 Hello aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis brought to you by shankara ace academy in today's video we are going to cover yesterday's newspaper that is the hindi newspaper edition dated 9th of january 2022 and today we have eight different news articles and we are going to discuss different areas from our syllabus we'll be discussing about neurons synapses supernova biofilms the process of biomethanation we'll also see about online bullying about light combat aircrafts etc so this is going to be an interesting session and quite important for problems 2022 without wasting much time now let us get to the first news article discussion so our first discussion is going to be based on the science based article this article reports about a research study based on the process of synapses formation this study was conducted by researchers from national centre for biological sciences now for this research they chose zebrafish as a model organism why because zebrafishes are transparent and the neuron development in the zebrafish larvae can be observed it can be observed by injecting dye or by engineering the fish to express the fluorescent proteins so through this they have understood the functioning of synapses in detail so in today's discussion we'll see what do you mean by synapses and what were the findings of this research team the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here you can take note of it now to understand the findings of this research we need to understand what do we mean by synapses and to understand about synapses first we need to know what is neurons because synapses is related to neurons see basically neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system neurons are also called as neurons or nerve cells so remember neurons are cells now these neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body and for this they use chemical and electrical signals so with these signals they help to coordinate all the necessary functions of life but note that unlike other cells neurons do not reproduce or regenerate so they are not replaced once they die and this is the reason for neurological diseases like Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease etc so basically what happens in our nervous system is that it detects what is going on around us and inside us and based on this detection the nervous system decides how we should act it also alters the state of internal organs and allows us to think about it and remember what is going on for example if you are in a terror situation our heart rate changes normally it increases and this is done by the nervous system now to do this the nervous system relies on a sophisticated network called neurons and this is how a neuron looks as you can see it looks like a tree it has some roots it has some branches basically a neuron has a cell body dendrites and axon see this cell body is the neuron's core it carries the genetic information and it maintains the neuron's structure and also provides energy to drive whereas an axon it is like the long tail-like structure as you can see here and note that neurons generally have one main axon now then if you take dendrites these are like the fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body and the main purpose of dendrites is to receive and process the signals from the axons of other neurons so what you should remember is that a neuron has a cell body dendrites an axon and here the neurons receive information from other cells through dendrites so dendrites here acts like input so the information is contained in the cell body and then the axon passes this information from the cell body to other cells so here the axon acts like the output so you can see in this image how the information is transferred from this axon end to the dendrite of other neuron so how many neurons do we have generally it has been estimated that there are around 86 billion neurons in the brain and to reach this huge target of 86 billion neurons a developing fetus must create around 250,000 neurons per minute and note that each neuron is connected to another thousand neurons and that is why this neuron network creates an incredibly complex network of communication and this is where that is in this network of communication only we need to know about synapses see for transmitting the messages or for communicating the neurons are connected to each other so the places where these neurons connect and communicate with each other is what is called as synapses and note that each neuron has anywhere between a few to hundred thousands of synaptic connections and these connections can be either within itself that is within the neuron or it could be with neighboring neurons or it could be even with the neurons in other regions of the brain so here you can see how a synaptic connection looks like and this is how actually a neural network looks like so you can see how complex it is you can see the lines these are the connections between neurons so now coming back to synapses in the beginning we saw that neurons transmit the information by using electrical signals or chemical signals and since synapses are the connections that are needed to communicate these signals these synapses could be both electrical or chemical in other words the signals that is carried from the first nerve fiber to the next nerve fiber is transmitted by an electrical signal or it could be even transmitted by a chemical signal and here just note that the first nerve fiber is called as the presynaptic neuron this is from where the information is transmitted and the next nerve fiber is the postsynaptic neuron this is where the information is received so now let us see what happens in a chemical synapse and in a electrical synapse first in a chemical synapse once a signal reaches a synapse it triggers the release of chemicals these chemicals are called as neurotransmitters as you can see in this image and these chemicals are released into the gap between the two neurons that is here and this gap is called as synaptic cleft so the presynaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitters and these neurotransmitters once released they diffuse across the synaptic cleft and they interact with the receptors on the membranes of the postsynaptic neuron see if the neurotransmitters are released then for receiving those chemicals receptors are needed so these receptors are present in the dendrite of each neuron so therefore the neurotransmitter is released by the presynaptic axon and it is received by the receptor in the postsynaptic neuron I hope you are clear with this so as you can see in this representation here the signals that is the electrical signals are converted to chemical signals and here it is the neurotransmitters and because of this there will be delay in communicating these signals and note that in mammals the majority of synapses are chemical now next is the electrical synapse so like its name suggests this one passes the electrical signals directly that means there is no need to convert the electrical signal to chemicals here this is because the distance between the two neurons is low either this happens or the neurons establish a physical connection so because of this the electrical signal is not converted to chemicals and that is why there is no delay in communicating the signals so here the communication is faster so this is the basic understanding you should have about synapses and neurons and how the signals are transmitted etc now let us come to the research done by the national center for biological sciences now according to the research study the electrical synapses are formed before the chemical ones and these electrical synapses act like a blueprint through which neurons make a handshake that is they make a connection and this results in the formation of chemical synapses now previous to this research it is found that chemical synapses do not form if electrical synapses are removed this was found based on the researchers on leeches but the same situation is not known in case of vertebrates and to know this only the research was carried out on a zebrafish what they found was electrical synapses are formed before the chemical synapses apart from this the group also observed that knocking out that is removing a particular protein in the cerebellum of zebrafish it actually affected the levels of a particular enzyme now the protein which they removed was gap junction delta 2b protein and the enzyme which was affected was camk2 that is calcium or calmodulin dependent protein kinase 2 now this enzyme is important because the levels of enzyme camk2 were seen to increase the purkinje neurons in the cerebellum so what is cerebellum and what is purkinje neuron see cerebellum is the little brain it is a structure that is located at the back of our brain now this cerebellum is important for making postural adjustment in order to maintain the balance so what about this purkinje neurons it is the large neuron with many branching extensions and this purkinje neuron is found in the cortex of the cerebellum of the brain and just now we saw that cerebellum is important for making postural adjustment to maintain balance and therefore this purkinje neurons play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement so these neurons and the cerebellum itself control coordination of movements in the organism for example if you take in humans excess abuse of alcohol leads to damage of these purkinje neurons so this results in the lack of coordination in movement now coming back to the research they are saying that the cerebellum shows an evolutionary continuity in all vertebrates and this applies to purkinje neurons also so this also relates to human beings see even though fish and humans diverged from a common ancestor about 500 million years ago the cerebellum still has been evolutionarily conserved so in this regard you should note that a zebra fish has about 300 to 400 purkinje neurons whereas we humans we have thousands of these neurons so normally what happens is the levels of camk2 that is the enzyme is low in developing neurons these developing neurons are immature one but the enzyme levels are high in mature neurons and it was found that the increased level actually freezes the development of dendrite arbors see dendrite arbors are the branched ends of neurons it is given this name because of the tree-like structure now what the researchers actually found was in the absence of the gap junction protein that is delta 2b the enzyme levels prematurely increased so just now we saw that if they increase it freezes the dendrite arbors development so therefore this prevented arbors from forming so if the arbors doesn't form it inhibit or it prevents the chemical synapses formation so they found that removal of gap junction delta 2b protein affects the enzyme camk2 this in turn prevents dendrite arbors from forming and this prevents the formation of chemical synapses this is the finding made by the researchers so this is the observation so far now this research is significant because it unravels the complex mechanisms of human body especially the human brain and the coordination mechanism and this particular research contributes to the knowledge which will help enormously in scientific breakthrough such as finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease so that is all in this discussion we saw what do we mean by neurons and what are synapses and why they are important and we saw about the chemical and electrical synapses the difference between them and finally we also saw electrical synapses are formed before the chemical ones then we saw about how removal of gap junction delta 2b protein affects the enzyme called as camk2 this in turn affects the formation of chemical synapses so these are the takeaway points from today's discussion let us move on to the next news article discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this news article it reports a case filed by a west bengal based organization in the supreme court now this organization has filed a case against the implementation of inner line permit system in manipur so we can understand that this system is going to be news from now on so today let us understand what is it that is we'll understand what do we mean by inner line permit see it is basically an official travel document it is issued by the concerned state government now this one is issued to allow inward travel of Indian citizens into a protected area for a limited period so this means that no Indian citizen can visit any of these states unless he or she is a resident of that state or they have an inner line permit further she or he cannot stay longer than the permit allows and you should note that it is not something that came into existence today but this is a colonial concept it was brought by the britishers under the bengal eastern frontier regulation act of 1873 under this act the british framed regulations to restrict the entry of outsiders into certain designated areas and they wanted to regulate the stay of outsiders in these areas now this was mainly done with the aim of protecting the crowns own commercial interests and this was done by preventing the british subjects that is british indians from trading with these designated areas or regions but after we got independence indian government continued with the system but at this time indian government changed the term british subjects to citizens of india and here the aim of indian government also changed mainly now it is aimed at addressing the ethnic concerns in the region and to protect the interests of indigenous people in these regions from outsiders who belong to other indian states so basically inner line permit is a document that allows an indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ilp system this concept comes from the colonial period and previously it was brought to protect the commercial interests of the crown which prevented indians from trading within these regions but now ilp is implemented with an aim to address ethnic concerns and now it is more concentrated on protecting the interests of the indigenous people from outsiders who belong to other indian states so now where this ilp system is applicable see earlier the regime of ilp was applicable to the states especially the northeastern states such as arnauchal pradesh mesoram and nagaland but after the presidential order of 2019 ilp system was made applicable to the state of manipur also and note that in all these states that is in arnauchal pradesh mesoram nagaland manipur the entire state comes under the ilp system now in case of manipur the west bangal based organization is claiming that the extension of ilp to the state of manipur is a violation of fundamental rights of citizens why because it provides the state government an unrestrained power to restrict the entry and exit of non-indigenous persons into the region so we can understand that on one hand ilp protects the interests of ethnic people in the region but on the other hand it restricts the fundamental rights of other indian citizens so these are the points that you can take note from this ilp discussion now let us take the next news article now next our discussion is going to be based on this snippet article from the science page it reports about the death of a red super giant star so recently astronomers have captured the images of explosive death of this red super giant this red super giant star burned for 130 days and then it exploded into a supernova and according to the news article this star lies in the ngc 5731 galaxy this galaxy is around 120 million light years away from earth but today we are not going to focus on this galaxy but we are going to focus on supernova because this giant star exploded into a supernova so let us see what is the supernova and what are the causes of supernova see first of all as we just said a supernova is nothing but a large explosion it takes place at the end of a star's life cycle and it is the largest explosion that takes place in space now to understand this we need to understand the life cycle of a star see basically stars are the celestial bodies that emit their own light if we see scientifically stars are any huge self luminous astronomical body of gas that shines by radiation and this radiation is derived from its internal energy sources so it should be self luminous and it is a body of gas and it shines using the radiation derived from its internal energy this is a star and we have a very good example of star in our solar system which is the sun now these stars are formed in the clouds of gas and dust this clouds of gas and dust is called as nebula now we know that the stars shine for many thousands even for millions of years but they do not last forever why because depending on the size of the star changes occur in the star over time and it even comes to the final stage of its life so as you can see in this representation first in a nebula a star is formed and then it becomes a massive star or a sun-like star and then it becomes a red giant or a red super giant and in case of a red super giant it explodes into a supernova so now what causes this supernova it basically happens when there is a change in the core that is in the center of a star now this change can occur in two different ways but in both these ways it results in the supernova only now the first type of supernova happens in a binary star system the binary stars are those stars where two stars orbit the same point now among these stars one will be a carbon oxygen white dwarf now this white dwarf steals matter from its companion star and since it steals matter in a matter of time it accumulates too much matter and when a star has too much matter it explodes and this results in a supernova so this is the first type now the second type of supernova occurs when a single star comes to the end of its lifetime so here there is no play of another star like in the first type here the star runs out of nuclear fuel and because of this some of its mass flows into its core and this core eventually becomes too heavy to withstand its own gravitational force so the core collapses here now this results in a giant explosion of the supernova now here we should note that even though our sun is a single star you will think that it will develop into a supernova in the future after many billion years but remember that our sun does not have enough mass to become a supernova but if after a few billions of years if our sun gathers enough mass to become a supernova then it will explode like this as you can see in this image so basically before a star explodes it becomes a red super giant so this is the process of a supernova i hope you would have understood that supernova is nothing but a giant explosion that happens in this space and this explosion is caused by a star so with this understanding let us move to the next discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this FAQ article this article has been written in the backdrop of two cases that were registered by Delhi and Mumbai police taking cognizance of multiple complaints of online bullying targeted on women and recently we have heard about two important cases in this regard the first case is regarding the arrest of a b-tech student for allegedly creating an application called bully buy and this application was used for a derogatory action like for conducting a fake auction of muslim women and the second case was regarding a similar application it was named sully deals now in this application also images of muslim women were uploaded in the same manner so because of these actions the topic of online bullying is making the rounds again and particularly this FAQ article discusses the legal provisions that can be invoked in case of online bullying actually if you remember on 6th January we discussed this case with respect to misinformation and today we are addressing it on the front of online bullying or cyber bullying so today we will limit our discussion to the legal provisions that can be invoked to address online bullying let us get to the discussion now the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see first of all cyber bullying is also known as online bullying it is the bullying with the use of digital technologies it can take place on social media messaging platforms gaming platforms and through mobile phones now the cyber bullying is a repeated behavior it is mainly aimed at scarring angering or shaming the targeted individuals or even communities and for carrying out cyber bullying many abusive actions are done such as they upload embarrassing photographs online without the person's permission or they post hurtful nasty rumors or comments on the pictures and videos shared by an individual in a social media platform they also steal someone's account password and send unwanted or inappropriate messages from that account to harass other individuals and sometimes they also exclude individuals of different cultural socioeconomic backgrounds from online groups and forums so all these constitute cyber bullying I note that cyber bullying is punishable in every country including India particularly in India it is punishable under Information Technology Act of 2000 and also under the Indian Penal Code of 1860 so let us see these provisions under which cyber bullying can be dealt with first let us take the IPC under IPC many sections deal with this kind of crime now the first section that we are concerned with is section 153 a of IPC this section talks about promoting enmity between different groups and this enmity is developed based on grounds of religion race place of birth residence etc and it also includes acts that are prejudicial for the maintenance of harmony now this can be linked to cyber bullying because we saw that sometimes individuals of different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds are also excluded from online groups and forums and sometimes their account is stolen to harass other individuals so these kinds of actions can be brought under this section because this developed enmity between different groups and this crime is punishable with imprisonment up to three years with fine or with both fine and imprisonment now the next section in IPC is section 153 b this one deals with imputation assertions which are prejudicial to national integration so when you say imputation it means a charge or a claim that someone has done something undesirable so it is nothing but an accusation so when in an online platform someone says that this person has done something like this which affects the national integration then it can be punished under section 153 b of IPC under the section the punishment is of imprisonment up to three years this could be with fine and the next section that could be related to cyber bullying is section 295 a this deals with deliberate and malicious acts that are intended to outrage the religious feelings of any class and this is done by insulting the religion or religious beliefs and we can say that this often happens on the social media platforms where one particular religion is targeted and their religious feelings and beliefs are hurt so the person who does such kinds of acts can be punished under this section they can be punished with one to three years of imprisonment or they can be punished with a fine or with both fine and imprisonment now the next section is section 354 b of IPC now this one deals with stalking stalking is nothing but an obsessive behavior of an individual towards another individual so in this case mainly the obsessive behavior of men towards women is taken into account and this can be punished with imprisonment up to five years and they shall also be liable to fine and the next important section is section 500 of IPC this one deals with punishment for defamation see defamation is nothing but attacking another person's reputation by false publication for example assume that someone is accusing another person of saying that that person burned indian flag but that accusation is false then in that case the person who is accused can file a defamation charge this kinds of defamation is carried out using social media platforms or other online platforms it could amount to cyber bullying because they are trying to defame that person so according to section 500 such kinds of defamation is punished with simple imprisonment that could extend up to two years along with fine now next important section is section 509 this one talks about insulting the modesty of a woman and this insult could be through words gestures or acts and if you see the examples of today's cases which we took like the application of bully by or the other application they insulted the modesty of muslim women and that is why this section can be brought into the picture and under this section the person responsible for such actions is punishable for a term which may extend to three years and they may also be liable to fine apart from all these sections section 354 a of IPC can also be applied if sexual nature is associated with the act see this particular section deals with sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment so what constitutes sexual harassment under this section for example if a man demands or requests for sexual favours or if a man shows pornography against the will of a woman or if the man makes sexually coloured remarks then all these amounts to sexual harassment and in today's cases we are discussing there the muslim women were being auctioned through those derogatory apps and that is why this section 354 a of IPC can also be applicable in this case and another section the perpetrators can be punished with rigorous imprisonment that can be extended to three years or they shall all be liable to fine or both that is both fine and imprisonment so under all these IPC sections cyberbullying can be punished but note that these are all general sections they are not particularly focused on these crimes that have been committed using a computer or a computer network now for that we have the IT Act because it mainly deals with the information technology or the actions that have been conducted on the online platforms or that have been conducted using the electronic form so here we can take two important sections under which cyberbullying can be dealt with the first important section section 67 a of IT Act this one deals with the punishment for publishing or transmitting any material that contains sexually explicit act in the electronic form now the punishment for this is 1 to 5 years and the person can be fined up to 10 lakh rupees if they does this crime for the first time but if they do this crime for the second time then their punishment will extend to seven years then another important section is section 66 e of IT Act this one deals with the punishment for violation of privacy see if anyone publishes or transmits the image of a private area of a person without the consent of that person then this amounts to violating the privacy of that person now this act can be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or they can be also liable to fine of up to two lakh rupees one of the benefits of IT Act is that it has high levels of fines whereas if you see IPC the fines are quite low because it is an act that was enacted in 1860s quite an old one we need to update IPC according to the recent trends so under all these sections the cyberbullying can be brought in and the perpetrated can be punished depending on the act of crime now along with mentioning of these provisions the FAQ article also talks about the responsibility of intermediaries see intermediaries are the social media intermediaries like facebook youtube instagram whatsapp etc basically these intermediaries are not liable for any third party data or third party communication link that is hosted or stored by them but these intermediaries are required to retain the requisite data for a duration as prescribed by the government now this is as per section 67c and if that intermediary does not preserve or retain the information then they can be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend so first they have to retain the requisite data then they have to supply the same data to the authorities concerned when they seek this data and this is as per section 69 of IT Act and this particular section is dealt under subsection 3c so that means for dealing with the cases of cyberbullying having that information is important and for that only these provisions have been made under IT Act and along with maintaining the information and providing the data the social media intermediaries are also asked to comply with the information technology intermediary guidelines and digital media ethics code rules of 2021 remember this name intermediary guidelines and digital media ethics code rules these rules list out certain actions that need to be taken by the social media intermediaries for addressing many issues like misinformation cyberbullying etc and we have discussed about these important rules on our 6th january 2021 itself so that is all in today's discussion we just saw about the provisions under which cyberbullying can be brought in we saw about many provisions under Indian Penial Code and also under the IT Act these provisions will be helpful for you in writing a well-framed main answer so take note of these provisions carefully now let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is going to be based on this news article which talks about a technology in biomethanation process see the news is that a memorandum of understanding has been signed between the Institute of Chemical Technology and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and through this memorandum of understanding they will execute a research and development project and this project aims to demonstrate the potential of anaerobic gas lift reactor technology on a pilot basis so today first we'll understand what is this biomethanation process and then we will see about this anaerobic gas lift reactor technology and its benefits so before getting into the discussion the syllabus for this discussion is given here for your reference you can just go through it so first let us understand what is biomethanation see it is a process by which an organic material is microbiologically converted to biogas it is mainly converted under anaerobic conditions when we say anaerobic condition it means in the absence of free oxygen and here the term microbiologically means using microorganisms so biomethanation is a process by which an organic material is converted to biogas in the absence of free oxygen by a microorganism and in this biomethanation process three main physiological groups of microorganisms are generally involved and these groups are fermenting bacteria organic acid oxidizing bacteria and then methanogenic archaea these microorganisms degrade the organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide and this is done through a series of biochemical conversions that is triggered by these microorganisms so these microorganisms change the organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide remember this now apart from this synchropic relationships between hydrogen producers and hydrogen scavengers are also critical to the process of biomethanation see here synchropic relationship means the cooperative interaction between at least two microbial species to degrade a single substrate so here the two microbial species would be the hydrogen producer and hydrogen scavengers and as the name suggests hydrogen producers are those organisms that produce hydrogen and then hydrogen scavengers means the microbial species that feed on hydrogen and the examples for hydrogen producers include acetogens and the examples of hydrogen scavengers include homoacetogens, hydrogenotrophic methanogens etc so remember these names it is important from problems perspective generally acetogens are hydrogen producers but the homoacetogen is a hydrogen scavenger along with the hydrogenotrophic methanogens now the relationship between hydrogen producers and hydrogen scavengers are also important for biomethanation process now one of the main advantages of this biomethanation is that it has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes therefore in this way it helps in reducing the use of fossil fuels this in turn reduces carbon dioxide emission therefore for the biomethanation process various organic residues and wastes are utilized such as they use wastewater, slurries and even solid waste but here one of the factors that need to be addressed is the proper utilization of methane potential and for this practical and theoretical determination of methane potential is very important and once this determination is done then the required optimal process design configuration and then effective evaluation of economic feasibility of this methane potential is carried out and based on all this determination variety of process applications utilize different reactor types in biomethanation the reactor types include fully mixed reactors which is also called as the completely mixed anaerobic reactor and like this we have different types of reactors now each of these reactors have different process conditions like they have different temperatures etc and these different conditions maximize the energy output from the waste and today we are going to discuss one such reactor technology it is the anaerobic gas lift reactor technology now this technology was a novel development of CSIR IACT that is Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and this reactor was developed to generate biogas and biomanio from biodegradable organic wastes and this technology works on a high rate biomethanation process that is suitable for operation in Indian conditions so let us see the structure of this reactor in brief see first of all for anaerobic digestion in this reactor it has a tank and this tank has an inlet for feeding the waste and there is a gas inlet for feeding gas which will mix with the waste now this reactor also comprises a transporting mechanism for assisting in an upward movement of the waste and this uses differential pressure concept don't go deep into this concept just know that it uses differential pressure concept now further this reactor also has a downer this downer assists in the downward movement of the waste when there is absence of differential pressure and then for withdrawing the biogas that is produced within the gas the tank also has a gas withdrawal mechanism but you should note that some part of the gas that is withdrawn from this tank is utilized for recirculation so here in this image you can see this process and these are the salient features of this technology now here you should focus on the ninth and tenth feature ninth feature is higher methane yield or biogas yield and then generation of nutrient rich fertilizer these two are important features of agia technology that is anaerobic gas lifter reactor technology now this is the IACT biogas plant that uses agia technology and it has the capacity of handling 10 tons of market and vegetable waste per day so what is the benefit of having such a biogas plant based on agia technology see firstly as we just saw it will generate biogas and this can be utilized for combined heat and power applications now along with that we also saw that it produces bio manure that is nutrient rich fertilizer so this can be applied in farms to increase the fertility of the soil which in turn will provide improved crop yield other than this the technology also helps in reducing greenhouse gases and then it also avoids the diversion of waste to landfills so this results in a much cleaner environment further this agia technology is a promising method to treat biodegradable waste in-house that in a scientifically safe manner to generate green energy other than this it also has these benefits as you can see in this image for example here the digested or whatever is left after the production of biogas it can be used in animal bedding also and for producing other products like building materials etc so because of these benefits it is expected that this project between IACT and BPCL will bring a paradigm shift in biomass burning issue once this pilot project becomes successful so these are the points that you should know about biomethanation and the agia technology that is anaerobic gas lifter technology these points are important from prince perspective first and secondly it is also important in the mains perspective because directly there can be a question like what do you mean by biomethanation explain a technology that is associated with this so you should know these kinds of technologies and mainly the benefits of these technologies so with these points in mind now let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is based on this news article it mentions that the hindistan aeronautics limited has delivered the light combat aircraft to indian air force and the defense ministry has also said that it has signed a 48 000 crore deal with the hindistan aeronautics limited and therefore the company will supply 83 lcmk1a aircraft to the indian air force that is why today we are going to understand about light combat aircraft it is a fighter aircraft that is on the lower side of weight cost size and other features and that is why they are also known as light fighters these aircrafts provide cost-effective design and performance because we can select specific features according to the requirements and that is why lcs are considered as strategically valuable assets so let us see why these lcs are important so one of the major aims of lcs is to address standard air-to-air fighter effectiveness needs at minimum cost and these fighter effectiveness needs could be acquired with certain requirements and among that the first requirement is element of surprise see generally small fighters are not visible to opposing pilots if they are beyond the distance of 6.4 kilometers but on the other hand larger fighters that is larger fighter aircrafts they are visible to a distance of 11 kilometers and in case of smaller fighter aircrafts they even take longer to be visually acquired even when they are visible so these factors put the lca pilot in a better position to fire the first decisive shot now the second requirement is the numerical superiority this is important in any combat situation and we saw that lcs are on the lower side of cost maintenance etc so this helps in producing more aircrafts would also boost the training of more pilots and finally they also provide superior maneuverability this is mainly because of their smaller size better maneuverability helps in getting into better positions and these positions help them to fire faster and score the kill so in this manner the Hindustan aeronautics limited has produced India's first self-made light combat aircraft and it has been named as Tejas now the stages is a single engine fourth generation multi-role light fighter it is produced by HAL but it was designed by aeronautical development agency in collaboration with HALs aircraft research and design center and this has been produced for the use of Indian air force and engineering now you should note that the development of this lca started in 1980s mainly to replace India's aging mig-21 fighter jets now some of the variants of Tejas include TD-1, TD-2, Tejas MK-1, MK-1A and MK-2 and according to the news article MK-1A is expected to be delivered by Hindustan aeronautics limited by 2024 to the Indian air force and the MK-2 is expected to roll out in the skies by 2023 itself now this MK-2 has one special feature which is the onboard oxygen generation system see this is a life support system it provides enhanced physiology protection to the air crew of high altitude and high speed fighter aircrafts basically the system consists of two molecular sieve beds that help to provide breathing gas to the air crew continuously so this notable feature has been integrated in the MK-2 Tejas aircraft and this has been integrated for the first time and that is why this system is important it is named as onboard oxygen generating system it generates oxygen for the air crew to breathe continuously these are some of the points that you can take note from the discussion of light combat aircrafts we saw they are lighter they have superior maneuverability they have an element of surprise and we saw that India's first self-made lca stages HAL will produce lca stages for India and finally we saw about the onboard oxygen generation system so these points in mind let us move on to the next discussion now our next discussion is based on this news article the news is that five primate carcasses were found in Assam forest and the officials believe that these are carcasses of capped langurs so today let us understand about these capped langurs its distribution and the threats faced by them see first of all capped langur is a species of primate when we say primate it is a member of the group of mammals which includes humans monkeys and apes now these capped langurs have dark gray to black fur on their backs and they have creamy white or golden yellow fur on their bell but their face is black and their crown is dark gray as you can see in this picture and note that these monkeys have very long tails that are longer than the head and body combined now these capped langurs are found in India Bangladesh Bhutan and Myanmar and their natural habitat is subtropical dry forests and tropical dry forests and if you see its characteristics these species are basically arboreal that is they live in trees and they are also diurnal creatures that is they are active during the day and another important feature of the species is that they usually forage that is they search for food in the morning and in the late afternoon and in the evening they will find a suitable sleeping tree and they will change the tree every night and basically these species are very gregarious that is they are very much sociable by nature now their diet includes leaves fruits twigs and birds so capped langurs are herbivorous polyvorous and frugivorous primates now what are the threats faced by this species basically they are threatened by the destruction of their habitat now this mainly happens due to the practice of a zoom cultivation that is the slash and burn cultivation then due to the harvesting of timber and firewood from the forest and other development activities that causes loss of trees are also leading to the destruction of their habitat because just now we saw that they find a suitable place to sleep in a tree and they will change the tree every night so if there is no availability of tree where they will reside apart from this another big threat to this species is hunting they are hunted for meat then they are hunted for traditional medicine also and sometimes they are hunted for sports and often they are also treated as pets and that is why they have been provided the highest conservation status for example under the is in red list they have been classified as vulnerable because their numbers are decreasing and under the indian wildlife protection act they have been given the highest status under schedule one part one so they have been given the highest production and even in the sites they have been listed under appendix one providing them the highest protection and that is why if the officials confirm that these species have been killed in some forest then they have to take further measures so as to safeguard this species so with these points in mind let us move to the next discussion so our last discussion for today is going to be based on this another snippet news article from the science page it mentions that bacterial biofilms have been found to form complex patterns like the higher plants and animals along with this the snippet also mentions that biofilms are used in various industries from medicine to food industry so today we are only going to focus about what are these biofilms and what is its significance see first biofilms are a collection of one or more types of microorganisms and they grow on many different surfaces now here the type of microorganisms that forms biofilms include bacteria, fungi and protists see basically protists are microscopic and unicellular organism for example amoeba is a protist now these biofilms or these group of organisms they are held together by a mucus like matrix which is made of carbohydrate and this mucus makes these microorganisms to adhere to a surface that is this matrix serves to hold the bacteria together and it irreversibly binds them to the surface here you can see in this image that first the microorganism attaches to the surface and it forms a mono layer that is a single layer then this mono layer develops into a multi layer and then it becomes a mature biofilm now this mature biofilm starts to detach and it disperses into the environment as planktonic cells and these planktonic cells again start a new cycle of biofilm formation so it is like a cycle now where do these biofilms form see it have been found to be growing on minerals and metals they form on liquid surfaces solids and on even living tissues such as they form on animals and plants therefore they have been found underwater underground and even above the ground now actually there are many disadvantages of biofilms first it is disadvantages because it is advantageous to the bacteria see these biofilms provide a nutrient rich environment and it facilitates the growth of bacteria apart from this it also confers resistance to the antibiotics why because see generally when microorganisms live together as a biofilm they benefit from the presence of their various community members for example if you take ototrops they are able to produce their own food in the form of organic material so here if you take photosynthetic bacteria or algae they can produce their own food but on the other hand heterotrops they cannot produce their own food so they require outside sources of carbon so when these microorganisms that is both ototrops and heterotrops they come together in this biofilm they make a multi-organismal community and they help in cross feed and that is why these communities of microbes are usually more resilient to stress and it is said that when compared to a free floating bacteria the bacteria that is growing as a biofilm can be up to you know 1500 times more resistant to antibiotics apart from this biofilms can also cause severe infections in hospitalized patients because they can grow on implanted medical devices such as they can grow on catheters on pacemakers etc so this will lead to infections and then these biofilms also form on the thin films of plaque that is found on teeth so here they form in the sugars and starches into acids and when these sugar and starches are turned into acids they cause destruction of the tooth enamel so therefore biofilms also destruct our teeth so these are some of the disadvantages of biofilms but apart from this they also have many advantages for example biofilms play an important role in the breakdown of organic waste it filters waste from water and it also removes and utilizes contaminants in the soil as a result of this biofilms are used to purify water and water treatment plants and they're also used to detoxify contaminated areas of the environment now here what the microbes will do is they can either degrade the contaminants or they change their mobility or sometimes they even change their toxic state therefore this makes those contaminants less harmful to the environment and to the humans another important application of biofilm is the microbial fuel cell it uses bacteria to convert organic waste into electricity here the microbes live on the surface of an electrode and they transfer electrons onto it so this ultimately creates a current so this provides a low cost source of power and a clean sustainable energy apart from this they also have advantages to the microbial cells in the food industry environment why because basically it provides physical resistance against desiccation desiccation means the removal of moisture from something so they prevent against desiccation then they also provide mechanical resistance against liquid streams in pipelines and they also provide chemical protection against chemicals antimicrobials and disinfectants that are used in the food industry and overall it also provides prevention to corrosion see basically biofilms also cause corrosion but certain aerobic bacteria such as basillus strains they have been shown to decrease metal corrosion so these are some of the notable advantages of biofilms so with this fact in mind now let us get to the next discussion which is the practice questions discussion session now let us take up this first question it is a simple question that has been framed based on the facts that we discussed in the Tejas fighter aircraft discussion now the question asks consider the following statements regarding Tejas fighter aircraft often seen in news first statement it is a light combat aircraft this statement is correct we saw that Tejas is the first LCA indigenously developed in India by the hindustan aeronautics limited now the second statement it is developed by the aeronautics development agency this statement is also correct we saw this during the discussion and here the question asks for the correct statements so the correct answer is option c both one and two now this next question is based on biofilms the question asks with reference to biofilms consider the following statements they only grow on minerals and metals this is the first statement this statement is incorrect because the statement has only in it we saw that it also grows on liquids solids etc and they can be found underground underwater and also above ground so this statement is incorrect and here the question asks for the correct statements so we can eliminate option now the second statement they contaminate water in water treatment plants now this statement is also incorrect because during discussion we saw that biofilms actually are used in water treatment plants to reduce the toxicity of contaminated water so this statement is also incorrect so if we eliminate options b and c the correct answer is option d three only that means they can be used to break the organic waste this statement is correct we saw this during discussion now let us take up the next question now this next question is based on supernova discussion two statements are given first statement a supernova involving a star that is more than 10 times the size of our sun might produce black holes see this statement is actually correct we saw in the discussion that changes that occur in a star over time and especially during the final stage of its life depend on the star size and when the stars are of massive size and when they die they form black holes so that means only the most massive stars become black holes at the end of their lives according to nazar they should have three solar masses so this statement is correct definitely a star 10 times bigger than our sun will produce a black hole now the second statement supernovas were difficult to see in our milky way galaxy because dust blocks our view now this statement is quite tricky but the statement is correct why because astronomers believe that about two to three supernovas occur each century in galaxies like our own milky way galaxy but supernovas in our own galaxy is difficult to see because the dust blocks our view actually in 1604 janice kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the milky way galaxy and even recently nazar's chandra telescope discovered the remains of a most recent supernova this one exploded in the milky way more than a hundred years ago so this statement is actually correct in our galaxy when a supernova happens it is difficult to see because the dust blocks our view but here be careful because the question asks for the incorrect statements and just now we saw both statements are correct so the correct answer to this question is option D neither one nor two now this next question is also a two statement question first statement is nilgiri langur is a threatened black phased colobine that is endemic to western grads in south india this statement is correct see when you say endemic it means that the animal is regularly found in a particular place and this species of nilgiri langur is endemic to western guards now the second statement the geese golden langur are endemic to bhutan and asam in india now this statement is also correct this species is endemic to these regions now this is the image of nilgiri langur and the geese golden langur and here both the statements are correct so the correct answer to this question is option C both one and two now this next question is based on inner line permit first statement given is this permit is obligatory for all those indian citizens who reside outside the states protected by the ilp system this statement is correct because we saw that those who reside in the state itself they do not need ilp rather those who come from other states they need ilp so first statement is correct and the moment you know that you can eliminate options a and c because the question asks for the incorrect statements now the second statement an ilp can be issued for travel purposes only now this statement is also correct because it is issued for travel purposes only it actually mentions the dates of travel and also specifies the particular area in the state which the ilp holder can actually travel to so the statement is also correct now the third statement foreign tourists are not eligible to apply for the ilp now this statement is actually wrong because even foreigners are eligible to apply and they can travel within the protected area if they have this ilp but the rules might vary according to the states for example if you take mizoram here foreign nationals do not require any permit while entering the borders of mizoram but they have to mandatorily register themselves with the office of superintendent of police of mizoram within 24 hours of arrival in the state so this is the only incorrect statement the correct answer to this question is option b 3 only now this is our last problems question it is based on neurons first statement is neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body this statement is correct this is the main function of neurons they pass electrical and chemical signals and they pass on the information now the second statement neurons are regenerated if damaged or died this statement is incorrect because during discussion itself we saw that neurons don't reproduce or regenerate so they are not replaced once they die and this is the reason for neurological diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease so second statement is incorrect and therefore the correct answer to this question is option a one only because the question asked for the correct statements so this practice question let's take two main practice question this question is based on biomethanation discussion and this one is based on the cyberbullying discussion but read the questions carefully and try to answer it now in this question you have to analyze the information technology intermediary guidelines of 2021 and you have to say what are all the provisions in it that makes the social media platforms accountable and which helps in strengthening the cyber security so with us we have come to the end of hindi news analysis for the date 9th of january 2022 i hope you understood these sessions and you were able to answer many of the questions and if you like the video as always don't forget to like comment and also share among your friends if you want to receive regular updates from us please subscribe to our shankarai's academy youtube channel thank you