 Hi everybody. Today I'm going to present you the result of my master thesis that I did in Paris in Pente-en-Sauvain a long, long time ago, back in 2012, but also a few preliminary results from my PhD, which I'm doing at the University of Western Australia within a big project called Kimberley Vision, which is focused on rock art and occupation sites within the North East Kimberley. So quite luckily I have been able to work on the Kimberley region for my master, which is a region from the tropical north of Australia, which is basically twice the size of England in terms of size, like you can see Australia is a huge continent, and this region is particularly interesting as it is maybe one of the key entry points of population on this continent during the Pleistocene, but it also shows an interesting pattern of change in lithics industries during the Olocyne. The change and the dichotomy between Pleistocene industries and Olocyne industries I've been quite, I've been quite long history in Australia, like for a long time the first typologist, the first lithics analyst, have defined two big industries. So Pleistocene industries were where called the core tools crapper, sorry I'm a bit stressed, like yeah core tool industries and later on during the Olocyne they used to define a small tool tradition and these two phases used to be applied through the continent and yeah with no regional variation whatsoever. Until in the 60s and 70s, Muldani, one of the Austrian archaeologists, said that reanalyze artefacts from Cunich's caves and said that Australian lithic industries were too variable and maybe during traditional typology weren't a good solution to grasp the variation between place and archaeological sites and so on. It's what this assertion was back up with Haydn, observation of population from the Western desert, who managed observing aborigines napping and using stone tools, he managed to see that blank morphology wasn't a criterion for selection for making tools of the use, so they can either be used grow or retouched. Nowadays, a famous Australian lithic analyst like Peter Krzysztof-Lachsens acknowledged more for quantification of reduction in lithics analysis, so basically it's more like they're more attached to Bériel's ecology and evolutionary archaeology. In their work, they gather morphological, morphometric data and try to quantify the amount of reduction that the tools have undergone. They also acknowledged to look at more original scales, because Australia is a big continent and so looking at more reduced regional, sorry I'm really stressed, I'm so sorry, they acknowledged to look at regional scale analysis, so Krzysztof-Lachsens did for Vadaman country, which is a situated in Arnhemland on the map, not so far from the Kimberley, 200 kilometers away from the site I'm looking at now from APHD. So what Krzysztof-Lachsens found through his analysis using North American kind of approach is that stone tool types were probably the same part of the continuum, so points from blades were made in points which were like reducing first unifacially and then bifacially to attain, like you can see on the right hand of the screen, completely bifacially flaked points. It's a simple scraper, so morphology scraper are due to the amount of reduction that undergone, like following Debal's theory. This model is quite a success and for him this reduction continuum and the existence of point technology in Arnhemland is linked to the need of easy replaceable toolkits, which help to cope with climatic instability in this region and make people, people that are ready to end toolkits with them wherever they go, went down control like scarce resources. This model has also been a success as it was also applied in the region when I'm working now, so in the Southwest, Kimberley, Tim Maloney found that some, the pattern of, sorry, for the points, but happier in the Kimberley just like in Arnhemland, but later 5,000 years before, are made on standard as blank and are then part of a reduction continuum. So first of all you have the standard as blank, then it's reduced into an unifacient point and then a bifacial point. The only type of tool, which were, not in this continuum, is the backtrack effect, which follows its own reduction path. And this industry of the Middle Eastern industries are also thought to be realized to cope with more climatic instability. But what Maloney found as well is that 10, 1,000 years before people were making other new type of tool, bifascially flaking tool, but finished with pressure flaking and for him and to mark more as well work in the Samaria, these two were maybe more linked to social connection and social, what he said is that the specific technique of pressure flaking implied to have social transmission of this knapping practice and so on. So it's the first time where we go out of your own ecological model to cope with climatic instability to something more social. And we can say that the data from the master, my master and and from my PhD turn to tell a kind of different story. Outside of lethix you've got raw cards, which for the older scene and middle of the scene must be 6,000 VP seems to show more regional viable and so on. And sorry, that was my presentation. Sorry. Yeah, so I'm going to present to my master data. So sorry. Yeah, I didn't have my thing so far. It was just like Oh, no, you got my. Okay. And I just I saw no desk thing. Yeah. So which one? Yeah. So I was, oh, you mean that's a slightly was this one. And that's okay. And we are not going to split on the desk. No, well, I'm going to manage without even if I'm stressed. I'm sorry. There we go. Okay, let's go. Okay, so so we said that we've got this new introduction of points, 5000 years, which wears on solidized blank and, and just part the point out of from the same reduction continuum. And then in 1000 years, you've got both new pressure leading points, which are maybe linked to social relationship and social learning, at least implied by the techniques to have like social bond and language. So on to transmit this, these techniques in the Northwest Kimberley is the continuum of points is not applicable. So for my master thesis, I work on Kononara rock shelter, which is in the right and left end side of the map. And for my PhD, I'm working on few sites that are not all there, but you can see different sites type. I'm looking at bits include like rock shelter, because archaeology in Australia have a lot of biases because we're looking more at caves and so on. So we start to, at least for this region to open, open, open earth sites. And also gathering quarries, a quarry workshop, the Viva Chet Reduction quarry, by the way. So I'm going to present you the Kononara results. So Kononara is an old excavation made by Charlie Dorch in the seventies. Stratigraphy, it's a bit hard to read there because of the charcoal and the fire just like rebates the place, make the sedimentary dark with no layers. So basically the only solution is to excavate by like arbitrary excuse. So as the first, when I came to the collection, the first surface layer are disturbed. So we decided with my research director at the time to just forget the older layer that starting 135 centimeter, which is below a charcoal of of 3000 BP, which have been calibrated by Tim Maloney at 34341 BP. So what I found looking at the stone tools over there is that in contrary to what Maloney have got in the south west Kimberley, points are not always made on on standard ice so we have a composite part of the technology over there like little cores, which produce like standardized type of points, which are basically not for touch. And like points any fascial and fascial could be realized on simple flake struck from rebel cobbles. Like the number six, the butt of the number six on the right hand side of the plate show the typical cortical shoulder of the of the cobble, which I've been from the flake. And in other words, so yeah, sorry. And also very two type of fascial point, I think it's important to stress like very probably be fascial is struck point, retouch points, but there's also like be fascial shaping there, which is far older on the one we saw in the south west Kimberley. So from the older sequences, we can see different be fascial finding flakes in the older seconds like big like the first stage of the facial finding like the two big one on the left and also the finishing the be fascial finding later flakes, as well as preforms and broken points. And therefore, if I found through the sequence, so that's mean that be fascial finding, but without pressure flaking were happening far before what 1000 VP. And the diagnostic and so that's mean that those kind of point are not part of this continuum, at least. And so it's interesting to see that in comparison with one of the first site has to be from my PhD, there may be more viability than previous work in the Kimberley safe ethics. So sorry. So one of the first sites of my PhD is umary. So catch your zero thirty seven in the 68. This site is a long sequence, a first three first square were established by the Kimberley vision team back in 2016. And from this first big sequence, we've got two dates one basically the middle, which is really recent 1000 VP, while we have a bottom date of 12,000, nearly 13,000 there. So far, I have studied the stratigraphical unit one, two, three and four. And they gave a really interesting result in term of variation in the thick industry for short term periods. For first of all, be fascial finding feet, feet in place are fine for the sequence with interesting pattern. Actually, the first layer is retrographical units. You find the fascial finning, finning flakes in two types of pro material, the silicep ison stone and the sedimentary rocks, which could be fine in the riverbed nearby the site. It's really local material. Sunstone is fine where everywhere around the open site. And we have a gradual change towards more charity materials in stratigraphical units three and four. And they are like virtually present in every layer of the site. But that's not all as a variation. There's also a change in we can see difference like we don't see in East Kimberley. So what we have found something interesting, which are not documented elsewhere in both sites in the Kimberley is that there is an existence of ledlets and small flag production in crystal boards, which starts a bit before in XU4 and change through the XU. This production, the core justifies for really thin flakes what we can find to be a retouch in points like in XU12 and as little parts of ledlets in XU11. And like I will characterize further the change within the industries in my PhD later. Sorry. But maybe to say a bit more about my research. So this was one of the open sites I've got to study. And I will try to compare later on there are different site type because like various different activity has some type type. Like going through the different assemblages that got so far. Open sites are full of so differential finding, course tools, and deep touch of ledlets and so on. While rock shatter seems to be sorry seems to be more differential finding as well. And we are like quarries where just like being used for differential reduction. So basically I would like to, comparing those sites I would like to see various like offering, with another methodology offering a qualitative view of what's happening in every site type to see and something different catchment of the place. See very cultural differences between the area. And yeah, sorry. Let's finish there. Sorry.