 We have seen it all – more and more extreme weather events, endangered species fighting for their existence, people losing their traditional way of life, and our forests and peatlands disappearing. The UN estimates that since 1990, forests globally have decreased by 300 million hectares, an area larger than Argentina. And this destruction has led to a major calamity – the release of huge amounts of greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. With a third-largest forested area in the world, Indonesia's forests and agriculture are believed to account for the majority of its greenhouse gas emissions. We are very vulnerable to climate change, given our geography. We have one of the longest coastlines in the world, and we also have around 14,000 islands, and we have a vast tropical forest that we have not managed too well in the past. And also the number of people still below the poverty level is also still very high. Most of them live in these vulnerable areas. Managing economic development while preserving the environment presents a major challenge in a country where millions of people rely on the land for their livelihood. Despite this, Indonesia has pledged to cut emissions by 29 percent below business's usual levels by 2030, and if international assistance is provided by up to 41 percent. However, greenhouse gas emissions have traditionally been difficult to quantify, especially those released from agriculture, forestry, and other land uses in a country as large and diverse as Indonesia. So developing new technologies to measure emissions is going to be vital in the fight against climate change. The INCAS is being developed as a national platform for greenhouse gas accounting for the land sector. It will help Indonesia monitor its emissions so it can design, implement, and assess the effectiveness of policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gases. It is also designed to support Indonesia's future measurement, reporting, and verification requirements under a new global agreement on climate change. The system currently covers all of Indonesia's forest and peatlands, measuring net greenhouse gas emissions from red plus activities, including deforestation and forest degradation. Sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Emissions from peat fires and biological oxidation are also included. In future, it will be expanded to cover all land sector activities. The need for INCAS arose after the UN climate change conference in Bali. This is where red plus rose to prominence and the idea for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation first arrived on the international stage. Following this, Indonesia and Australia entered into a partnership on red plus, known as the Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership, and the collaboration to develop the system began. The INCAS is a big data platform for monitoring net greenhouse gas emissions in the land sector. It uses a combination of the best-available satellite and ground-based forestry data taken from across the entire country. The data is analyzed by an emissions modeling team to determine annual changes in carbon stocks in the landscape. From these changes, greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere and carbon removed from the atmosphere due to new forest growth are measured. The difference between the two shows the total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by the land-based sectors in Indonesia. These results are then sent to emissions reporting authorities. The information can then be used to meet international reporting requirements and support informed decision-making on how best to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and more sustainably manage Indonesia's landscapes. Managed by the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry, the development phase is being led by the Research Development and Innovation Agency, FORDA. We hope that with this kind of consolidated methodology and the modeling, we could improve the data and INCAS will contribute to what do we expect in the climate change policy in Indonesia, so it is very important. Core technical expertise has been established within the Ministry, allowing for the system to be developed and continuously operated according to Indonesia's national needs. We have been working on developing the INCAS for several years now and at the beginning we just working on the very limited information and data we have but we realize that actually our country Indonesia already has very rich of data available in the country but the data actually available in different various agencies which make us to work more on how this data can be gathered, can be compiled, can be worked together to produce greenhouse gas emissions estimate. In addition to data preparations, we also work on the development of the methodology to develop the framework how the system can work using the best available data that we have in our country and how it can be put as an input in the systems. Indonesia's official forest data sets are the responsibility of the Directorate General of Forest Planning, Planology. INCAS relies heavily upon these data inputs including national forestry inventory data. The INCAS also uses satellite data from Lapan, Indonesia's National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, which is used to assess annual changes in forest cover. We receive, we process and we manage the data and then we distribute both the data and the added value, the information derived from remote sensing satellite data. So we collect the data from various sources mainly from Lapan's ground station. For the national coverage, we use Landsat data. This is the US satellite. Lapan monitors forest cover loss and gain on a 25 by 25 meter grid across the entire country. So far it has generated annual data for a 12-year period starting in 2000. The INCAS remote sensing component will continue to be updated with each new year added to the time series. The INCAS uses the best available data to monitor emissions with the highest possible accuracy. This includes data showing annual changes of land use, management history, forest type, soil type and various other biophysical data sets. When all this information is run through the INCAS framework, the loss or gain of carbon stocks can be tracked and from here emissions and removals can be quantified. The system is being developed according to the guidelines set out by the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Center for International Forestry Research, C4, which is based in Indonesia, is supporting the development phase of the INCAS in partnership with the Australian government. It provides policy and technical guidance, training opportunities and research support. INCAS is a very complex system, so C4's role is simply to provide support into the Indonesian government for their development and operationalisation of the system. Even in annex one countries, there are very few systems that have been developed for the land sector that are what we call tier three level, which is sort of the highest level of greenhouse gas accounting as recognised by the IPCC. So this is one of the very first to be developed in a non-annex one country to the UNFCCC, so it really is a fantastic effort by Indonesia. Australia is providing funding and technical support for the development of the system and Indonesia's efforts to monitor greenhouse gas emissions. Australia and Indonesia face a common challenge, the challenge of climate change. One of the great complexities of climate change is the measurement of greenhouse gases. In Indonesia, with the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System, we see something at the very forefront of the way countries address this challenge. We need to know how big the problem is before we can find ways to address it, and I'm very pleased that Australia and Indonesia are able to be working together on this. I thank Indonesia for its cooperation and I think we'll see into the future a lesson for other countries in this as well. The first national results produced by the INCAS in 2015 include an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from red plus activities on all of Indonesia's forests and peatlands annually. This is a complete greenhouse gas account that includes all relevant greenhouse gases, all lands, all carbon pools, and of course fire. In future years the system will be expanded to include all agriculture, forestry and other land use activities. The team developing the system will also be expanded so that the ministry can continue to develop and operationalize the INCAS that can support future government strategies. Before we launch the policy we have a process that we could scrutinize in very detail and carefully before that policy. So we hope with this INCAS we'll give more confidence to the decision-makers and we will support with that. And as INCAS develops and grows so will the vital greenhouse gas data needed by Indonesia to implement policies that will preserve its forests and meet its goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the beginning we just only how to develop a robust method to measure the emissions and also the change of emissions after we do something. But after I read the results for this now, it can be used for land use planning. It can be used for long-term forestry or landscape planning. It can be used for other decision-making process. It's amazing. I never expect before. Measuring greenhouse gas emissions will be key to all efforts to manage our environment. Ensuring that each nation is doing what it needs to and has the tools to act responsibly will be essential to reducing the threat of climate change and protecting our natural resources. you