 Kia ora koutou. My name is Carla Hakama. I am a senior lecturer in Department of Management and International Business. That's located at the Business School in Auckland University. My travel affiliations are Ngāti Kahinunu and Ngāti Porou, and my hapu are Te Whānau or Tuwhaka, Idiota and Ngāti Kere, and I am an Associate Investigator on the New Zealand Attitudes and Value Study. Hi, I'm Chris. I'm a lecturer in the Psychology Department and also heavily involved in the New Zealand Attitudes and Value Study. What I thought would be really useful is rather than talk about specific papers, we just thought we'd start with describing how we devised the multi-dimensional model of Māori identity and cultural engagement, which we started working on in 2009. It was a partnership. The multi-dimensional model of Māori identity and cultural engagement, or MAIS, it's on its second edition now, so it's the MAIS II. That was a measure that we designed to account for the diversity in Māori society, which hasn't been able to be measured accurately in the past. By diversity, I mean that if you look at Māori society now, it's comprised of a huge variety of people just as diverse as any other group, and usually when you look at traditional measures, what they tend to do is they describe Māori identity as the extent to which someone is enculturated into traditional Māori society. The reality is if you look at Māori now, about half the people that identify as Māori have one non-Māori parent, so you've got a real ethnic mix. The other thing is culture, or traditional Māori culture, te reo Māori mingatikanga Māori, they're very unevenly spread throughout Māori society. So the upshot is that there is a group called Māori in New Zealand, but they've got all these different characteristics. The other thing is Māori are very young. I think the median age is about 25 or 26, maybe a little bit older than that. So it's a group of people in New Zealand that the diversity in it is accelerating, I'll put it that way. So one of the things that we wanted to do was we wanted to be able to describe Māori identity in all its variety. Well, as much as possible in terms of a quantitative measure, because it's always going to have its limitations. So to do that, we had a look at all of the literature around Māori identity. We also used some of the material from my PhD, which explored identity change in Māori woman over history, and we identified some of the key qualities that are usually associated with Māori identity. So one of them is the extent to which Māori are enculturated, so how much they speak Māori, how much contact they have with their traditional Māori networks, their marae, their iwi, their hapu. The other is the extent to which Māori are socio-politically conscious, so the extent to which individuals understand the historical events that create and maintain the patterns that you see in New Zealand society today. The other aspect is spirituality that shows up as a really salient feature of Māori identity. If you ask Māori what they feel about their identity, often elements of that kama. Also, we added physical appearance recently and that was in response to the data that we were collecting around Māori identity that showed that the differences between individuals that had two Māori parents and individuals that had one Māori parent and one non-Māori parent were quite salient to the data, so we were interested in physical appearance. The other thing is identity centrality. That's the extent to which being Māori is an important part in your identity. We also look at the evaluation of identity whether you see being Māori as a positive thing or you do not see Māori as a positive thing. Is that all of that? I think that's seven. Yeah, that's what we measured. That's what we measured. What we wanted to do is we wanted to be able to assess the extent to which people agreed or disagreed with a variety of statements that related to those seven categories. By doing that, you're able to formulate a much clearer picture of how individuals vary according to seven dimensions. Using that data, we've been able to produce a number of papers and that's flowed on from that work. What do you want to add? Yeah, so the basic idea behind the scale was to come up with a series of attitude statements about identity. It's a pretty standard way of measuring any type of attitude in social psychology. The key challenge for us was to come up with statements that describe different possible interpretations of Māori identity and as many diverse possible interpretations as we could. To get that wide range of statements and then perform a whole lot of statistical analyses to see which statements fit together into factors. That's why if you look at the scale, it's so diverse and there are a lot of items that you might think, wow, I can't quite work out exactly what the researchers are trying to get at there, but it works statistically. Sometimes those are the items that you can't look at and think, I think I know exactly what they're asking. Those items are the best items because people don't necessarily know exactly what we're looking for is kind of what you want. The story about how we wrote a lot of those items is probably the most interesting part of our process. So what we were really finding is that contemporary ways of understanding Māori identity and measuring it just weren't able to account for the diversity that we saw. So when we started generating items, we went through the qualitative literature. I also collected a lot of material as part of my PhD. I interviewed 35 Māori woman and collected their life story. So I had lots of descriptions around individual perceptions of what it meant to be Māori. And we also actually at the time, because remember we were writing it for a younger cohort. So some of the items reflect the kind of language that we felt that we were writing to a younger cohort. But we sat down, we went through the qualitative literature, identified statements, and we also generated a number of sales, mainly over coffee. Yeah, we had a whole lot of napkins, but we'll sellotape together with all of our ideas for items and all of our analysis over a lot of coffee. It was kind of how it happened really, you know, this image people have of researchers sitting there, I don't know, in lab coats or whatever. Yeah, no, it's not how it happened at all. I think that characterises our relationship actually from the beginning. It was coffee and cafes. Yeah, and talking about how we'd go about doing this. Yeah. So the mice has been, so I think what is really interesting about the mice is it's a very, very unique commissure. There's nothing quite like it anywhere that I've been able to identify, particularly in relation to indigenous identity, in that the items are mainly derived from the language and the natural discourse that we've been able to identify that Māori use to talk about themselves. It represents and is able to represent a much broader diversity of Māori society than it's been able to be represented. I mean, it's not perfect. It's not the be all and end all. And we actually see it evolving over time, like I mentioned, that we recently added another dimension and perhaps that might change again in the future as we learn more about what is appropriate to clean the measure. It also, I'd like to add, it also conceptualises of Māori identity in a way that individuals are able to say how they feel. So it's not really imposing a rigid or a fixed notion of what being Māori is about. People can agree or disagree to any of the statements that we include in the mice. So what we're able to do is we're able, I think, it's a more empowering measure because traditional measures have really just looked at, oh, can you speak Māori? Do you have anything to do with your Māori? Do you know your hapē o your iwi? And all those things are not things that all Māori people can relate to. So, really, what we've tried to do is we've tried to provide as many opportunities for individuals to identify themselves within the social group Māori, perhaps more so than it's been able to be provided before. We've got a lot of data now. I mean, we started working on the scale in 2007, 2008, and the first paper was 2010, I think, or 2009. Yeah, in the New Zealand Journal of Psychology. Yeah, so we've gone about a decade on this work and one really, I know, old, I shouldn't say that I can, but one really cool thing for a New Zealand Datitudes and Value Study is at time four, we got funding to run a specific version of the questionnaire that contained the multidimensional model for our Māori participants. And that was awesome because we got data from about 700 of the participants in our study who filled out the Māori Identity Meshat. That was the Te Wharekura. I'd like to give a shout out to Te Wharekura at Shlith, Auckland University for their funding. Yeah, thank you. And that's what so much of that research has led to and so many people being able to answer interesting questions kind of in ways I never would have dreamt really that people would use measure the way they have. It's that interesting. And we've also put online. So one of the things that we really wanted to do was to be able to provide users with a feedback or some personal information about their Māori identity and what they like relative to lots of other people who have filled out the form before. So if you log on to the Māori Identity website now, which is just www.māoriidentity.ac.nz, that's right, isn't it? I think so. You can actually fill out the mice and you can get a PDF report of what your identity profile is really in relation to other people that have completed it. So and there's also information about the mice on the website as well. So we really want people to engage in that. And yeah, that's one way that we are hoping to do it. And we're hoping to extend it as well with another grant that we have within the next couple of years. We want to add more to the website and encourage people to go on there and give us feedback. Yeah. So we'd just like to say thank you to everybody who's been involved in the study and we hope we can generate a lot of really important and novel research findings. Yeah, the most important thing about it is really about the participants. You know, this kind of research is absolutely nothing if people don't go on and give us information. And it's really important to us to make sure that we're really open and transparent. That's why we have the website there so people can go on and they can have a look at all the papers and information about how to use the mice themselves if they want to use it in their own work.