 This is our temporal lobe, the portion which is below the lateral fissure of silvias. Incidentally, we have been talking about very silvian aphasias. Remember, so these aphasias which occur around this region are referred to as very silvian aphasias because they are around the, this fissure is known as the lateral fissure of silvias. That is why this is called very silvian aphasias, any aphasias around that region. So, if you have a lesion of the Broca's area, this is also a very silvian aphasias. But let us not go ahead of ourselves as we have come to the areas of the temporal lobe. If I were to separate the lips of the temporal lobe as I am doing now, I did not show it to you last night. What I am doing is, I am putting my fingers as factors and I am separating them. Can you see a cortex in the depths of it? Sorry, my fingers are coming. Can you see a cortex in the depths? Who will name that cortex for me? That is the insula. Yes, that is the insula. And we said the function of the insula was to pronounce phonemes, bat, cat, mat, rat. And of course, there were a few other functions which is mentioned in your notes. Like for example, receding pain from internal organs, autonomic response to pain, etc. So, this is the insula cortex. But let us come to the functional areas in the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe is divided. You can see there is another sulcus here. And there should be a small sulcus above that here. So, it divides the temporal lobe also into a superior to someone who has made a cut here. That is why it is messy. This is the whole superior temporal virus. This is the middle temporal virus and this is the inferior temporal virus. This is the superior temporal virus, middle temporal virus, inferior temporal virus. Superior temporal virus is where the auditory areas are situated. So, the primary auditory area will be situated on the inner surface here, the parallel biodegradation. Here. You can see on the inner surface, this is the parallel biodegradation. I am seeing the inner surface. This is the parallel biodegradation. This is the primary auditory area. It is in the superior temporal virus. Area 41, 42. This is where you just hear the sound. Just posterior to that is the secondary auditory area. Now we are entering into the Wernicke zone. And Wernicke includes 22, 39. Again, this thing has become very messy. If I were to take this and I would see a virus around it. And if I were to trace the lateral fissure, this is the virus around it. So, this is 39, this is 40. So, 22, 39, 40. This whole thing includes Wernicke's area. So, please note Wernicke's area. The most important part of Wernicke is in the temporal lobe. But two parts of Wernicke go into the IPL. They go into the inferior parietal lobe. That is 39 and 40. I am voting the right side. So, Wernicke's is not present on the right side. The same thing will be present on the left side. So, if this area were to be, there was a lesion on this area on the right side. You will get expressive, receptive dysphysory. The person will not be able to understand the tone of the language. But if this lesion were present on the left side. The person will have receptive aphasia. So, that is another type of pericillin aphasia. And finally, connecting the Wernicke's with the Broca like this. In the depths will be a fiber band. Which is called the superior longitudinal fasciculus or the activated fasciculus. Lesion of that will produce connexion aphasia, which is a type of disconnect syndrome. I think we are clear. I think everybody has understood the three most important pericillin aphasias. So, that finishes with the important parts of temporal lobe. Now, one area which I did not show it to you earlier. Let us look at the inferior surface of the temporal lobe. I have gone to the inferior surface. If I were to look at the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, I would see one gyrus here. Again, this whole thing has become quite messy. This is known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. So, there is a medial occipitotemporal, occipitotemporal sulcus. The medial portion is known as the medial OT gyrus. And the lateral one is known as the lateral OT gyrus. Lesion of the occipitotemporal gyrus, medial occipitotemporal gyrus, will produce inability to recognize space, prosopagnosia. That is on the inferior surface of the temporal lobe. It is mentioned in your slides. So, these are the important functional areas of the temporal cortex. Now, let us come to the media side. A few more things. This is the cingulate gyrus. Cingulate gyrus. And we have seen, we will see more of the cingulate gyrus in our limbic system. I told you something very significant about the cingulate gyrus. I said that g and half belongs to the PFC. The first g and half belongs to the limbic system. And we have seen a few functions of the cingulate. We will see more of it in the limbic part of it. This is the corpus callosum. We have to know the parts of the corpus callosum in my new detail. So, let us review them once more. This is the rostrum. Gyrus means a pen. A body. It is a plenium. And we saw two important disconnects in roms. This anterior corpus callosum is supplied by ACA. Actually, I am sitting. I am wondering why. The anterior corpus callosum is supplied by ACA. And if you have a vision of that, what do we get? We gave it a name. Yesterday we called it mass cortical apraxia. Yesterday, form of that, we called it as callosul synrom. If there is a lesion of the posterior corpus callosum, we get another disconnects in roms. That is caused by lesion of the PCA. And we called it alexia without epitomegraphia. Pure word blindness. He cannot understand the written language when he can write. This is what we saw. This posterior corpus callosum is supplied by PCA. The anterior corpus callosum is supplied by ACA. This medial frontal gyrus is the one which is concerned with control of picturation. Therefore, if you have a lesion of the medial PFC, the person has lack of control over picturation. And that is why he has the... He will picturates in public and he does not worry about it. Now, there are a few other things which is there in chapter 7A, which I did not tell you last night. That is this area. We have to see those areas and I will tell you quickly about them now. The specimens which you have with you, the septum phyllicinum will be present here. In this, it is saturn. So, it will be present in either one half or the other half. Depending on how accurately the section is gone through. So, this extends into the lateral medifitum. My finger is going into the lateral medifitum. So, this is where the form of monorhoi is situated. See here is the thalamus. This is the thalamus. This is the right thalamus. This side will be the left thalamus. And what you see, the surface that you see here is actually the third ventricle. The third ventricle, midline. This is the epitome of covering the third ventricle on the thalamus. Just at the lower end of the thalamus, you see a small shallow surface here. A shallow surface. The portion that is known as the hypothalonic surface. The portion above that is the thalamus. The portion below that is the hypothalamus. The portion above is the thalamus. This is the optic chiasma. The mammary body. And this is where the interpenetral fossa is situated. Sir, can you repeat that one? What is that? Hypothalamic surface. The portion above is the thalamus. The portion below is the hypothalamus. This is the optic chiasma. And this glomerular swelling is the mammary body. This is where the midbrain starts. So midbrain becomes continuous with the thalamus. Please note that. Midbrain becomes continuous with the thalamus. And you can see the aqueduct of sylvius here. So you can see the third ventricle is going to show the aqueduct of sylvius into the fourth ventricle. This is the superior medullary venum. And above that, posterior to the aqueduct of sylvius, you can see this area here. This is the tectal plate, or the quadrat terminal plate. This superior glomerular swelling is the superior colliculus. The inferior glomerular swelling is the inferior colliculus. This portion in front of the aqueduct of sylvius from here to here is the tegmentum of the midbrain. So this is the tegmentum of the midbrain. This is the tectum of the midbrain. This bigger gland is being removed in this dissection. It will be, you can see, just the stalk here. This is a very small structure. This is where the major gland will be attached. And just below that is the posterior commissure, which is concerned with people who need light replacements. So coming to the anterior part, this structure that you see here, demonstrated, this is the lamina terminalis. And here you can see the anterior commissure. You have to know this area because you will definitely get several questions pertaining to this area, not only in this block, but even in the shelf exams. So this area is important from that perspective. Let's continue with a few more things. Below the midbrain, you can see this very huge structure. This is the bonds. And these fibers that you see here, they are the corticospinatriques. This is the site of a very important lesion. Can somebody name that lesion for me? Central quantite mylonolysis and Lottin syndrome. This occurs in this region. When you give an app of a link to your sodium-free IV fluids, he gets demyelination of this area. And this is the midbrain. This is the fourth ventricle. Cerebellum. We have covered most of the important things. Now, I would like you to look at your specimens and identify each of these. And I'll be waiting here. Very doubt you can call me. So we have covered most of the important things. Thank you so much.