 Good evening as friends, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy for the date 26th of August 2023. Displayed here are the list of news articles we will be going through today. Before getting into the discussion, I have two announcements to make. One is that, as I have already mentioned, the much-awaited Shankar pre-storming prelims test series is about to start. The test series is going to start from 11th September and the first test is on 18th September. Other details regarding the test series are displayed here for your reference. The second announcement is that, the All India Open Mark Test for Maines 2023 is going to be conducted by the Shankar Reyes Academy. The test is going to start on 1st September. The other details regarding the Open Mark Test can be accessed by the link given in the description. People who are appearing for the 2023 Maines examination, please make use of this opportunity to boost your main scores. With these two announcements, now without wasting time, let us get into the news article discussion. Now take a look at this article. As we all know, recently there was a major ethnic violence that happened between the Maiti and the Kuki tribal people in the state of Manipur. During the event of violence, many crimes were committed against women and children. So the victims of the crime and some social activists have filed complaints before various police stations in Manipur and the cases were being heard by the Manipur High Court. Later, based on the demands of the victims, all the cases were transferred from the Manipur Police to the Central Bureau of Investigation, that is the CBI. This was done to ensure fair investigation of the cases. Recently, the Solicitor General of India, Mr. Tushar Mehta, made an application before the Supreme Court. The application sought to transfer all the pretrial hearings of the cases from Manipur High Court to Assam, that is the Gauhati High Court. The Solicitor General indicated that judicial officers of Manipur may belong to one particular tribal community or the other. So the pretrial hearings in Manipur may cause an apprehension of bias. Citing all these reasons, the Solicitor General requested the Supreme Court to transfer the pretrial hearings to the Gauhati High Court. The Solicitor General said that Assam was chosen because it shares a land border with Manipur. So yesterday, the Supreme Court passed an order on the application of the Solicitor General. The Supreme Court, as the Solicitor General requested, has allowed the transfer of cases to Assam. The Supreme Court also mentioned that it would transfer back the cases to Manipur High Court if the state returns to normalcy. This is all about the news article. So in our discussion today, we will understand the powers of the Supreme Court in transferring cases and appeals. As we all know, the Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in our country. And it has the largest authority regarding the administrative functions of all its subordinate courts, which includes high courts and the district courts. The Supreme Court is also vested with wide discretionary powers to transfer any cases from one High Court to other. See this power of the Supreme Court is provided under Section 406 of the CRPC 1973. As per this section, the Supreme Court can make any such order to transfer any specific case or appeal or any matter that is pending before one High Court to another High Court. See this power is given to the Supreme Court to ensure the principle of fair and equitable justice. Okay, now comes the question. Who can make the application for the transfer of the cases? See the application can be moved by any person who suspect that there is unfair action in the court or he or she may not find proper justice. The application can also be made by the Attorney General or the Solicitor General of India. On receiving the application, the Supreme Court will hear the concerns of the applicants. During such hearing, the applicant should reasonably substantiate his contents regarding the application. After the hearing, the Supreme Court may pass orders on the transfer of cases from one High Court to the other. Here you have to note that the Supreme Court is not obligated to transfer the cases when it receives the application on such matters. It is the discretion of the Supreme Court to decide whether to transfer the cases or not. That is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw the power of the Supreme Court to transfer cases from one High Court to other to ensure fair and equitable justice. Now with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Now take a look at this editorial article. See one of the significant outcome of the 15th BRIC Summit is that the addition of new membership. Recently, six new members, that is, Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were given memberships in the BRICS grouping. Their membership will take effect on 1st January 2024. The editorial here highlights the performance of BRICS and the negative implication of expansion of BRICS. The aspirants yesterday we discussed elaborately about the significance of adding new members to the BRICS grouping. So before looking at the negative implication, I suggest you to watch yesterday's daily news analysis. It will give you a holistic understanding about the BRICS expansion. Now, in today's discussion, we will mainly focus upon the negative implications of BRICS expansion. See already the members of the BRICS like China and India are in a conflict mode. This is mainly due to bilateral issues like border clashes, unbalanced trade, territorial claims and etc. These issues currently affect the functioning of the BRICS as a whole. Bilateral issues between India and China is creating differences rather than consensus while taking important decisions in BRICS. So it is said that the bilateral issue between India and China has slowed the functioning of BRICS. If this is the case, the BRICS has added Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE to join BRICS. As we all know, there is a rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia and Iran and UAE. This is because of ideological, political and religious differences. So adding them to BRICS would further slow down the performance of BRICS rather than increasing the performance. This is the first negative implication of the membership addition. Secondly, the new addition might anger the western powers, mainly the United States, who has been our ally for quite some time. See already BRICS is seen as a forum to counter the US-led G7 grouping. And as we all know, Iran is a rival of the United States. So adding Iran to BRICS grouping will further project to the world that BRICS is politically anti-western or anti-US. This will further create tensions to countries like India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and UAE who are currently maintaining friendly relationship with the United States. This is the second negative implication. Finally, as many countries are added to the BRICS grouping, there is a possibility that China might attempt to overpower the BRICS grouping with its strategic and economic vision. This is because China is currently aspiring to become a world superpower. So China's superpower ambition might endanger the strategic autonomy of the BRICS members. These are some of the negative implications of BRICS expansion that is mentioned in this editorial article. So to conclude, the BRICS should make sure that it will work based on principle of shared prosperity and it will also allow more democratic model of global governance. This will attract more members to the grouping and help in the effective functioning of the grouping. So with this, let us conclude this discussion. See yesterday we covered the significance of the addition and today we saw the negative implication. If you combine both, you will get a holistic picture and a holistic understanding about the recent membership expansion of BRICS. So with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Take a look at this editorial article. This editorial article talks about the greening of the economy. The context behind this editorial is that our Prime Minister recently in his Independence Day speech mentioned that India is showing the world how to combat climate change. He also mentioned that climate action cannot be adopted by compromising economic development. The editorial here talks about what is green energy paradigm, how greening of economy can be done in rural areas and the steps that the government must take to encourage greening of economy. So in this context in our discussion today, let us quickly learn about what is greening of the economy, the challenges associated with it and the steps that the government must take to green the economy. Before getting into the discussion, I have highlighted the syllabus regarding this discussion. You can go through it. First what is greening of the economy or what is green economy paradigm? See development often harms the environment. For example, cutting down of rainforest for coal mining in Assam. But focusing only on the environment can slow down progress. For instance, there is a valuable green energy source called methane hydrate in Krishna Godavari basin but mining it could lead to problems like ground collapse and floods. See the greening of the economy or green economy paradigm is an idea that aims to balance both development and the environment. It wants to find ways to grow economically while also taking care of the nature. It tries to make choices that benefit both our needs and the planet's health. This new approach is all about finding ways to make our world better by using resources wisely and taking care of the environment. It's like a plan for doing things in a way that helps nature reduces pollution and make sure there is enough for everyone now and also in the future. This is about green economy paradigm. Now let me help you understand by providing some examples. Let us take electric cars. By adopting electric cars and building more electric charging station, more jobs will be created which will help the economy. In addition to this, if these electric vehicles are powered using renewable resources like solar park, it will also aid in combating climate change. Here development is coupled with climate action. Next take millet cultivation. Millets are hardy and climate resilient crops. In addition to this, millets have less carbon footprint compared to rice or wheat. In recent times, with the increasing awareness about the health benefits of millets, farmers can make good profits by cultivating and selling millets. So millet cultivation aids in the economic development of the farmer and also conserves the environment. These are some examples of greening of the economy or green economy paradigm. But adopting this has certain problems. There are some hurdles in adopting green economy paradigm. Now let us see them one by one. First hurdle is there is lack of awareness about the advantages of greening of economy. Then there is the issue of cost. See green technologies and the practices often require initial investments that can be very expensive. This can be a challenge for government or businesses or individuals mainly in the developing countries. Then there is the issue of skill mismatch. See workers in the traditional sectors like fossil fuels might need to learn new skills for the green jobs that will be developed by adopting green technology. Providing new skills will take some time. Finally, there is the issue of behavioral change. According to a green economy often requires a change in behavior and consumption pattern. This transition can be hard for people who are accustomed to the traditional ways. See these are some of the challenges associated with adopting green economy paradigm. The author of the editorial here provides some steps that can be taken by the government to address these hurdles. Now let us see the steps mentioned by the author. The first one is using existing government programs. Take the Pradhan Mandri Mudra Yojana for example. Through the program the government provides collateral free loans for micro-entrepreneurs. Through the scheme, government can extend loans to small businesses that adopt green technology. Then take the Pradhan Mandri formulation of micro-food processing enterprises scheme. This scheme provides support for the adoption of technology among the micro-food enterprises. Through the scheme, government can help food processing units adopt green technology like solar dryers, energy efficient multi-purpose food processor or a solar green mill. Finally take the Pradhan Mandri Mudra Yojana. Through this program, government can help the fishing community adopt green technology like solar refrigerator and solar dryers. Like this, existing government programs can be slightly modified to help people adopt green technology. Secondly, the author talks about ensuring large-scale financing from the banking institutions. To ensure large-scale financing from the banking institution, support must be provided to them by the government. Government needs to help banks understand and assess clean technology projects for financing. See, traditional banks might not have experience with such new and innovative projects. So they need support from the government to evaluate if green technology is a good investment or not. Government can also help reduce the risk of the banks by providing guarantee for the part of the investment made by the banks. Additionally, government needs to work closely with the banks to design loans in such a way that both the banks and the people adopting green technology will earn at the same time. In this way, more money can be invested in green technology solutions. This will also fast forward the adoption of green technology and helps in the greening of the economy. Finally, the author mentions about a partnership that must be created between people involved in green technology like inventors, manufacturers, retailers and banks. The author mentions about a complete system from top to bottom. This means distributors must work with manufacturers to make sure technology reaches the customers. The service providers must make sure that customers get help even after they buy the product. When people in marketing must make sure that the green tech products must reach the right consumers and the banks must also properly identify potential entrepreneurs for adopting green technology. This can be made sure only if all the stakeholders cooperate with each other. For example, some companies that make solar dryers don't just sell the dryers, they also help the customers to get loans to buy the dryers and they also buy the dried food from the customers. This kind of teamwork makes faster adoption of green technology. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw what is greening of the economy or green economy paradigm. Then we saw the challenges in greening of the economy. And finally, we saw three steps mentioned by the author in this editorial that will help in the faster adoption of green technology or the faster greening of the economy. So that's all regarding this discussion. Now with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. This editorial is about the recently concluded 2023 chess world cup. The 2023 chess world cup took place in Bakku, Azerbaijan. It was the 10th edition of the chess world cup. It was conducted from 30th July to 24th August 2023. Around 206 players from different countries have participated in this tournament. Magnus Carlson, who is a Norwegian chess player, came at the top of the tournament. At the final match, he defeated the 18-year-old R Pragananda, who is a chess player from Chennai. See, Magnus Carlson is a five-time world champion and this is his first chess world cup. Here, you have to note that the world chess championship is different from the chess world cup. This is the essence of the editorial given here. Now, why is this editorial important? Recently, UPSC has started asking sports-related current-of-face questions in the prelims examination. For example, in the 2023 UPSC prelims, there was a question about the chess Olympiad. Now, why did the UPSC ask this question? This is because the 2022 chess Olympiad was conducted in Chennai and it also appeared frequently in the news. Likewise, the 2023 chess world cup is also an important current-of-face topic for the next year's prelims examination. This is because one of the finalists of the game was from India. So, UPSC might ask a question about the 2023 chess world cup in the forthcoming prelims examination. This is what makes this editorial important. Now, we will see some of the points about chess world cup. The chess world cup is a major chess event in the club. Until 2002, the world cup was conducted under different names at different times. But from 2000, the world cup event was formalized and it is being organized by the International Chess Federation. Currently, the event is being organized once every two years. Until 2005, the chess world cup had been played by 128 participants. But in 2021, the number of participants increased from 128 to 206. So now, the world cup is played by 206 players. Note that from 2005, the chess world cup has been acting as a qualifying event for the world chess championship. This means that some of the top players of the chess world cup have been chosen to take part in the world chess championship. This is about the chess world cup. As I mentioned about the International Chess Federation, now we will see some points about this organization. The International Chess Federation was founded in Paris on July 20, 1924. Despite being founded in Paris, it is now headquartered in Switzerland. Note that the founding day of the Federation, that is July 20, is annually celebrated as the International Chess Day. The International Chess Federation is commonly referred as FIDA. Note that FIDA is a French acronym for the term Federation International des Estes. The FIDA acts as a governing body of the International Chess Championships like chess world cup and the world chess championship. Note that the motto of FIDA is we are one family. That's all regarding this discussion. Just revise the facts that we discussed here so that it will help you in the prelims examination. Okay. Now with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this article. This article is about the Chandrayaan 3 mission. The article here highlights various points that are relevant for the examination. Now let us understand the points mentioned in this article in detail. First let us understand what is the near side and far side of the moon. The near side and the far side of the moon refers to the two hemispheres of the moon as seen from the earth. The near side is the side of the moon that is always facing the earth and the far side is the side that is not visible from earth. See the moon is tidally locked with the earth which means that the moon's rotation period is same as its orbital period around earth. This results in same side of the moon always facing the earth and the opposite side always facing away from the earth. This is why we see only the near side of the moon from the earth. Okay. The far side of the moon is also called the dark side. But you have to note here that the dark side of the moon also receives sunlight. During the new moon phase when moon is present between the sun and the earth the far side or the dark side of the moon receives full sunlight as you can see in the image given here. So basically the far side of the moon is called the dark side not because it receives no sunlight but because it is the least explored side of the moon. The far side of the moon was not visible to humans until spacecrafts were sent to explore it. The Soviet Union's Lunar 3 mission in 1959 captured the first images of the far side of the moon. And subsequent missions have provided more detailed mapping and images of the far side. Astronets in the Apollo 8 mission of 1968 were the first humans to see the far side of the moon. Now how is the dark side or the far side of the moon different from the near side? The primary distinction between the two lunar side lies in their physical characteristics. The near side has smoother surface with expansive volcanic plains compared to the far side. But in the far side there are craters spanning thousands of kilometers. This is due to collision with asteroids over time. Although the near side also has some craters created by asteroid collisions, extensive volcanic lava flow have effectively filled up the craters. This has given rise to widespread plains in the near side. These plains on the near side offer a more favorable setting for space missions. This topographical advantage proves beneficial for space landers and rovers as they can operate relatively well on the level plain ground. This is why missions like Chandrayaan have opted to explore the near side. Another factor that influenced the decision of Chandrayaan was the necessity of maintaining direct line of sight communication with the earth. See a landing on the moon's far side would have led to a lack of direct communication. So to address this a relay system like an orbiter is needed to bridge the gap. How you may ask me about Chandrayaan 2 orbiter? Yes, the Chandrayaan 2 orbiter is still active and it could have been repurposed as a relay. However, this would have required reorienting the Chandrayaan 2's orbit, moving it further away from the moon and introducing delays up to half a day in transmitting and receiving data from the Pragyan rover. This practical consideration resulted in choosing a landing site on the near side of the moon itself. So these are the two factors that resulted in choosing the near side of the moon for landing the Chandrayaan 3 mission. See until now China's Chang 4 lander is the only one to have successfully landed on the far side of the moon. See although Chandrayaan 3 mission chose a safer option there are some things that are special about this mission. Chandrayaan 3 has positioned its Vikram lander a mere 600km away from the south pole of the moon's near side. This is the closest any mission has been to the moon's south pole. This region of the moon is called the permanently shadowed region where sunlight never reaches. This region is important from a scientific point of view as there is more possibility of encountering frozen water ice in this region. But you have to note here that the Vikram lander is not placed in the fully shadowed region. This is because the lander is solar powered and it needs sunlight to carry out its operation. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we understood about the near side and the far side of the moon. Then we saw two points that were taken into consideration in choosing near side for landing the Chandrayaan 2 lander. In the next three we saw the special attributes of the Chandrayaan 3 mission. Now with this let us conclude the news article discussion session and take up the practice problems questions. We have four practice problems questions. Let us see the moon by one. Let us take up the first question Arjun Erigasi, D. Gukesh and Vidit Kujrati are affiliated with which specific sport. The correct answer for this question is option C. Chess. Please take down this names given here because we can expect a question regarding chess in our next problems examination. Now moving on to the next question. This question is based on our BRICS discussion. Let us take up the first statement. The chairmanship of the BRICS rotates annually based on the English alphabet of first letter of the member countries. This statement is incorrect. The chairmanship of the BRICS rotates annually based on the acronym BRICS and not based on English alphabet. So statement one is incorrect. Moving on to the second statement. The Asian development bank was established based on the agreement of BRICS nations. This statement is incorrect. It is actually the new development bank which was established based on the agreement of BRICS nations. Moving on to the third statement. So far India has chaired the BRICS grouping only twice. This statement is also incorrect. India has chaired the BRICS group three times till now. India has chaired on 2012, 2016 and 2021. Since all the statements given here are incorrect, the correct answer here is option D none. Moving on to the next question. Here three statements are given. We have to find how many of the statements are representing the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Let us take up the first statement, a dispute between the government of India and one or more states. This statement is correct. This is one of the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Moving on to the second statement. A dispute regarding the election to either house of the parliament or that of the legislature of the state. This statement is incorrect because the election disputes can also be heard in the respective high courts in the state. So it is not the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Moving on to the third statement. A dispute between two or more states. This falls under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Since only two statements given here are correct, the correct answer here is option B only two. Moving on to the last question. This question is based on our Chandrayanthri discussion. It is a assertion reasoning question. Look at the first statement. Only one side of the moon is visible to us earth. This statement is correct. Only one side that is the near side is always visible to earth. Moving on to the second statement. The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days and takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. Actually, this statement means that the moon is tidally locked with earth. This is why the moon takes the same number of days to complete one revolution around the earth and the same number of days to complete one rotation in its own axis. This is the reason why from the earth we can see only one side of the moon, that is the near side of the moon. Since the statement 2 is correct and also correctly explains the statement 1, the correct answer is option A. Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation for statement 1. The main question based on today's discussion is displayed here. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPC preparation, subscribe to Shankara IS Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.