 Hi and welcome to the Help! I'm an accidental government information librarian webinar series. Today we'll have a webinar with Jim Church, who is going to talk about international government survey data. Jim Church is the Librarian for Economics, International and Foreign Government Information, Global Poverty and Political Economy at the University of California, Berkeley. He serves as the chair of the IFLA government information and official publication section and is also active in the ALA government documents round table, where he writes the international documents column for the journal DTTP. His primary areas of interest are in economic development and international non-governmental organizations. So thank you very much, Jim, for presenting to us today. So what I'm going to cover today are some basics of international survey data. And I lied a little bit about what this will cover. This is not just going to be a limited to government surveys. I thought it would be more appropriate to include other international surveys as well, because in fact the two kind of go hand in hand, those that are initiated by private organizations or universities or think tanks or whatever. I use all of these interchangeably. And I think because the same thing is true for international government organizations and national governments and so on, it really the distinction doesn't quite matter. There's really nothing particularly special about a government survey and survey that's initiated by some other organizations. So the distinction kind of blurs there. What I'm going to talk about briefly here is the difference between international microdata and aggregate data. How to recognize when microdata is needed in the course of doing a reference interview or patient consultation. Databases where international survey data is indexed and hopefully well described. A review of selected international surveys and by that I mean selected because of course the scope of that is huge. A brief introduction to data documentation and also a brief introduction to online data analysis tools. So what is aggregate data? This can be one of the things where it's difficult to find a perfect definition and I searched very diligently and I kind of combined some that I saw online with my own sense of what it means. But I basically aggregate whoops I forgot data. Our statistics combine from several measurements and it are organized by geography time or social observations. So some examples include many of the things that librarians are quite accustomed to or used to and have been dealing with for years. Things like unemployment rates, import and export data, national accounts and so on. And many again libraries, government information libraries are quite accustomed to this stuff. They have resided on databases, table generating databases that many of us are familiar with that are produced by international organizations or in statistical yearbooks. And it seems pretty familiar but I thought I would explain what I meant by this before we get into microdata. And some here are some examples, international financial data from the IMAP, employment data from the international labor organization, national account statistics from the U.M., land and agricultural production from the FAO, and national literacy rates over time from UNESCO and summary census data from national governments. This is what I would characterize as aggregate. And notice I say summary census data from national governments, not microdata. I'm going to talk about that in a minute. So what are microdata? So microdata consist of data that are directly collected from a specific unit of observation which is usually and again I want to hedge a little bit, perhaps not always an individual household or family. And the unit of observation in most cases is the entity that answered a question in a survey. So that's an important thing to keep in mind. A lot of the time when people are looking for microdata that can have mentioned were like surveys. And microdata are inherently very flexible because users can generate their own statistics from the data in the manner desired. As many of you know, you've been frustrated perhaps in the past by you get a table generator, you come across something in a yearbook and it doesn't break down the way in which you would like it to. So this is the advantage of working with microdata. You can manipulate it in ways that you can't with these more traditional tools. And so that can be a bit more difficult from the end user perspective but also gives us a lot more flexibility and power. And usually we'll also need something like documentation in the form of a questionnaire code book that is often needed to understand and interpret the data. So determining user needs, students and faculty may in fact know already that they need microdata. It will go I didn't tell you. And so if you're trying to determine whether aggregator statistical data or microdata are needed, you want to look for a few clues in the question. Users may mention something like firm level or unit level or panel data. And they may sort of begin to describe something in a survey that they've seen or they may want to get all their observations from the same place. Usually things like this are a pretty good clue that you're going to need to use survey or microdata. And another good tip or way of determining what is needed is you can always ask the user what is the unit of analysis. Is it a country, a state, a firm, an individual, a household? If they respond that they need to look at households or individuals. So it's usually although again not always a good clue that microdata may suit their needs better. So I'm going to use some examples from recent questions. And I also want to emphasize that an intensive reference interview is often needed to determine which type of data is necessary for the user or what the best for the user to have. And these are all questions I recently got. This is from a student said I needed the data for family income consumption and house prices in China. Another one again, these are not all one or the other. Maybe you can kind of guess which is which. Another one I recently got was I need to find foreign direct investment between all countries. I hope to write a paper that analyzed the number of French tourists visiting the United States of the last 10 years. And my thesis topic is whether the cultural backgrounds of third culture kids has an impact on wages. I need to find data that includes the cultural and travel background of a person and their wages. And if anyone again wants to take a stab at that, what I wound up doing for the first one in the fourth question, we wound up using microdata. The first one we wound up using a household panel survey in China. And the last one we wound up using actually the general social survey from the United States. Now the last one of course is not international, but hopefully this will give you a sense of the types of clues you can look for in a question where you might potentially use this. So strategies for finding international microdata. So of course the first thing you could do is familiarize yourself with commonly used important surveys. You can search databases and archives that index data sets. And many of these now have a variable level search functionality and online analysis tools. Very importantly, you can search the literature for related studies to find potential data sets of interest, which again is, you know, it's a useful shortcut because if you just don't happen to know where this particular variable will be found, why not take a look at the existing literature and rely on the experts who do this for a living. And hopefully if they cite their data well, you will be able to uncover it, discover it, and reuse it or repurpose it. It's also very important to conduct an intensive reference interview to ask a lot of detailed questions to determine the need. The fifth point down the line there, read the code book or questionnaire, it's extremely important. A lot of the times the variable in question will be deeply buried within the questionnaire of the code book. And I have a lot of respect for people who do this for a living who do this and nothing else because it is a very intensive reference process where often you could spend a great deal of time examining potential data sets, scrolling through the questionnaire of the code book to see the context of the question, the unit of analysis, how the question was posed. And it can be very challenging, particularly in a survey that has hundreds of questions or different rounds. Sometimes you'll find surveys vary from year to year and they're not the same each time that the round is initiated. So that's also another point. And it also helps to register for access to significant data archives beforehand. So you can help students at the point of need. It's becoming more and more common for these data providers and data archives to require that you register so they have a sense of the research purpose. And often that will require creating a simple statement of the research need and providing your background, your university email. Things like that are often needed these days. So it's helpful to do that ahead of time for data archives that you know that you could potentially be using. So these are some selected international data archives. Ensure that many of you have heard of at least several of these before. ICPSR, I expect many of you know it's a consortium of institutions working together to acquire and preserve data on social phenomenon. Primarily United States, but I've noticed in recent years its international holdings are becoming more and more significant. There are over 130 countries represented. The UK archives, the UK data archives is a large collection of UK digital social economic research. And I'm not going to go into that in depth, but I just want to point them out today because of the excellence of their metadata, which can be crucial in doing this type of reference and analysis. The Council on European Social Science Data Archives. So it's like a consortium of national data archives across European countries. And the Live NITS Institute of the Social Sciences, which is the principal repository for the Eurobarometer polls and the International Social Survey Program, which is absolutely huge. And one of these also I like at the end is the something I don't work a great deal with, but still very significant in my opinion is ARDA, which is International Surveys on Religion, Concordational Denominational Data, and so on. And again, these are just some examples for them anymore. And this is sort of my own little distinction here. I'm not sure if it's quite appropriate, particularly the first one. There are also these sources out there. We characterize more as a data catalog. They might not contain the data itself, but they might point it to other sources. The middle two certainly fall into that category. The World Bank Microdata Catalog and the International Household Survey Network Data Catalog are primarily a World Bank and other international organizations that provide access to household survey data and other data of interest to these groups. The one at the top, the Dataverse Network, is an enormously important source. It's a bit of a hybrid because it does sort of link research data universes. And it does serve as an archival purpose, but for my, in this particular instance, I'm just going to use it. I use it primarily for discovery source. So again, these things can be kind of fuzzy, but I'm just using this right now in that term. One of my all-time favorite librarians is here, and I did not know he would show up, but of course here he is. There are all these live guides out there as well that I use myself. If I'm looking for data by region or subject, this is an excellent guide at the Princeton University Library. If you're looking for data by subject or by region, I am jealous that they have people who can spend all this time describing in-depth detailed surveys by regions around the world and by subjects. So this is awesome, and we really appreciate people who take the time to put this together to help us. And another awesome live guide at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. They give you a little definition of microdata, and they present different types of microdata by a broad subject category. And maybe not all of these are international in scope, but still I love it when people do this. It's so helpful to give librarians a quick source to use at the point of need. So talk very briefly about ICPSR. It does have a huge data archive of over 255, 250,000 files, specialized collections in the Education, Aging, Criminal Justice, Terrorism, other fields. It does again have more and more access to international survey data. One of the great things about ICPSR is that it uses SDA, and maybe some of you don't get to that in a second. This is an online analysis tool, and I think it's a great way for those of you who are new to working with microdata to get an introduction to it and to get a sense of the power it has and what you can do with it. You can go into ICPSR and look for studies for which online analysis is available, and I'm going to show you a bit of that in just a minute about how you can use this. It has a social sciences variables database that allows users to find variables and questions across studies or series. It has a bibliography of data-related literature. Data can be browsed by geography series theme or topic, and again it has databases for which data sets for which online analysis is available, as well as replication data sets, which allow users to, you know, there are studies where previous data is used, and people in a sense are repurposing the data for their own uses or to replicate experiments which have already been done. So the SDA online analysis tool, I think we're all particularly proud of that here, because it was developed at DUC Berkeley. In fact, I've even met the guy who did it. It's a program for documentation web-based analysis for survey data developed here. It's easy to use and designed to produce data analysis results very quickly. It can usually be used for cross-taculation, means comparisons, correlation, and regression. And it has over several hundred studies that are available for online analysis with more being added. So here's an example of a quick SDA cross-taculation using a study which is called the Indian Human Development Survey. And you can see here, what I thought I would do just very quickly is do a quick cross-taculation that shows the poverty rates among different casts by state in India. So you can see right there in the row column or the row, I have poverty status, which is indicated by the variable poor. In the column, I have group 8, which is the variable that they use in this particular case to indicate cast. And then I have a control variable, which is going to stack the data on top of each other by states in India. And if I wish I could do other things like I could filter by age, I could filter by sex. All these things demonstrate, again, the chance to do this, the kind of power that you have if you have access to microdata, because you can kind of control it yourself. You can tell the ascent of the data provider what exactly you want, and it will turn it out for you if that type of analysis available. So you can see here, here's the cross-taculation. I have the state here is Uttar Pradesh, which is a troubled state in India, and it has poverty status for the different casts. It does things like you can draw a little bar charts, it has pie charts. And again, it has other functionality in the most recent version, the SGA version 4.0, where you can do regression analysis, comparison of means, correlation, and so on. It's a really neat tool, a lot of fun to play with, and it's great because it does U.S. data, but it also does increasingly a lot of international data sets. So a big fan of this. Not going to talk about research data management much today. I know that's very much in everyone's minds. It's growing significantly, but ICPSR also provides links and tools that enable people to do things like do security checks for restricted use data, text anonymization, which you might want to do. If you're publishing something, you don't want to accidentally reveal the identities of the survey respondents. There are some links here to the data management planning tool, the DMP tool, which is actually done at the University of California, and open refine, which is a data cleaning tool that I've begun to play with a little bit. But all of these things are just tools and links added value by ICPSR offers. So the Dataverse Project is an open source web application to share, preserve, site explore, and analyze research data. And it's a collection of repositories that may host multiple databases. These repositories are available all around the world, and each Dataverse contains data sets, and each data set contains metadata and data files. So the important thing, I think, to remember about this is that it's got excellent metadata as well as data files. That is really the great advantage of robust discovery tools such as this is because I think some of you can probably remember in the past where you would get to a data set that was mentioned in the literature, and you would go online, you'd find a file, and you might find a little bit of documentation like some sort of a, you know, an ASCII file or just a remi.txt that was not particularly descriptive. Sources like ICPSR and Dataverse are essentially requiring researchers to deposit this data along with much more descriptive metadata. Things like, you know, the file formats are usually included, related publications, they have things like version control, or you're supposed to distinguish the different versions, which the, you know, the, when the data, you know, new versions, the data when they are made available, and all this is really, is really very helpful for people when working with this content. So here is a database search that I actually did the other day. You go into there and you do something like a survey like do a search for something like China social attitudes, something again, I in fact did, you know, a couple weeks ago, came across this China family panel study Dataverse, which is made available from the Institute of Social Science Survey at Beijing University or Peking University. This is a description with the subject keywords. You can see here some of the metadata. Okay. The world panel study is a pretty good indication that this is, in fact, this is a micro data survey. It has keywords also here like communities, families, and individuals. These are additional clues. Here is the documentation. Again, very important if you want to understand what this is about. It gives you the background, it gives you tables of contents. If you want to just take a quick look at this, you know, this is really why it is worthwhile to pay detailed or close attention to what is in the questionnaire, because it isn't always obvious. You may find this sort of a study description, but sometimes unless you already know, you really have to go drill deep into it and find out what it is all about. So for example, this one has things like mobile phones, which I would not have expected from this. It has a family questionnaire, it has child questionnaires used on parenting. I wonder, for example, if you might be able to do a cross-tagulation about mobile phone use by children and the parent's attitude about parenting. That could be an interesting study, perhaps, if any of you have teenagers. Anyway, what you'll also find sometimes is that they may offer some restrictions. You may have to sign something that state conditions of use. In this case, for example, this is absolutely not something that the University of California would sign for ourselves, because it would say we have to comply with the laws and regulations related to data confidentiality by the Chinese government. It's probably not something that UC Berkeley would sign, but it may be something that a researcher would be willing to do. And if you are going to assist people with this sort of data discovery and they're going to take it upon themselves, it's important that you offer some due diligence to make sure that they understand the requirements, which can be legally enforceable when they are getting access to this content, not trivial sometimes. And again, I'll let you sort of think, if you want to go take a look at that survey, the potential uses for it, considering the number of questions and the scale of the survey are really immense. This is also something I think I'll point out. Ippums International, I think many of you may know or have heard of Ippums. It's often used for United States census data via the American Community Survey. Another commonly used feature of it is Ippums has access to microdata from the current population survey. But Ippums is adding new data sets to its library or its system all the time. And it has, in addition to U.S. census data, has a great collection of foreign national census data sets. A little different from the Ippums USA that you do have to write a much more detailed description of your research topic. But the great thing about this is that you can take a look at the variables offered by different countries for censuses over time. And a lot of times, they are comparable. So if anyone is asking, for example, about a single source where you can get access to public use microdata across countries, this is certainly an amazing place to go look for that. And something that they recently did, which is really exciting to me because I just remember seeing it a few weeks ago, or I don't know, time flies now that I'm getting older, but they now have access to these USAID demographic health surveys, which are nationally represented household surveys that provide data, I mean, hundreds of data sets over time, although they're not all in here, for a wide range of indicators in the areas of population health and nutrition, child and maternal health, housing quality, and so on. I mentioned the UK data archives, which, again, is an enormously important data archive, obviously, based in the United Kingdom. Available in a variety of software, provides most data free at the point of use. And main reason I want to mention it here is because it has just amazing metadata. So, for example, here is an example, the English longitudinal study of aging, which goes all the way from 1998 to 2015. You can see the metadata, which is done there. The data documentation initiative is the standard used for descriptive metadata for numeric data sets. You can see the citation for the study, which is set out very clearly. It has a digital object identifier. It has subject categories. It has an abstract. Here I go through some of the typical metadata elements that you might look for in this type of system. Again, I'm not a metadata expert, but this is the kind of thing that I think should be included. You certainly want a basic study description, citation with a persistent identifier, subject categories, documentation, file types, coverage, the methodology used, and related publications. All these can be extremely helpful when you're trying to evaluate a data set and help somebody who's not already very familiar with it to determine if it's useful. And there is also something, again, I've just learned about in the past year. This is something called the Data Seal of Approval, and I forget the international agency that has developed this. But again, in the past, the reason data archives and researchers have taken the trouble to set out these standards, because in the past people were frankly rather sloppy. They would just take a data set and put it up somewhere on a webpage with completely inadequate documentation. It might disappear when the faculty retired or the institution shut down. Now people are taking steps to encourage producers to deposit the research data in a data repository that's going to last for a while. They're going to provide requisite metadata so it can be interpreted. They're going to do all of these good things, make sure that it's migrated on a timely basis. Essentially, the idea is that data will be discovered and it will be where you can expect to find it for a long-term range. So it won't just disappear or migrate. Be it only available in an obsolete format or other things that I think many of us have encountered over the course of our careers where it just caused a great deal of trouble in terms of either accessing the data or you were using it. Moving right along, here are some other discovery tools. This is one of my favorites as a collection of international household surveys. The World Bank is certainly an important player in this. But again, going back to that definition of what microdata is, this is a catalog that's put together by the World Bank and a number of other international organizations that has accessed over 1,400 surveys and censuses and 250,000 variables, really quite a lot. Here are some of the examples of the surveys that are done. It's primarily for surveys and censuses conducted in low and middle income countries. Some of the most important ones include World Bank enterprise surveys, financial inclusion surveys, and living standards measurement surveys. Again, rolling right through here, this is an example of a really important one. It's a household survey program done by the World Bank which focuses on generating data to build capacity. It's essentially giving a sense of the standard of living through developing countries around the world. Again, you never really know what is going to be in these things. I just started browsing through the questionnaire the other day for this is I think this is for Albania. It begins to talk about things like microfinance and places where there are commercial banks, which is a rather hot topic around here. This is again, this is just one page in the questionnaire. Again, how would you determine this? How would you find this? You could be lucky like I was and just sort of going through it and say, okay, here's something to remember. You could find it maybe in the related literature, but what is best, of course, is if these systems begin to develop variable level searches so you can search it for the variable question. Again, not every organization will do that. It's labor intensive. So hopefully we'll see more and more of those systems developed as time goes on. And again, sometimes you come across these things. There's another example of the data agreement. The user may often have to fill out the form and explain what they're up to before access is granted. And this is again, this is something for an Ethiopian Living Standards Measurement Survey. Forget what the name, this is not, I forget what ERSS stands for. It's a household survey measuring poverty in Ethiopia, essentially. But again, having found it, you may come to this place where you will not be able to take a look at it instantly. You're going to have to apply for access and the user will be granted it. And perhaps they and only they will have access to it under the circumstances of they may be able to work with them. This is a step that may involve having your reference interaction going on with them over several days. So here's some example. This is an enterprise survey. It's a firm level survey. Representative of economy's private sector covers the business environment, access to finance, corruption, crime, competition, performance. And the World Bank engages in face-to-face interviews with managers and business owners. And I know in my economics department, this is considered an essential for development economics. So here's one. Here's a data file for a sample enterprise survey which has 303 variables for the country of Afghanistan. And here is the sample of some questions that were asked about firms. And as you can see right here on the left, these are the variable names and each of them has a question that is associated with. So some of these again are really amazingly detailed. Yeah. And I thought that was interesting. Fiscal year 1391, which I guess reflects the Afghan calendar, I'm not sure. But I presume it's not taking place in the Middle Ages. That must be what that means. So if anyone has any other ideas, I'd be curious to know. So again, this is not comprehensive but just mentioning some others. Here's another key one. This is done by one of my favorite international organizations. You just have the multiple cluster indicator surveys, face-to-face interviews with household members in a variety of topics. They claim it's the largest source of statistically sound internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. And it was a major source in millennium development goals and will continue to be. This is an instance where I myself have actually never gotten access to the actual micro data because you have to write a very, very detailed description of what exactly you're after in doing this. But you can read the studies online. You get a sense of the variables and the questionnaires. So here, for example, are the mix for short. These are the questionnaires, the different rounds. And they have an indicator list, which is really recent. As you can see, it was already updated in the second, November 2nd, 2016. And as you can see, a certain round may have different questionnaires, some for women, some for children, some for people of different age brackets. So it's important to take your time again with the patron and determine very specifically what they're after. And sometimes you just have to go through these. You may have to read several of these questionnaires before you determine which one is right for you. So hats off in great respect to research day labyrinths who take the trouble to do this. And so for example, here is a list of the indicators. Like iodine, salt consumption, low birth weight, children weight of birth may sound kind of funny, but these things are serious in the developing world, what we do without iodine and salt. I think some of you know US history, what happens when you don't have that. The World Value Survey, again, just sort of blowing through these really quickly, really important one. One of the largest in the world getting a sense of values and how people's values are changing over time. And it's internationally comparable across countries, almost 100. Apparently it's the largest non-commercial cross-national time series investigation of human beliefs. And it crosses many, many different countries from the very port of very rich. And again, the reason I mentioned it here, we're talking about government has been used by the World Bank, journalists to understand languages between cultural and development. So here is something I thought was interesting. I went online to one of their online data analysis tools, which we'll talk a little bit more about how we have time. And this is a survey of India, and it talks about whether or not people can be trusted as a time series over time. And so as you can see, in 1989, the 1989 to 1993 rounds, 34% of Indian people said that people can be, most people can be trusted. And going to the 2010-2014 round, it dropped to 21%. And the same thing in the 89 to 93, they said 61%. You can't be too careful. And then from 2010 to 2014, it risen to 74%. So I'll let you draw your own conclusions whether economic development makes people more suspicious. I'm not sure if that's a valid conclusion, but it occurred to me. So that brings me to really quickly the availability of online data analysis tools. Now in the good old days, if you will, you needed or required to rely on statistical software packages such as Stata SPSS and now recently R2D, tabulations and work with this data. But now what we're seeing is in addition to SGA, there is a growing number of online data analysis tools that you can use to perform simple cross-tagulations and basic statistical analysis. So here are some examples. SDA, I mentioned. NESTAR is one that's widely used in the European Canada, used by the UK Data Service and the European Social Survey. One that I found, which I've not encountered before, which is the Luxembourg Income Study web tabulator, where you have to install a Java application. One of my favorites, maybe someone can help me pronounce this, ZACA, which is down, which is used by the Leibniz Center, which is used to analyze your barometer in the international social survey program. Another barometer is such as the Latino barometer or Afro barometer. Now they have their own online analysis tools. So here's an example of one. This is done by the European Social Survey. You can go, like if you're going here on the left, you can choose country, you can choose the weights, you know, what you want to apply it to either a household or an individual to make it generalizable to the population. You can essentially pick your variables over here, immigration health, inequality, and you can create a simple cross-tagulation online. And although I won't do this now, you can do analysis, which will often mean comparisons of means, correlation, and regression. And Luxembourg Income Study, probably enough time to go into detail, but this is another one, where they allow you to do online analysis. And here's an example of that. You do have to install this Java to make this work. But it's certainly very handy to be able to do this quickly, to get a sense of what is available. Although often, again, people will want to take the data and put it into a more advanced statistical program, which will have many more features and greater power once they take the time to use it, then you might be able to do it in an online environment. And here is the Latino barometer. And you can sort of be, great thing about Spanish is that, you know, for me, at least I can kind of interpret a lot of this. I can go myself and do some of this online. As you can see right here, you can select the round over here, the ronda. You can select the countries for the analysis. And you can go through and you can create your own tabulations online. And here is another one that is done by the afrobarometer, which again, you have the urobarometer, all these barometers, afrobarometer, urobarometer, and Latino barometer. And here is another example of one of these online data analysis tools. And here you can see that you have the option of selecting the survey round. You have different table tools. And I think what I did here, again, is I took a look at, I created a pie chart of the sense of your present living collections, conditions in Cameroon. And 33.6%. So they were fairly bad. 17.9% said very bad. 2.4% said don't know. I mean, this is the kind of thing. Maybe I shouldn't just sort of, I can't part, I don't know, the rest of you, I just like to kind of fool around with this stuff. Maybe it's not a good idea, but I love drawing charts and graphs and diagrams. To me, that's sort of the interesting thing about working with data is it all kind of will light up and make sense to you. Once you can draw a picture. And that's why I think data visualization is so important. And it will often interest people. Once you show someone that you can create a chart like this and communicate a clear message simply. This is a great advantage, I think, of these online data analysis tools, which was not really available before with the other more traditional geeky stuff. So I think I've finished about five minutes early, which is pretty good for me. Take questions. Thank you very much. You kind of hinted at this throughout, but which tool do you think you use the most out of everything? I'm a biggest fan of it pumps. It's not as maybe international, but for me, it comes in SDA really kind of blew my mind when I first began to use it. And I saw what you could do. It comes, of course, if you want the actual data, you're going to download the data. Sometimes you have to get a little familiar with some of the statistical software. Like I know if you download in this data, you have to do that conversion trick where it's going to be downloaded in the DAT format and you have to convert it to DTA using a do file. All that can be a little bit of a showstopper at first, but I think that's a great. I mean, and you know, the Nestar tools and the other tool that is used by, you know, the Eurobarometer and the International Social Survey Program, these are all fantastic. And I love the dataverse. I use that all the time. And I love other people's lip guides. You know, people can help me out with this and provide good descriptive, you know, metadata, just descriptions of what all of these different surveys offer. I mean, that's great. The more people can help us out without the better. Yeah, the barometers, my students love the barometer. Anybody have any questions or comments? Any other tools that you like for international data? It remains to be seen. I think that the ball is moving so fast that what, you know, if anyone else with influence out there is listening, what would really be great is if you could get more variable level analysis tools where you could type the name of a variable into a search box and get into a survey and you wouldn't have to do lots of browsing or reading of the documentation. But that may be a long way off. So the CICPS are replicated. I mean, to an extent, many, many large data repositories are already doing that, but to see their great efforts replicated, you know, more globally would be great. Oh, yeah. The demographic and health surveys are really awesome. Yeah, yeah. I remember when that popped up on Iphomes. So it was like, hooray. Yeah. It was huge. Yeah. Thanks, everybody, for coming. Well, thanks again, everyone. Have a great day.