 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss a very interesting type of crime, which is white-collar crime. White-collar crime refers to non-violent crimes committed by individuals in position of power or authority. These crimes are generally committed by affluent people who sit on the authoritative positions, sit on the hard positions, sit on the bureaucratic structures of the government, where they are usually involved in financial embezzlement by using their power and authority. So, examples of white-collar crime include fraud, financial embezzlement, and insider trading. Insider trading refers to the secret or secret of any organization, which can be dangerous to expose or publicly convey this message to others. White-collar crimes are also involved in these crimes. In return, they can be provided with financial benefits and foreign trips. They are also provided with lucrative incentives. But white-collar crimes commit a very selective class of people. And unfortunately, they are not detectable. There are very few detectable crimes like this. And the criminal justice system, unfortunately, has many loopholes in it, which makes it easy for white-collar crime commiters to deceive and cheat this system. In Pakistan, white-collar crime is often associated with corruption in government and different business sectors. For example, in 2017, the Panama Papers scandal, which implicated several high-ranked Pakistani politicians and business people, is an example of white-collar crime in the country in which millions and billions of dollars' potential corruption is involved. And we also see that the political personalities in Pakistan are associated with such crimes. But unfortunately, there has been very little punishment or deterrence in the criminal justice system regarding the white-collar crime that can be created in the future. So, to reduce future possibilities, it is necessary to have deterrence as a mechanism of social control in any justice system. And especially in the case of white-collar crime, where this possibility is very low, that any white-collar criminal can be detected, it is very important that the society produces a strong mechanism of deterrence.