 The study found that the heterogeneous efficacy of bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus, HPV, vaccines against high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN, is driven by differential efficacy against lesions that do not contain vaccine types, which may be related to the impact of different adjuvants on the immune response. This article was authored by Martin Risser, Valérie Belémont, Mavine Carcotta, and others.