 Thank you Gautam, that was brilliant actually if you're the Luke Skywalker I'll be more of the Darth Vader when I talk about Mexico City and I Want to put some things in perspective? We're close to an 80 percent urbanized country But not only are we of highly urbanized country. We're a Country of very large cities. We have over 11 cities over 1 million inhabitants 53 percent in metropolitan regions and The primacy of Mexico City is that one out of five people live in in the metropolitan region of Mexico City when we compare this to places like Ethiopia and in particular Addis There's a big shift in what we can learn or what we can talk about when we talk about the problems of housing So it actually if we look at the history of housing in Mexico will notice that it was in the 1950s that it had the precise same population that Addis Ababa has today So maybe by looking at those moments those mistakes those solutions We can say something meaningful or useful or not to what how can we address the question of housing in a place like Africa? I kept thinking about this idea of the moving goal post the challenges and the solutions in Mexico as in elsewhere The same could be said about London or Paris or New York City are always shifting So there's no one solution or one one fit solution that can resolve the question That's why I'm talking about four episodes in the history of urban housing in Mexico that can maybe give us certain Approaches of how we frame the question and how the solution was Resolved the first episode is from 1946 or mid-century to 1972 Housing is used as a social political project of modernity For those of you who watch Los Olvidados by Luis Buñuel the forgotten ones the problem of modernity is what we do with the Forgotten ones in these cases the urban poor and housing became a tool to address the question of being forgotten first by the large-scale projects by people like Mario Pani and the first projects of multifamily the equivalent of what in What it was called as a as a condos Earlier on but this this model of housing on the two hand tried to to allow for a solution for a Growing an economy and a growing country, but at the same time to connect it to a broader agent agenda of a Modernity it is no accident that when John F. Kennedy came to Mexico City in 1962 That he was taking not to one but to actually two different social housing projects and actually in his discourse He's actually talking about the architects and talking about the social housing project I don't remember and I don't know if whenever a dignitary comes in ten years To a place like Addis He will be talking about lagar in the same way that Kennedy was talking about these social housing projects I am curious about how we connect those notions of housing as a political Project to the question of housing and what does it do the moment of The high point of this this stage happens with that latte l'olco 13 housing units brought in 1963 But it is happening exactly at the same point that Informalities taking the biggest stronghold so that NASA the paradigm of informality in Mexico 1.5 million this is happening at the same time that Mario Pani is doing 13,000 units of housing So what does that do the second project is what I called housing as institutionalized finance in 1972 the the structure of Housing creation and in particular housing finance becomes organized around this the infon of it Which is a national workers housing? Institute it is no minor accident that they call it workers housing It is in that definition different from housing from the to the poor or the Olvidados That there is already a definition of how it could work the model of infon of it It is based is basically a large mortgage bank the four largest in the world by portfolio size But it works through a contribution by the employers that works both as a savings for housing But also as a retirement fund what this system was able to do from 1972 to 1990s was to provide both construction finance and the structural Organization at the level of governance of how housing should be produced what happened in the mid 1990s and let's let's not Forget the kind of the backlash of the neoliberal Governments all over is that this this pack between the private sector government and community and residents at some point Collapse or begin begin to begin to show its cracks finance you had a the finance of infon of it had incredible Unpayable Mortgages so that's where the moment that the the government begins to Deregulate and this leads us to the third stage from 1990s to 2012 Deregulation and massive housing so it goes back and I've heard the word massive so many times today that I'm scared every time I hear massive Because massive for us Knowing in hindsight is not a virtue It's actually a problem and maybe we should take it with a grain of salt at this point and sit in similar to what Gautam was saying There was a strong emphasis on home ownership So there was a legalization of people occupying public lands, but these produce millions of housing on the peripheries which In 2008 meant almost 800,000 mortgages given out by banks including the infon of it in every year and Provided a crisis a crisis on the one hand of the moral of housing abandoned housing The new government who's coming in in two days in Mexico is talking about five millions Abandoned housing the problem the numbers will probably be closer to between one million and two million But still to have one million abandoned housings is morally Unacceptable the second aspect is that most of the housing companies that produce this housing collapse Because if your model of business and keep in mind that this is Deregulated it is privately built Affordable housing if your model is buying cheap land and then selling it when you have abandoned housing you crash So this this leads us to the fourth moment the idea that we should move from massive housing to quality and urban relevance From housing policy to an expanded urban agenda, and this is where the question of all the all the all developers begin to adjust to the new norms and new more Sort of a more demanding market, but at the same time a new set of policies from the from the administrations These are projects and just to compare this a this is a housing project. We work in Mexico City These are 500 units per hectare So it's a fairly high-dense environment even talking about three and four story walk-ups, which is something that Rahul mentioned earlier and when the other policy happened to To be implemented by the set out toward the territorial secretary when we look at the expansion of Mexican cities over the time We see an incredible gap between the amount of population that grew Mexico City grew in 30 years 1.5 or 1.4 times While while the size of the city moved at 3.5 7 when we we moved to care that I was from 3.39 to 16.12 and in the case of Toluca 3.41 times increasing population but 27 times Increased in urban size. This is unsustainable as it relates to a nerban model so the policy was to implement the series of polygons which contain urban growth and to actually and and Jean-Louis Misica was talking about coercive actions. It was more about incentives, so you would not get a subsidy or you're the buyer of your house would not get a subsidy unless you would operate in this different polygons the Another set of policies implemented by the in front of it in particular by Carlos Cedillo who leads the the research Institute for sustainable housing means that As Gautam was mentioning we should understand that growth of housing should not be seen as units So one policy was to build one more room when you have a housing stocks in the tens of millions to build one unit can actually Change the the way that housing is perceived another model is to actually to do assisted self-built housing But not only focusing on this on the slumberer generations of cities, but actually do it in places where assisted Techniques can help such as in the in the in the marginal and rural communities The third is the best practices to actually inform the housing production ecosystem This is a housing award-winning project by Alberto Calac by connecting good architects good housing projects with the developers You're able to change the dynamic and finally The idea of improving the housing state the idea that you have a huge housing a number of housing units that Require investment over time 10 20 and 5 even 5 years after time the most impressive project of this is by Rosanna Montiel But it called common unity also a very awarded project So very quickly five possible lessons for Africans the city's tentative One is the idea that we and you need to define what affordable housing means for you for your city Who does it serve and what does it do it is not the same to do housing for the upper level of the of The wage segment and it is not the same to do housing in the peripheries of Addis As it to do any other place which leads me to the second point differentiation matters climate material size scale and typology Whether you're doing this is a long got the court next to Kibera in Nairobi Or whether you're doing again in the peripheries in Bolle or you're doing housing abandon housing which was mentioned earlier by Missica in a place like Axum or Or a this type of housing in la libella differ the way that we differentiate the policies will matter We have to think about affordability beyond housing ownership when we look at the way that GDP relates to housing ownership. There's no clear correlation. You can have countries on different sides of the equation having low ownership with With with rentals We need to expand the urban agenda to address questions of mobility economic development Inequality and we visited some possibilities yesterday and finally this idea of leapfrogging The do not repeat the mistakes other countries and cities have made before you the great Wolfgang Nobac with whom this project would have never come through be talked about the grammar of success Yesterday we were saying that never understood and there's he made the power of stupidity and failures It is a virus that can get replicated. You're doing the same mistakes with it 50 years ago I think it's not a good solution. Thank you very much Jose just to be clear What's the one thing? That you've gone through in your country the last 40 years dealing with similar issues, but 40 years ago What's the one thing that you would caution? Let's say the decision makers in this city or some of the other cities not to do I Would act I would actually steal the work from from Rahul about desegregation You should not think about about massive Housing in terms of massive projects one thing is the scale the broad scale of projects to do 50,000 units a year or 500,000 units a year as we do the other idea is to do 50 projects of 1000 Units or 10,000 units. It's a I think that we have to desegregate the massive and how do you respond to goutum's? Challenge in many ways that one has to in a different context where there's a lot of I'm going to use self-build as a sort of a Metaphor of what you were talking about that you need a different planning framework When I was first invited to the urban ages conference as I was in goutum's position defending the retrofitting and the informal Now I've become kind of a evil empire But I do think that we have to stop seeing the informal formal as a zero-sum game and and in the same way that the planning protocols have to be Reimagined and and reframe so it stops seeing this as a zero-sum game Just to follow up you spoke about the abandoned the million or so abandoned houses across Mexico City Could you talk about why that's actually happened because Because clearly the question is not about an inability to deliver scale. It's about something else So what is it that actually? Three reasons one of them is quite dramatic out of the 56 million affiliates to infona beat There's a percentage close to 50% that even if given a mortgage Just by their economic condition. They will not be able to repay it So it's a trap The second is when you build housing three hours away from jobs and opportunities You are condemning two people to inequality at some point people rather give away their House lose their mortgage and move and rent back in the city and third it goes back when you understand Housing as a real-estate market. Your concern is giving out mortgages Building square meters is not about anything else beyond the sheltering. So this collapse this crisis means Just allocating mortgages and building square meters very far away. That's that That's a great place to end We're gonna just throw quickly to Kessia I think there's a really interesting set of connections between what you are saying and some of the work that she's doing. So Kessia