reuse of re-manufacturing and consumer value chains or whether you see those as different or actually having exactly the set of drivers for the future Are you talking about the process of the driver because when you first began talking what came to my mind is if you are talking about big chunks of metal re-manufacturing is there but once you move into consumer products you have reuse because there is a lot of plastic in those things and they don't have as much value so normally you are re-finding out how can you reuse them in some way but we don't tend to for example re-manufacture domestic washing machines because the cost of re-manufacturing then would be a lot greater than the cost of buying new I had this system because I had when I was a student my brother was just finishing his medical degree and he gave me a microwave oven now I started in England but I was actually raised in Scotland so since my I was going back to Scotland maybe somewhere in the band something went wrong with this one of those big ones made of metal so then I called someone to fix it and he said actually do you know what by the time you take into account my call-out charge and also I think what's missing is the little thing has gone out of orbit or something but if you don't get this little thing you can't buy it on the same you have to get this big bag and within it you get this little thing so it's going to cost you about you know it's going to cost you about maybe 50 quid but it's not my thing it's why don't you go to Argos and get a new one for 90 quid so so I find that when you're talking about the manufacture for consumer goods it doesn't really apply we use it but for with our current technology yes Victor keep it as a metal easy you have one question out there and then I think we'll have time for one more question can I take you back to the beginning I think you mentioned Leba and going east something like that and then in the middle of your talk you're concentrating on Scotland which is not very east but if you're going east then cost of labour is a little bit different than the conventional wisdom today because of the learning curve cost of labour is becoming a little bit more expensive can you say something about a ratio between the excess energy used and the benefit obtained from this process I saw a lot of figures that were all about making costs rather than actually benefits Hang on, can I see you told me if this is what you mean how can you get this sorry I'm taking nowhere to get back I'm quite sure this is how do I get back to the beginning Yes, hang on I did mention energy Yeah, I wasn't yes, I don't think these figures and then a ratio between the excess energy which is not there and the benefit obtained from actually the process of the real manufacturing You mean like this one tell me if this is what you mean sorry I'm going down does that answer it No No Now the other thing is how do you deal with the change of use and licensing you may actually take how hard is a manufacturing of a license how do you deal with these issues I don't know that's some of the issue like I said there has been very little work done on the manufacture but that would be a problem dealing with patents that would be a problem that we have a long way to go Do we have one more question Is there any legislation just for them So if you want to look at the geography is there any legislation around the EU to force carbon peace to have a percentage of human agriculture because frankly I don't think they'll do it No I think they're too powerful They're too powerful I've been to quite a few talks in Westminster where you are talking what you can do and everything and at the end they call in a lot of these manufacturers and what you find is they just do what they want it's like the MPs are quite frightened of them really they're too far to the best of my knowledge there's no legislation they have to do it so I think the only way this is going away is actually I think there's a question please Just one very quick one then the man in red to introduce the microphone please Re-manufacture the two ferries and ferries and gyans better than to just close the meeting please Well that was a fantastic lecture I certainly learnt a lot I didn't know that 15% energy Re-manufacture gets down to 15% energy material use that's amazing Lord Kelvin who as Trisha said was twice the president of the society and who's busted with us today he said a lot of things so one thing he said was that science is bound by the everlasting vow of honour to face fearlessly every problem which can be fairly presented to it and we clearly have major problems of sustainability at the moment he also said that the life and soul of science is its practical application and I think what we've heard today is about technology that's being developed and systems that are being developed that can help us to solve these problems in a way that is very much in the spirit of development and advancement that Kelvin was so keen on I was also taken by the fact that non-destructive evaluation was so important clearly Kelvin was all about measurements saying that you can't until you can measure things you don't know anything about them so this has been a fantastic lecture very much in the spirit of Kelvin and I hope you'll agree that Dr Winfred is a very worthy recipient of the Kelvin Medal