 My name is Sam Brachmin and I'm the author of Malignal Serpentava, Narcissism and Rivetism. Grandiosity is often considered to be a kind of primordial force, a little like madma within a volcano, something that is a force of nature out of control, out of anyone's control, including the narcissist. It's kind of a driving impetus, kind of the fuel in the narcissist engine. But reality might be, and usually is, much more nuanced. What is grandiosity? Grandiosity is an inflated self-image. It is a divorce between reality and self-perception, and this, a gulf, between the narcissist's real life, real accomplishments, real talents, real skills, real everything. And his perception of his accomplishments, talents, skill and everything else. This gulf, this abyss between reality and fantasy provides us with a clue as to the nature of grandiosity. In my view, grandiosity is not a primary force, but it is kind of a derivative phenomenon. It can be conceived as a set, a group of cognitive biases constructed on a foundation or an edifice of cognitive deficits. And these cognitive deficits emanate from a profoundly flawed reality test. That's a very fancy way of saying that the narcissist simply perceives reality wrongly. He doesn't have the tools to interpret properly events, situations, circumstances, social cues, body language, communicated messages from other people, and so on and so forth. Obviously he lacks empathy, which makes it impossible for him to put himself in other people's shoes and to anticipate their reactions, their needs, hopes, fears, priorities and preferences. The narcissist, as I repeatedly keep saying, is an alien. He is an extraterrestrial in the most profound sense of the word. He's a piece of artificial intelligence. He looks human. He acts human. He has emotional resonance tables that allow him to imitate empathy and to imitate emotions and to behave as though he is one of us, or one of you. But he is not. His reality test, his thought, constantly his cognition, his thought processes are defective, they are deficient, cognitive deficits. And this creates, in turn, cognitive biases, misinterpretation or misperception of information about himself and about others. Consider, for example, omniscience, the narcissist's tendency to believe that he knows everything, that he is a genius, that there is nothing beyond his remit and his ability to grasp and to analyze properly. He considered himself the authority, not an authority, but the authority, and not on a single subject, but on every considerable subject and many inconsiderable subjects. The narcissist considered himself godlike, endowed with total knowledge, unlimited information, peak data, kind of thing. So what is omniscience? What does it rely on? Well, it relies on a cognitive bias known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a kind of bias where people overestimate themselves and sometimes overestimate others. Consider a dumb person, a stupid person. Kruger Dunning Effect simply means that dumb people, stupid people, are too dumb and too stupid to realize that they are dumb and stupid. I repeat, dumb people, stupid people, are too dumb and stupid to realize that they are dumb and stupid. Consequently, they do not consider themselves dumb and stupid. They consider themselves intelligent and analytical. They consider themselves well-informed, knowledgeable. They consider themselves sometimes geniuses. But in reality, they are dumb and stupid. They just don't know it. Not only they don't know it, they are incapable in principle of knowing it. And this is the cognitive bias. Narcissists are deluded about the true level of their abilities, knowledge and skills. But they tend to sustain this delusion also by devaluing and underestimating others. So they have classic Kruger Dunning where they overestimate themselves and are not capable of self-awareness. That is classic Kruger Dunning. Plus, they undervalue and underestimate other people, which makes them superior by comparison. So they feel absolutely superior and also superior by comparison. And again, the example of omniscience, the all-knowing narcissists. The narcissist often pretends to know everything in every field of human knowledge and endeavor. The narcissist lies and prevaricates to avoid the exposure of his ignorance. He is not averse to confabulations and outright lies. Narcissist resorts to numerous subterfuges to support his godlike omniscience. Where the narcissist's knowledge fades in, which happens very often because he doesn't know much usually, the narcissist feigns, fakes authority, superiority. He quotes from non-existent sources. He embeds friends of truth in a canvas of falsehoods. He transforms himself into an artist of intellectual, freshly digitization. Slate of hand. Slate of hand. This is the core innocence of narcissism. Here you see me, here you don't. As the narcissist gets older, this invidious quality may recede, or rather, metamorphose. He may now claim more confined expertise, or more refined expertise. He becomes more mellow in his claims, more realistic. He may no longer be ashamed to admit his ignorance and his need to learn things outside the fields of his real or self-imputed self-proclaimed expertise. It's all true. As he grows older, he grows mellower. The condition ameliorates when it comes to omniscience. But this apparent improvement is really an optical illusion. Because within his territory, the narcissist is still as fiercely defensive and as possessive as ever. So, many narcissists, for example, are avowed autodidance, self-taught. They are unwilling to subject their knowledge and insights to peer scrutiny, or for that matter, to any scrutiny. The narcissist keeps reinventing himself. He keeps adding new fields of knowledge as he goes along. This creeping intellectualization is a roundabout way of reverting to his erstwhile image as the erudite renaissance man. So, let me explain. As the narcissist grows older, he is willing to admit that there are some fields in which he is not an expert. But, as he excludes these fields in which he admits that he is not an expert, he adds double the number of other fields in which he claims to be an expert. So, he gives away or gives out one of these areas of knowledge and he adds another five. And he also becomes more fiercely protective of his claim that he is a genius expert renaissance man, Jack of all trades, in the fields that he has annexed, in the fields that he has declared himself to be an expert in. So, in his youth he might claim to be an expert on everything. In old age he might claim to be an expert on only two or three hundred fields of human knowledge, but he will be much more fiercely protective of this claim. He will insist that he is an erudite. The narcissist believes that he does not need to refer to reality as the last arbiter. He only has to tap his own superior innate intelligence in order to derive universally applicable and invariable rules. The narcissist doesn't believe that he has to observe reality, measure reality, conduct experiments. He believes that all he has to do is use his superior super-genius intellect to understand the world. All knowledge is innate inside him, he just has to access it, as opposed to other people who believe that they have to refer to reality to gain, to derive and to extract real knowledge. Regardless of the paucity of his own experience and knowledge, the narcissist holds himself to be a supreme authority on almost every issue and topic. As he did, the narcissist is emotionally invested in his self-imputed omniscience and in his infallibility. He regards any challenge to these as narcissistic injury, which threatens to undermine the very foundations of his precariously balanced personality. The narcissist disagrees with him, criticizes him, demands to know his credentials, look into his claims, and you become the enemy. He rages and is out to the value, and if possible, exterminate, eliminate you and everyone around you and everyone who supports you. Black and white, splitting, you are with me or against me, you are against me, you are gone, you are dead. You are with me, you are also gone and dead, but at least you have become a part of me. Omniscience, one of the types of grandiosity which most clearly exemplifies, demonstrates the fact that grandiosity is a cognitive deficit, based on a lack of proper understanding and grasp of reality, which generates a cognitive bias.