 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue studying the Ach Sandhi or Vavel Sandhi. We have seen that there are two classifications available in Ach Sandhi. First one being Ekasthanika Ekadesha and the second one is Dvisthanika Ekadesha, this is what we are studying right now, where we have two substituents Dvisthanika and one substitute Ekadesha, two substituents and one substitute. The first classification that we have already studied is Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where we have one substituent and one substitute, Ekasthani and Ekadesha. This Dvisthanika Ekadesha is stated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekah Purva Parayoh. This is 6184, there are two words in this sutra Ekaha one slash one of Ekha meaning one substitute. Purva Parayoh is 6 slash two of Purva Parayoh, Purva means previous, Parayoh means letter. Purva Parayoh means in place of previous and letter sound. What this sutra means is one substitute takes place in place of two sounds, previous and letter. To show this in the form of an equation, we can say that if you have A followed by B immediately and they are in close proximity, they are in the Samhita mode where A is immediately before B and B is immediately after A, eventually it is A plus B and then in place of both A and B you have one substitute C. A and B are the substitutes, C is the substitute, A and B are the sthani and C is the substitute, A plus B is an input and C is the output. This Dvisthanika Ekadesha is stated in the Ashtadhyayi from 6184 Ekha Purva Parayoh onwards up to 6112. There are five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. Of Ekasthanika Ekadesha, we have studied two instances, Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi. These are the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We have already studied the sutras prescribing these two instances. We also studied the examples in detail and also the interrelation of rulers. Now, coming back to the instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha, we note that there are five such instances. First one being Guna Sandhi stated by the sutra Aadgunahan. This is 6187. We have already studied this in detail in the previous lectures. We studied the sutra Aadgunahan, the words continued in it, the meaning of this sutra, the selection for the criterion for selection of the substitute, the template examples and then the specific examples. We also noted the interrelation of 6187 and 88 and some other rules as well. We have devoted a good amount of time in studying Aadgunahan. The second instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Vrindhi Sandhi stated by the sutra Vrindhirichi, 6188 and this is what we are going to study in this particular lecture. The third instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Pararupa Sandhi stated by the sutra Engi Pararupam, 6194. The fourth instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha, two substituents and one substitute is Savarna Deerga Sandhi and this is stated by the sutra Akassabarna Deerga, 6111 and finally the fifth instance is Purva Rupa Sandhi stated by the sutra Amipurva, 6117. Amongst these five, we have already studied in detail the first one and currently we will be studying the second instance namely the Vrindhi Sandhi and after we finish Vrindhi Sandhi, we may proceed studying the other instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. So, let us now proceed to study Vrindhi Sandhi. What is Vrindhi Sandhi? Let us study the sutra Vrindhi Rechi in order to understand what is Vrindhi Sandhi. This particular sutra 6188 contains two words Vrindhi and Echi. Vrindhi is one slash one of Vrindhi which is defined by Panini in his very first sutra of the ashtadhyayi namely Vrindhiradayi. So, Vrindhi stands for the three sounds A, I and Au. This is what is Vrindhi. Echi is seven slash one of H. H is a pratyahara. We have already studied how to form pratyaharas. Now H consists of four sounds A, O and I, Au. H is a pratyahara that takes into account sutra number three and four in the pratyahara sutras Aayun Ruluk Aayong Aayouch. So, third and fourth sutra is captured by the pratyahara H. So, Echi stands for immediately before A, O, I and Au. The other words continued in this sutra are Aad which means immediately after a short and long. Aad is five slash one of A. Similarly, we have Samhitayam which means in close proximity in the Samhita mode. We also have Ekapurva parayoh which means one substitute in place of two substitute events namely the previous or earlier and the latter. Having put all these things together, we get the meaning of this sutra vradhirachi. It is this, in the close proximity in Samhita mode when immediately before H that is when immediately before A, O, I and Au, a short and long or long appears, then in place of both H and Au comes the substitute termed vradhi namely A, I and Au. So, we can show this in the form of an equation. But before going there, let us read the meaning of this sutra once again slowly. The meaning is in the close proximity that is in the Samhita mode when immediately before H, He when immediately before A, O, I and Au appears a long or short, then in place of both of them comes the substitute termed vradhi namely A, I and Au. Now, let us go to the equation. If we have a followed by H immediately, so, A comes immediately before H and H comes immediately after A, they are in Samhita mode in close proximity. Then 6188 applies and vradhi namely A, I and Au is the substitute generated. So, this is the input A plus H, 6188 applies and the output generated is vradhi namely A, I and Au. It is important for us to remember that H is part of H. H is a pratyahara formed capturing the sounds that appear in first four sutras Aayun, Ruluk, Aayong and Aayouch and H is obviously part of H. Now, H is the condition for 6187. H is also the condition of 6187. So, 6187 has a scope of application which is also H and 6188 also has this similar scope of application. Albeit we note that 6188 has a scope which is part of the scope of application of 6187. So, this overlap of scope of application of rules feeds into the conflict of rules in order to resolve which the Paninian grammar and its tradition has laid down certain principles. One of the principles says that since 6188 has the scope of application of H and 6187 has a far bigger scope of application, 6188 applies in its limited domain of application. Because if you do not allow 6188 to apply in this limited domain, 6188 will not get any other domain for application. Whereas, for 6187 there is some other domain to apply itself. And so, 6187 does not apply in the condition of H. Rather 6188 applies in this particular limited domain and then we have Vruddhi Sandhi. Vruddhi being the output generated after the application of 6188. To put it in the expanded form and the template of examples, this is how we can show the examples. When we have r plus a as input and in close proximity in the Samhita mode, 6188 applies and the output generated is i. When you have r plus a, now a and he, they both are Udesh here and so they both stand for their homogeneous sounds. So, a stands for its homogeneous long variety namely r and so we have examples of these kinds. So, you have r plus a, we have already seen r plus a being the input and i is the output. Similarly, you have r plus a also as an input where 6188 applies and the output generated is i in place of both of them. Similarly, you have r plus o as input in Samhita mode and 6188 applies and o is the output that is generated. Then you have r plus o as input in the Samhita mode, 6188 applies and o is the output generated. Then you have r plus i in the Samhita mode, 6188 applies and the output generated is i in place of both of them. Then you have r plus i in Samhita mode, 6188 applies and output generated is i. Then you have r plus o in the Samhita mode, 6188 applies and the output generated is o. Then you have r plus o as input they are in the Samhita mode. So, 6188 applies and the output generated is o. These inputs they could be at various levels within one pattern within a compound or at the end of two different puzzles in the sentence. Let us look at the specific concrete examples which illustrate these templates. First, let us see the example where r plus a is the input, 6188 applies and the output generated is i. So, first we have with plus a so we have a coming at the end of this first word and this is a compound followed by another word at the beginning of which comes a and so in place of both of them 6188 applies and the substitute i comes in. So, we have with i and shana when we join it together we get with tai shana. This is a compound. Now, when we take attra plus eva where attra is a separate padha eva is another separate padha. So, we have a coming at the end of this first padha and a coming at the beginning of this second padha and so now 6188 applies and we get the output attra i and eva when we join them together we get attra eva. Next we move towards r plus a being the input 6188 applies and the output generated is i. So, we have ha ha plus a ha ha is a masculine noun and we are generating the native singular chaturthi ekavachana of this noun. So, we have ha ha plus a and we have a coming at the end of this prathipadika and a at the beginning of the prathiyaya and so we have 6188 applies applying and the output generated is ha ha plus i ha hai. This is the native singular of ha ha. Now, we have mala plus eva. Mala is a separate padha. Eva is also a separate padha and so we have a coming at the end of this padha, a coming at the beginning of this padha. So, 6188 applies and we have mala i and eva as the generated output. When we join them together we get mala eva as the final output. So, these are also two different words, vacha plus ekatvam and a coming at the end of this padha, a coming at the beginning of this padha and so the output generated is vacha i katvam. Then we go to the next example, a plus o is the input and the output generated is a. So, we have the compound first pakkava plus odana where we have a coming at the end of the first padha and o coming at the beginning of the second padha. So, we have a plus o. Now, this is a compound. So, both these words are in the Samhita mode. So, we have 6188 applying and the output generated is pakvau and dana. When we join them together we get pakvau dana. Similarly, we have tavah plus ojaha. These are two different padhas part of the sentence tavah plus ojaha. So, in this case we have a coming at the end of this padha and o coming at the beginning of this second padha and they both are in Samhita mode. So, we have 6188 applying and generating the output namely tavaujaha tavaujaha. Then we have a plus o and the compound form is ganga plus ogha where we have a coming at the end of this padha and o coming at the beginning of this second padha. When we join them together after the application of 6188 we get ganga ogha and then we get ganga ogha as the compounded form. Similarly, when we have raja plus oshadhi naam. These are two separate padhas. This is part of the sentence where we have a coming at the end of this first padha and o coming at the beginning of this second padha. So, we have a plus o 6188 applies and we have the output rajau and shadhi naam. When we join them together we get rajau shadhi naam. Next we have a plus i as the input and i is the output. So, we have dhe here plus i here as a compound. So, o coming at the end of this first part of the compound first padha and i coming at the beginning at this second padha. So, 6188 applies and the output generated is dhe i here dhe i here. Then we have attra plus icchath. These are two separate padhas. This is part of the sentence. So, attra has got a at the end of the padha and icchath has got i at the beginning of this padha. So, we have a followed by i in the samhita mode. So, 6188 applies and the output generated is attra i and icchath. So, we have attra icchath. Then we have a plus i as input 6188 applies and the output generated is i. Once again we begin with the compound where we have rama plus ic here where a appears at the end of the first padha in the compound i appears at the beginning of the second padha in the compound. So, they are in the samhita mode and 6188 applies and we have rama i here rama i here. Then we have asha followed by icchath. These are two separate padhas asha followed by icchath. So, asha has got a at the end and icchath has got i at the beginning. They are in the samhita mode. So, we have a plus i here as an input and 6188 applies there and the output generated is asha i and icchath. Next we have a followed by au as the input 6188 applies and the output generated is au. So, the first example is that of two separate padhas tava plus audar yam. So, tava has got a at the end of the padha. Au has got, audar yam has got au at the beginning of this second padha. So, we have au plus au in the samhita mode. 6188 applies and the output generated is tava audar yam. Now, if we look at the example of a compound, we see that dheya is the first word, audkant here is the second word. We have au coming at the end of this first padha. Au coming at the beginning of this second padha. So, we have a followed by au in the samhita mode. So, 6188 applies and the output generated is dheya au and tkant here and we join them together. We get dheya utkant here. Finally, we have a followed by au as the input and the output generated after the application of 6188 is au. So, we have ganga plus au permya. This is a compound form where you have au coming at the end of the first padha, au appearing at the beginning of the second padha. So, they are in the samhita mode. So, 6188 applies and the output generated is ganga au permya. Ganga au permya. Now, we have the example where dhata is one word and au rjaya is the second word. So, there are these two padhas part of the sentence. Now, this au appears at the end of the first padha and au appears at the beginning of the second padha and these two padhas are in the samhita mode. So, 6188 applies and we have the output generated in the form of dhata au and rjaya. So, we have dhata au rjaya. It is important to remember here that in 6188 we also applied the uddeshya vidhayabhava and then anuditsavarnasya chapratya jaha. So, au stands for au and au and therefore, all these examples having au as the input. Now, after having studied all these examples, let us look at the interrelation of rules and here we have one instance. The interrelation between 6188 and enge pararupam 6194. What is enge pararupam? Enge pararupam has got two words enge and pararupam. Enge is 7 slash 1 of enge. This means immediately before enge and enge means a and au capturing the sounds in the third pratyahar sutra eong. Pararupam is 1 slash 1 of pararupam meaning a substitute of the form of the letter. The words continued are adh 5 slash 1 of a short or long and adh means immediately after a short or long. Upasargad also continues from the previous sutra Upasargadrati dhatav adh continues from adh guna. Upasargad means it is the 5 slash 1 of upasargad which means immediately after a preverb. Upasargad is a preverb. Dhatav is 7 slash 1 of dhatu and so it means immediately before a verbal root. Dhatu is a verbal root. Ekaha one substitute takes place and purva parayoh 6 slash 2 which means in place of previous and latter sounds. All this put together the meaning of 6194 can be stated like this. Immediately before a verbal root that begins with aing that is a or o and immediately after a preverb that ends in short or long a in place of both one substitute in the form of latter pararupa takes place. So, let us look at the equations and here we have the equations but before going there let us once again read the meaning carefully. Immediately before a verbal root that begins with aing. So, aing dhatau and then we have jasmine with his tadadabal grahani. So, we have ingadau dhatau that means a verbal root that begins with aing and immediately before that and then if there is a preverb that comes immediately before it and this preverb ends in short or long a. So, we have in place of both of them one substitute in the form of the latter sound this is the substitute. Now to put it in the form of an equation we have this is the bracket indicating that this is a preverb and this is the verbal root this preverb ends in a and this verbal root begins with either a or o then in such a case we have the output generated this is the remaining part of the preverb and in place of a and o the latter that is a or o is the substitute. So, a or o remains over here and this is the verbal root this is the output generated and here is a concrete example we have pra plus ajatay pra is a preverb which ends in a and ajatay is the verbal form where the verbal root is ajatay at the beginning of which comes a. So, we have pra plus ajatay and the output generated by 6194 is pra ajatay that is pre ajatay. If we look at the conditions over here there is a followed by a. So, this is actually the scope of application of 6188 a plus a and the output is i but because 6194 has further restricted domain of application because you do not want any a over here you want an a only at the end of a preverb anupasarga and obviously you do not want any a over here you want an a which is at the beginning of the verbal root alone. So, preverb and verbal root only in this situation only in this environment 6194 applies obviously this is very restricted domain of application and therefore in this case 6194 applies and 6188 does not apply. To summarize in this lecture we studied in detail the vridhisandhi we studied the sutra we also studied the meaning of the sutra with the help of the words that are continued we also applied the uddeshya videyabhava and anuditsavarnasya chapratkayaha then we studied the examples in details at different levels within a pattern or in between two patterns. We also studied the interrelation of 6188 and 6194 and we also noted that the domain of application of 6194 is smaller than 6 that of 6188. Now, there are some more rules whose domain is going to be further smaller than 6194 and in those cases 6188 is going to reapply. Now, we shall study these rules and their examples next. We also study some other instances of this kind other examples stated by the later paninian grammatical tradition all this we do in the coming lectures. Thank you for your patience.