 Good morning, everyone. Today, 720 million people across the world are hungry. The Russia-Ukraine war has exacerbated an already fragile situation. The United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Cortárez has been speaking of how millions of more people could be pushed to the edge of food insecurity, how several parts of the globe in just a few months from now could potentially be looking at famine. What is the role that emerging technologies and innovation can play in trying to help build resilient supply chains? And how do we make these technologies available to small and marginal farmers in places like Asia, in Africa, to talk about what is, in any case, a very critical issue, but also a very immediate issue, will join this morning by public and private stakeholders. Allow me to welcome to the last day at the World Economic Forum in Davos, the Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers from India, one of the bright stars of the Modi government, Mansukh Bhai Mandavya, welcome minister. Thank you. Flanking him, Swento Holster, President and Chief Executive Officer of Yara International, one of the world's leading fertilizer companies. They've revolutionized agriculture 100 years ago. Is there a new revolution that can be powered by technology? Leigh-Anne Gil joins us, Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Governance and Compliance at Nestle at the cutting edge of using technological innovations to change the way farming is being done. Can these be taken then to places in Africa, in Asia as well? We've also got Ishmael Shunga, Chief Executive Officer, South African Confederation of Agricultural Unions for a perspective from farmers. Is it really about cutting edge technology or are there more real world solutions which can provide the innovation that we're all looking for? You're all welcome to participate. You can go on the Slido app, share your questions. I'll take some of those questions as this session wears on. But can I start by asking Shwen to explain the criticality of the challenge as you see it in terms of the global food grains crisis that stares us in the face, the scenario as you see unfold over the next few months, and solutions that you think need to be considered and worked on by everyone who's listening to this conversation? Well, thank you. And yes, we're faced with a dual challenge now both a food crisis, but also a climate crisis. And we need to solve both of them. Yara is operating in 60 countries. We sell our products to 160 countries. And the reports we're getting back from the front lines now in the most vulnerable communities are just scary in terms of the impact now on food production and food affordability and potentially also on availability. Indeed, Russia's invasion of Ukraine has accelerated this and creating significant disturbances to value chains that have been built up over decades. And the food system actually has done a fairly good job at growing more food for a growing population, though at a cost to the environment. But now with trade flows changing overnight, that creates complexities that, in turn, also has a direct impact on food flows. Ukraine and Russia are big producers of food. Right now, there are 25 million tons of corn and grain in the Ukrainian ports that is not reaching the market. So at the same time, as we were talking about famine, we risk food rotting in inventories in Ukraine as a direct result of the war. And that's up to just an individual to make a change to that. And here, I can only plead to humanity to resolve that and hope that it changes. But we cannot rely on hope alone. We need to put other measures in place, strengthening the safety nets and the last safety nets that are out there, like the World Food Programme, and also dealing with the longer term or medium term challenges of the food system. Today, it represents 25% to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. And we need to solve that as well, to make farming also more resilient to climate change, because that is part of what is happening now. If you look at the heat waves in India and the impact now on the current wheat harvest in Pakistan, in North America, with also first cold spell and now heat, droughts and floods and so on, agriculture is directly impacted by climate change, and we need to do that as well. And then it's about technology. Our company was founded 120 years ago based on a technological breakthrough. Our founder was the first one that came up with the innovation to sequester and get nitrogen out of the air and turn it into fertilizer to feed a growing population. And that's had a huge impact on both on the ag sector, but also on a growing population. Now, the next step will be on technology and data and transparency and availability through regenerative farming, which I think is key here, that we have an output-focused ag system that measures and really rewards farmers for farming in the right way so that they get paid for something else than just a kilo of a crop. What we have now is exactly what we paid for in the food system, a food system only focused on kilos produced, not the environmental impact, productivity, nutritional content, water consumption, carbon sequestration. All of that has been to, and I'm talking a bit broadly here, of course, but that's been disregarded. And then we're left with kilos of crop with environmental consequences that has. So we have to use the dual challenge now to urgently change and help on food security, get more food to people, but at the same time, solve environmental challenges. And that's where technology plays an important role. So nitrogen as fertilizer is a big idea. Is there a particular big idea that you're most passionate about championing at this moment, or do you think it's a collection of small ideas that could potentially transform agriculture? Because the challenges that we're dealing with are a immediate and also long-term. So there's structural and immediate challenges that we're dealing with simultaneously. Yeah, so there's not just one thing that will solve everything, but it starts with regenerative agriculture that we start to agree on what is really the definition of that. So we can start to invest and build a structure around it and create the predictability for the farmers, but also the input providers. And the food companies and the retailers, the whole value chain. So we have predictability on what that is. And I think we have enough in place to really go ahead with that. But then to use technology, it could be sensor technology, both whether it's on tractors, hand-held devices, what we can do now on satellite technology to get the power and agronomical competence that in the past would only be available to large-scale farmers. We can do that now with smartphones to give that power in the hand of the farmer to make these optimal decisions. And that requires, of course, predictability, but also willingness to implement the measures that allow that and full value chain partnerships. It doesn't help if we have premium fertilizer targeted, if there is no demand for it, or if the farmers cannot afford it. But it is possible. The cost of the carbonized food, and that's calculated by Boston Consulting Group, is 4%. It's a very small number. It seems easy to absorb, but yet it's so difficult if we put the entire burden on the farmers. We cannot do that. This has to be a full value chain. And technology will help to make it visible and also to enable that. Mr. Mandavya, one of the challenges in countries like India is the fact that land holdings are becoming smaller. You've got water tables that are depleting. And making technology available at price points which farmers can afford, how are you and your government working towards addressing this challenge? That is important questions, because India is a big country, huge diversity, 1.3 billion populations, and half populations depend on farming. And farming scale is going very, very little. So the farm size is very low. And so it's a very challenge that we are implement to technology, because individual farmers have used this technology, and they have no financial situations. So we have taken to number of initiatives to government level that holistic approach we have done. Farmers get fertilizer in cheaper rate. Farmers get digital information, as well as VEDA, as well as the nutrient deficiency, soil health card. All types of service provide to central government. And government provide this services so the farmers has no more expenses. And so we are doing try continuously that our farmers' production is continuously increased. So last five years ago, honorable prime minister told that we want to doubling income of our farmers. And so we are pushing to drip irrigations given to subsidy. We are pushing to fertilizer. We are giving to subsidy. We are using to number of type of alternate fertilizer and giving to subsidy. So the small and marginal farmers have no problem. They are working for very well. And they have also support, technical support, financial supports. And small farmers have required to farm banks, bank finance, microfinance. We are also available to support to our government. So our farmer's size is going down cut. But our production is increasing now and today. One of the biggest themes at the World Economic Forum in Davos this year minister has been the fear of famine, especially in Africa. And India could have played a role or can still play a role by exporting some wheat. And your government in April was speaking about doing that. In May, you changed your mind. A lot of people sitting here would wonder at a time when there's a very real prospect of famine globally, why would you put up these walls instead of opening the doors and feeding those who need food desperately at this time? That is important questions. Because India's role every time, our philosophy, our Indian philosophy is Vasudeva Kutumbakam. Means all family, the whole world is one family. So you see, during COVID crisis, India was under lockdown, first wave and second wave. But at that time, the world have required to medicine, not have medicine in globally. Crisis was done at that time. In these situations, under lockdown in India, we have started to, India have 3,000 pharma companies and 10,000 pharma manufacturing unit. We have given to lockdown fast. And with honorable prime minister upfield to our industrialist that your start and continuous production ramp up, fill food to our requirement and supply to globally. At that time, every day, five to seven plain land in India only carry by medicine. So, and we have supplied to 150 countries, medicine. Not only supply to medicine, but we have not taken to our charges. We followed our responsibility, commerce, next, first service. And at that time, we have supplied to affordable medicine in globally. And as well as the food crisis, my country always believe we are responsible country. The food grains, our big country, 1.3 billion population is our own populations. Our requirement is much more. But our exports are only 1.1%, 1.5%. But my humble request to globally, we are followed to our responsibility. We should try in my country to ramp up production in food grains. And all other globally country comes to one platform. These have their share is much more. They are also responsible for needy countries. It is my humble request because it's all our responsibility. Any countries, any persons have not get to grant food, food security. It's not good. So Indian behavior, India is always responsible behavior and committed to globally and support to all country, every time, everywhere. Ishmand, Africa has the maximum of arable land in the world. And yet, the maximum of challenges for food grain production are on the continent. Shwen gave us his sense of the challenges that we see in the next few months. Before we get to the long term structural challenges, could you explain how you see the situation in Africa and how possibly technology or innovation could play some kind of a role in trying to ramp up food grain production? Thanks, Rao. Technology is an important factor in the transformation of agriculture in Africa and I believe in developing countries. But sometimes we see technology not in its proper context. And I just want to maybe start also by saying that the problems of the war are just a compounding effect. Maybe the marginal increase in the pain that farmers face is not as high because they've always had shortages anyway. So they've been dealing with it with the war, without the war, with COVID, without COVID. So the starting point really should be clear that it has been a long-term problem. And what is panning out now is much more the agents of addressing it. And technology plays an important role. But context matters. Technology should be at the service of farmers. And it should be able to help solve their problems. And their problems, quite frankly, can be very basic. And yet the solutions can be very profound from where they're coming. And it begs the question, what are the problems? Let me just quickly map out my thinking about what the problems are. Agriculture itself has become more science-driven. ICT and air boards become more complex, data-driven. Knowledge-intensive, information-intensive, you name it, that's what it has. And navigating through that complexity is not easy in many respects. And farmers face also challenges of isolation, which could be economic isolation, geographical spatial isolation, could be social isolation, because of where they practice their trade, out there in the hinterland. And the hinterland, as we know them, at least in Africa, developing countries in general, is devoid of backbone infrastructure. Sanitation schools, health facilities, roads, ICT infrastructure, you name it. And for me, that is where innovation should actually play its role. And I believe that digital technology is important as a solution to deliver an integrated model, because their problems are not only agricultural. They are social, they're economic, and they've got various dimensions, but if you deploy simple technology, which could be a cell phone technology, it is going to do things at scale, it's going to do things at speed. It is going to empower people to make decisions. It is going to move farmers from a position of maybe conscious ignorance of what the situation is to more, sorry, unconscious ignorance to more conscious ignorance. That will then bring them to change. The moment you know, and you compare yourself in relation to the neighbors and relation to the global world, you begin to see what you're missing. We know how the cell phone has changed the social lives of people. It can also change farmers. If you empower them with information, and that can flow through, it can flow through services, education, weather information, price discovery information becomes easy or easier. The second point really is my hobby horse on matters of equity and fairness in accessing resources. Could be land, could be financial resources, and that can be solved by technology. And another one which is much more fundamental is equity and fairness in the distribution of risk and reward along the chain. We all know that farmers buy at retail and they sell at wholesale. And they show that the highest amount of risk and the lowest amount of return and the other way around. Technology can help make value chains more transparent and more accountable and can acquire the blockchain, I believe, can deal with that. Basic issues around the areas that you're farming on, which might influence the amount of inputs you put. You think it's one hectare, maybe it's half a hectare, then you buy inputs that are one hectare, you over apply and you waste. And yet you can measure the size of land using technology. So those basic examples to me are so fundamental to fix. And underlying that will be innovation in police. How do you ensure that there's infrastructure, particularly infrastructure that delivers information out there to where people are so that the moment they get information, I bet you they are going to change their behavior. And the moment the value chains become more equitable and fair and they distribute fair work and they pay fairly for the ecosystem's management role farmers play, you'll see a big change. I stop here for now, thanks. Leanne, do you wanna tell us about some of the technological innovations that Nestle is working on, which you think can make farming more productive and also what's being done to make those technologies available to farmers where they need them? Thank you very much and it's a pleasure to be here to talk on this topic and I'm very happy to follow Ishmael because he touched on a number of points that we are trying to address at Nestle. So first let me also provide a bit of context. We've been working on how to create and drive food transformation prior to COVID, prior to the most recent events here in Europe because climate change requires that we need to find solutions to this, our current food systems. So we were one of the first companies back in 2020 to issue our climate roadmap, but that's not enough. We also want to drive regenerative agriculture and last September, we issued our ambition and how we're going to do that. We are dedicating 1.5 billion Swiss francs to spark all of these innovative technologies and practices at the farm level to help that regenerative agriculture. Our ambition is to actually have 20% of our raw materials sourced through regenerative agriculture by 2025, 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050. Okay, so what am I talking about then? What is this regenerative agriculture? Well, using science and technology, I can give you a few examples that were touched upon briefly by my colleague here. One is remote assessment technology, satellite monitoring. We've learned that satellites can help detect and control deforestation. We can apply that to soil. In France, we're working with farmers using technology, satellite technology to detect soil cover. So cover crops, why are cover crops important? Well, cover crops help maintain moisture in the soil and protect biodiversity. So increasing the asset, the soil, helping the farmers retain the value of that asset and accelerate that production. Another technology are digital sensors, also mentioned. In Pakistan, we've been working on farmers to have digital sensors in the soil to monitor moisture lovers. When the moisture is too low, it triggers irrigation, but only when it's too low. Provides us the certain amount of water needed, then stops. Prevents waste, improves the soil, improves the production. A third one we're using is public blockchain, working with OpenSC, where we're able to follow in the Congo the cherries, the coffee bean cherries from harvest all the way to the final product. We're doing that through blockchain and QR codes. And in fact, if you have time, go to the Nespresso site, look for our Congo reviving origin, and there's a QR code. It will show you the farmers in the cooperative. It will show you how much they've gathered. It will show you if they've been paid the premium for their work, and it will show you how it got through the ports, through the manufacturing facilities all the way to the shelf. So using this type of transparent technology to connect the farmer to the consumer is part of the role we have as a middle player in that entire value chain. And one last example I provide is our income accelerator project for COCO. And this touches on a number of things that Ishmael touched on. This program rewards not for volume, but for practices. So incentives for using better agricultural practices such as pruning. Incentives for ensuring the children go to school. Incentives for using shade trees to help make more resilient the crops. Incentives for using other opportunities to have complimentary crops. This is in Ivory Coast. It's part of our COCO program. And where does the technology come in? It comes in on the payments. So we're applying science to help. Regenerative agriculture, climate resilience, improve yield. But we're also providing the payments half to the male person of the household, half to the female member of the household using mobile payments. So readily available technology through cell phones that enable the whole community and the individual farming households to benefit from science and technology. So there's a real opportunity with regenerative agricultural projects to address not just the soil and not just the food production, but wider issues. And one of the roles for the private sector is to see how we can prove out these technologies and systems, how we can scale them, how can we make them cost effective. And well, I could continue to talk on the pieces that are all made to that, but I'll stop there for a moment. Thanks. So we've actually heard responses at two ends of the tech spectrum from application of blockchain technologies, which Leanne mentioned, to simply making information available on the mobile phone, possibly just on WhatsApp. And therefore, Ishmael, do you wanna build on the relevance that you see of some of the technological interventions that Leanne mentioned in real life circumstance in South Africa or anywhere else in Africa? And whether you think that some of these innovations can actually be applied by farmers in real time in the months and years to come? Indeed, I think what she mentioned, I had already alluded to certain aspects of it. I mentioned earlier on that blockchain technology can be deployed to measure the flow of value and risk along, and who is getting what when the product leaves the farm up to where it gets into the stomach, so to speak. So I see the relevance of that. It's not necessarily for use by farmers. It is to provide information to farmers, to enable them to negotiate better because you might not know how the thing actually is distributed. So if it brings an element of transparency, then you can begin to incalculate the principle of fairness because things are now transparently displayed. So I see that remote sensing is important and sensors are important. I alluded earlier on to the importance of digitally measuring by satellite the plots of land that farmers have for them to be able to determine the quantities in relation to that. So that already has application. But what also struck me profoundly, so to speak, was the issue of a practice-based type of reward system and not so much of volume-based because I think scale has been one of the major issues because farmers are not able to scale because of the fragmentation, unless, of course, if they form a cooperative, which might not necessarily be the best model depending on the circumstances. So if you are able to reward also based on your practice and the practice is contributing to the general good of the whole world, and of course the whole world has to pay for the general goodness. It cannot be the farmer that pays for it only. That, for me, is important because of the smaller plots that they have. And also, if you are able to measure what actually is being put in the soil by way of carbon, the farmer might not be able to do it themselves. But if that is available and that is credible and that is trusted, there's an element of trust here and that the value coming out of that is going to be fairly distributed, things will happen. So I'm a chief advocate of technology to be deployed to solve the problems that farmers face. Sometimes it's not so much of high-tech, sometimes it's not so much about having it themselves but having access to the outputs that technology provides. Let's build on that because that's a very important thing. It's not just the availability of technology, whether it is the internet of things or drones. Now, some of those technologies are available. Ishmael and farmers worldwide, especially small landholders, will say, how do you make the technology available at scale, at low cost, to the farmers who desperately need it and their requirements may not be very high-tech, it could be basic technology which enables them to be more productive. Exactly, and that's where we need to put a focus. How do we scale this? Because look at what existing technology can do today. We worked with farmers in East Africa at the beginning of the pandemic to see how could we rapidly increase the food production and with giving good access to input and through cell phones, both the smartphones but also regular phones to give advice on how to do this ergonomically. We digitally connected with 2 million farmers, 250,000 farmers were given fertilizer and they were able to triple their maize yields in the first season. So the additional food that they were able to produce was enough to feed a million people for a whole year. That says something about the promise of technology and the quality input, what that can do. But then how do we drive scale? And this is where I think it's incredibly important that we don't overcomplicate, that we use convening platforms, such as the World Economic Forum, to get the full value chain approach to this and agree on some standards so that, for instance, there is no common standard even identifying something as simple as the field of a farmer. How do we measure soil quality in a way that creates predictability for the farmers? So let's open up, we have some technology here. We're willing to give that away and share it openly, perhaps through the forum, either way, whatever we can do to create scale and predictability for farmers and use what we have now to drive the change rapidly instead of super complicated technological or miracles in the future that will have an impact five to 10 years from now, but what can we do now in the next season and really combine all of this? Minister Mandavya, with every generation, land holdings in countries like India and so many other places in the world are becoming smaller. Farmers are struggling just for sustenance. And given that, how do you see technology being made available to them to be able to increase productions in a meaningful fashion? That is important questions because the farmers have time to time, time change the farming system. Number of all countries have for their self-farming tradition. Some countries as the farmers is educated, some countries farmers is not educated and more literate, some literate. It is important things because the farmers without technology driven farming, it's impossible to fulfill to food security to whole world. So the farmers approach is always turned by modern technology driven and so we have taken to number of initiative in my country. Small and marginal farmers, they can use to technology, use to balance fertilizer, use to balance nutrient. So we have started 7,000, 7,000 all block have one modern fertilizer shop. The modern fertilizer shop is given to information, guidance to farmers, agriculture departments has organized number of events, number of seminars, lab to land approach, farmers farm approach, our scientists go to farm, our scientists go to village, they discuss to farmers and farmers adopt to new technology, enhance the production, news, our agriculture university is working on hybrid seed and how the hybrid seed is giving to much more crop, much more field, much more productions. So number of type of action taken in my country. So I second time at that, the marginal and small farmers, it's very critical situations. It's a, Rajesh mentioned very well that it's a very small farmers have, they want to use to technology but they have no technology. What they can do because tractors, they buy the tractor is very costly. So the cooperative system is stronger in my country in farmers cooperative. The farmers cooperative is buy the tractors and gives the farmers, small farmers they use and cultivate for land. This type of approach we have taken so our yield is increasing, farmers generation by generations, farmers become small and small and marginal but our production is always increasing now and today. Okay someone throw this open for questions. If we take questions you can think of what you want to ask. I see two hands go up already. So can we take a question from the gentleman here please? Let the mic come to you. Thank you very much. Thank you to all the panelists. My name is Martin Schwab and I'm part of the global shaper stock here from Switzerland in Bern. My question is, as you mentioned all together that we have to increase the production of crops and so on. And my question is to all of you normally if we look to the numbers we see that we already produce enough food for everyone on the planet. We have enough to feed everyone. And why is it still the dogma to produce more and more and more and to degrade the soil of our planet if we can reduce for example the meat production so we have more food for everyone. Why isn't this also some kind of a new technological approach? Okay, Shwet, would you like to build on this? Yeah, and of course this isn't going to be solved just by one initiative. We have to do several things at the same time. But in terms of calories yes, we're producing enough in the world to feed the world but it's not produced in the right places so it's about producing more of the food regionally and doing that in a more sustainable way and indeed by getting farming right we can actually reduce the farm line by 40% and produce enough food for the population but at the same time do that in a way that protects the soil through regenerative farming, cover crops and focusing on soil health then you get two things at the same time one or several things actually more regional food production you reduce the emissions of agriculture which is also important to reach the Paris agreement and the one and a half degree target and you can use practices to sequester carbon in the soil and by having better quality soil it's more resilient towards climate change as well so it's possible to do all at the same time but it requires swift and urgent action now to get that done and then of course diets as well but I have to focus on what is it that I can do something about and that's more on the ag side to make that more resilient with focus on soil quality and more resilient food production regionally So if you have a question just put your hand up and we can then go around the room if the gentleman there wants to answer Hi, my name is Yusof Ibelissami, I'm an innovator I'm just building on Martin's question but looking at it from a whole different perspective what's been done on storage because the amount of waste from fish in 2019 according to Refield was 59 but 8 millimetre tons one out of three fishes never make it to the table there's a lot that's been said on production but what's been done on storage and logistics Who'd like to take it? Lea, do you want to build on this or in terms of improving yes, who wants to build on this? Not specifically on fish not specifically on fish but on food waste in general but maybe before I come to that I just want to speak to an earlier question and just give a slightly different perspective It's a bit difficult to understand putting it mildly that those that are responsible for producing food are the largest majority of those that are rich or underfed it's an irony that we need to look at ourselves in our own eyes and see whether what you're doing is good the ones that are feeding the world are themselves hungry that tells a story about many things apart from equity and fairness in the distribution it talks also about infrastructure you spoke about why do we keep on producing more and more most of the farmers farm to eat and they they reside in areas where they are not even accessible even to go and distribute food to so they need to keep on producing and producing better for them to be able to eat better because that food that is surplus is not going to be able to physically move to where they are hence the need for infrastructure and that also can speak to infrastructure that is related to energy that is related to cold stores that is also related to movement of fish if I apply it to fish so I think there is sometimes not a proper analysis of what actually is the problem because yes there's a lot of food and yes a lot of people are getting hungry seems like a very easy solution but the question is actually much more complex we need to differentiate and segregate our solutions and digital technology actually can help us understand which types of farmers would require which type of solution and which type of farmers would require not this sometimes we use the lowest common denominator to try and solve a much more complex problem let's use digital technology to understand the farmers that we are talking about most of them are not in the commercial realm and they probably are in the safety net realm but safety nets can also be deployed digitally to try and solve their problems so I think the innovation in my view is now in the thinking in as much as farming is now much more in the head than in the hands so that's where we need to be smart in terms of our solutions technological or otherwise, thanks maybe if I could just jump in and build a little bit on Ishma but also respond to your question so I'm afraid I don't have the details on fish storage in our suppliers but what I can tell you is that we are looking at alternative sources of protein also to respond to your question that don't rely on the same agricultural processes or the same source so for example we've developed a plant based tuna which of course protects the biodiversity in the sea provides an alternative form of protein doesn't rely on the three most common calorie sources that the world is relying on that's part of the transformative food systems how can we leverage other sources of calories proteins etc and diversify so it's not so much increasing but transforming in terms of production and then last comment I would make we see at Nestle it's incumbent upon us to be local inclusive and collaborative local meaning not the same solution doesn't apply everywhere we need to reflect and respect the local farming conditions inclusive leave no one behind so the small farm holders the program I talked about with Koko it's based on practices this is not volume because we want to include the small holder farmers and then collaborative we cannot do this by ourselves we are working with all sorts of tech companies NGOs governments suppliers other associations because it needs the world to do this so I just want to share that with you as well so we have time only for one last question I should yeah go for it question just to seek your perspective as well we know that in terms of population growth Africa is where the growth is happening and the majority of the group will be our young demographic is there a case that this challenge requires a change in narrative to try and direct the attention and focus of the young generation towards agriculture at the moment it seems that everybody is living in a rural area and chasing white-collar jobs in the urban areas I don't know what your observation is on the field if you could just share perspectives on this topic very important topic and I think a large part of the solution is bringing the next generation and young people into agriculture to also show that agriculture could be something else than what was in the past and technology is the solution to that so together with Strymas, Eva and Agnes Kalibata you had a co-founded generation Africa which is really an initiative to drive entrepreneurship technology into agriculture and really highlight individuals that are driving this next or the fourth agriculture revolution through technology and really embed that into the system because today Africa imports about 50 billion dollars worth of food and it's growing because of the growing population so it's kept in regional market it's a tremendous business opportunity but it's only there if it's if it's seen so we need to highlight that and get young people in and really build businesses on top of this amazing opportunity. Minister Mandavya in a country like India the challenge could be the converse to get young people and others out of agriculture that you have just the right number of people and ensuring that there are enough jobs available for them for non-farming activities so it's a only single solution make more profitable to agriculture the youth automatically shall go to agriculture but now the other business other job get more profitable so youth is diverted so important it's a important thing is that why we can became to profitable agriculture it's a big question make a profitable youth will divert to agriculture. Final words yes Ishmand we have done a bit of work on that subject and the lesson that I think is coming from our experience first is that don't sell agriculture to the to the sell an opportunity if you sell agriculture they know that it is a backbreaking type of situation it's a put off sell an opportunity that is perhaps the largest sector that could have the largest number of billionaires sell entrepreneurship youth resonate with entrepreneurship youth resonate with technology so a combination of youth of entrepreneurship technology and a young generation is perhaps what the doctor ordered for the solution to be there you know we've had a fascinating conversation from the use of sensors, satellite technology drones, IoT to simple solutions like just making information available for farmers to be able to use that and working on this collaboratively is critical not just in a long term perspective but also in the immediate term given the kind of challenges we're dealing with an account of your political tensions Mansook by Mandavya Shwayan Niyan Anishmal, thank you so much for joining us and for all of you who participated this morning, thank you I hope you had a great week, thank you everyone