 Good morning and good afternoon to everyone. It's my pleasure to welcome you all and to open this World Migration Report seminar webinar, I should say. My name is Eva Ackermann Boyer and I'm the director of the IOM's new department of policy and research and migration research and publications division which is responsible for the production of the World Migration Report and the organization of this webinar series is an important part of this new department. As you know the World Migration Report is IOM's flagship publication and a reference report on migration globally and it's IOM's main contribution to strengthen the global evidence base on migration and migrants. Just what states in policy formulation and review processes and combat disinformation on migration and migration. The World Migration Report is published every two years. And the latest edition, the World Migration Report 2022, was launched on the 1st of December last year by our director general at the 112th IOM Council. We organized the first virtual event on the World Migration Report 2022 on the 2nd of December last year with our deputy director general for operations, Nisugoshi Daniels. The first webinar provided an overview of the report and its digital tools. It was really widely attended, reflecting an ever-growing interest for evidence-based information and analysis on migration and migrants by an increasingly diverse audience. We have a pleasure this year to organize a series of World Migration Report webinars to respond to the need and interests of this report's audience. Each webinar will focus on a specific chapter of the World Migration Report, starting with chapters of part one of the report, which provide key data and information on migration and migrants, before turning to the thematic chapters of part two, focusing on complex and emerging migration issues. Together with the different digital tools we have also recently developed, such as the award-winning World Migration Report Interactive webpage and the World Migration Educators Toolkit. These webinars are an important part of our endeavor to constantly improve the knowledge on migration and migrants globally. It is central to communicate research and analysis beyond the research community to the vast and diversified audience that now take an interest in migration issues. And I'm very pleased to see attendees online that come from different paths of professional life but also geographical locations, from government officials, practitioners, private sector actors and researchers of course. At our last webinar that was held on the 23rd of February, which provided a global overview of migration and migrants, today's webinar will focus on chapter three of the World Migration Report, which puts forward key regional dimensions of and developments in migration. The chapter covers six world regions identified by the United Nations, so that is Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North, Northern America and Oceania. For each of these regions, the analysis includes first, an overview and a brief discussion of key population-related statistics and second, 16 descriptions of key features and developments in migration in that specific region, based on a wide range of data research and analysis. Key features and recent developments are also presented in the sub-regional level to account for the diversity of migration patterns, trends and issues within each of these six regions. As one of the core chapters of the World Migration Report, chapter three is updated in each edition in light of new data released by a range of organizations and information shared by IOM staff in the field. As for chapter two for this 2022 edition, the chapter also explores the impacts of COVID-19 on mobility and migration in terms of international and internal travel controls and restrictions. This chapter is of course most useful to understand regional migration trends and patterns. It supports us in situating one country within broader regional dynamics, all the more as migration tends to be primarily interregional. But the chapter also highlights how we can use migration data to show trends, patterns and differences across regions through data visualization. Indeed, comparing two figures on the same migration data aspects from two different regions already quickly highlights regional specificities and differences, although of course national peculiarities remain, of course. As the saying goes, a picture can be worth a thousand words. Before passing the floor to our speakers today, please let me remind you that this webinar is recorded. And in the interest of time, questions will be kept for the Q&A session after the presentation and the remarks by our discussions. But please feel free to ask a question at any time using the chat function and we will take note of it. Without further ado, I will now be very pleased to pass the floor to Mary Beck-Lipp, who is the editor of the World Migration Report series and also the head of the Migration Research and Publications Division at IOM. Please, Mary, the floor is yours for your presentation. Thanks very much, Eva. And thanks for those welcome remarks. And nice to be back. I've been travelling, so I'm a little tired. We'll see how we go with this webinar. Special thanks to both Linda Ucho and Andrew Getties who are joining us and will be kind of offering some remarks as discussants after my short presentation. Eva mentioned the pictures, paint a thousand words. I'll show you a lot of pictures. You know, I'm a data person and I like the visualisation. So let's get into the presentation. I will keep it short. And then we can get into a discussion. And I'm looking forward to the questions too. Thanks to everybody for joining. Now, let me just make sure I've got this started okay. On the wrong page. Sorry. Let's start at the beginning. Can you see that at the beginning? Is that okay now? That's jet lag. Yes, we can see it. Right there. Great. Thanks. So I don't need to do kind of like the intro Eva sort of painted the picture of the of the chapter, but I will give a little bit of an update on the World Migration Report like the series sort of recap. And apologies for those who have heard all this before I'll be very quick, but it's just a reminder. You can see there that the World Migration Report series started in the year 2000. It initially was intended to be a one off report, but it proved to be quite popular. So it became a biennial series. We do it every two years as Eva mentioned. It's a highly collaborative process. You know, of course, we work with many, many IOM staff from around the world, but also external partners co-authoring contributing in different ways and also peer review as well as well as co-editing. So we find that to produce a high quality report that is accessible and robust and is making sure that it covers the whole world, not just specific geographies. It's much better to be able to collaborate with partners from all over the world. So we're delighted that we have the opportunity to do that. We've always had limited core funding, but we've found that member state donors provide the main funding support and increasingly with thanks to the private sector, our private sector partners also supporting the World Migration Report series, especially in terms of the digital tools that Eva mentioned. And I've just put in a few, there's a few kind of logos there in terms of recent awards that we have won in collaboration with, you know, experts, both internal and external experts. Since the year 2016, we have turned what was a thematic report previously for most of the previous editions into a global reference report. So we do part one, which is key data and information on migration and migrants, and then part two are thematic chapters and they change from report to report, depending on the kind of complex and emerging or highly salient issues that migration policymakers, practitioners and also researchers are dealing with. As I mentioned, it's highly collaborative. We have had the, you know, real privilege actually of developing over the last few years with experts internal and external, the web page, as well as the World Migration Report interactive platform, the Educators Toolkit, the digital version we're launching at the end of this month. So we'll be able to show people and share the registration for that event. We've also produced a fact checkers toolkit and we are working on currently with partners, the Geneva Science Policy Interface and the Graduate Institute to develop a policy officials toolkit, which will be out at the end of June. And, of course, now the World Migration Report too we've increased the kind of linguistic reach if you like so we have increased the languages substantially again with enormous thanks to our donors and supporters who have enabled those translations to be produced, especially in official languages of developing countries, which is particularly important. So this is just to situate the chapter that we're going to talk about regional trends basically that's the shortcut version. Chapter three, this is the overall table of contents and as I mentioned part one is the core of the report and then part two, the thematic chapters change from report to report. We'll be looking at this one today, the regional dimensions and developments it is a very large chapter so all I'm intending to do today is just to give you a taste of the chapter. It's very rich in terms of research and analysis and data. So if you have a particular interest in a specific region I would encourage you to dive into the chapter and look at that region or the sub region that you're particularly interested in. So regional trends, we do look at global migration data sets so that we can actually then disaggregate by geographic region. So you'll see that there's kind of two elements to the chapter. There's a data series. And then we also do descriptive analysis at the sub regional level as even mentioned and it covers a range of different topics where you might not have global data sets and here, of course we're thinking about irregular migration we're thinking about smuggling and trafficking where there aren't those global comparative data sets that you can do across the six world regions. You can do comparative analysis, looking at global data sets on COVID-19 and the impacts on migration and mobility. These are of course new data sets that have emerged in the last two years and emerged very quickly. So we draw on those data sets and we draw on the traditional data sets such as UNHCR's data on refugees and asylum seekers and IDMC's data on internally displaced. Just a reminder there, as Eva mentioned, those are the regions that we look at. We look at the United Nations regions and then we do break them down into sub regions and a big thanks to all the people who contribute. It is the most collaborative chapter of the entire report. Many in our team, Adrian, Jenna, in particular, we work with external partners such as Gaia Bell, but we also work with our regional office staff and enormous thanks to them for their contributions to this chapter as well. So the geographic starting point. Why do we look at regional trends? Why is this important? As we know historically geography is one of the most significant but not the only significant factor that shapes patterns of migration and displacement. And we can take that right back to obviously Ravenstein's Laws of Migration in the 1800s. And it is particularly important in terms of both internal migration and also cross-border or international migration. We know that most people who migrate internationally do so in a close by kind of fashion to somewhere that is regionally geographically proximate. Not everybody, but there is a strong trend. And of course for displacement that is even stronger because if people are being displaced such as we're seeing in Ukraine, they will be seeking safety first and foremost as quickly as they can. The most efficient means that they can and we're seeing very large numbers for example in Poland as well as in Hungary, Romania, Moldova and elsewhere. It's also important to especially in a policy context and many of you know I've worked for a long time in policy. Because regional analysis helps us to challenge some of those assumptions and those generalizations about migration and we're able to see things through comparative analysis in particular really quickly as Eva mentioned. The regional dimensions can be very important in discussions and debates around governance and I'm sure this is something that Andrew will talk about. It's an area of his expertise of course. And so we produce this chapter so that people can look at the global trends but then turn to chapter three and look at those disaggregated differences and understand in more detail what is actually happening on the ground. It's particularly important of course for policymaking, looking at the differences that occur, looking at governance but also applying good practices and making sure that we're taking into account historical context while we're looking at changes and also challenges as well as policy solutions too. So let's look at some of the comparative analysis. Here we're looking at 30 years worth of international migrant stock data and immediately this three part graph that you can see the left hand side is Europe. The right hand side is Latin America and the Caribbean. And you can automatically see very quickly very substantial differences over time. This is the utility of trend analysis. We do do snapshot analysis which we'll show you in a moment, but here you can see very quickly that we have very significant differences in terms of movements of people and long term trends. Europe for example, we've got migrants to Europe that has increased tremendously over time from particular other regions, and then migrants within Europe has also increased but from a higher base level. So migration from Europe you can see that's that's pretty much plateaued it's fairly muted. On the other hand when we look at Latin America and the Caribbean very distinct and quite strong pattern of migration from Latin America and the Caribbean and automatically you learn something very quickly by just two graphs just by understanding this picture. We can also see the middle one here migrants within Latin America and the Caribbean, this quite significant escalation here in the black, and that is of course the movements from Venezuela. And that's why we've seen such a significant upswing there. So look and this is snapshot data so this isn't trend data here we sort of do snapshots looking at each region to also then kind of disaggregate by country so that you can see the top 10 or the top 20 depending on which series of of graph it is. Here we're looking at the top 20 African migrant countries, and we're looking at both immigrants. That's the blue color, as well as immigrants are those people who have left their country and gone to another country here and we can see on the left hand side it's millions and then on the right hand side is percentage of the population. And you can see there very quickly some key issues the very large countries being Egypt and Morocco in terms of immigration stand out quite significantly. But you when you look at that proportionately, of course we can see that that actually changes in terms of South Sudan so automatically, we can see something new we're learning all the time and you can see actually the changes occur from report to report as we update the data so I know that some people when they're teaching or when they're studying, they will use chapter three and look at the differences over time because we do repeat these series, especially these key series. This is a new series of course we hadn't anticipated this one when we had WMR 2022 in development. This is entirely new data of course and this is COVID-19 data here we're using the Oxford Government Response Tracker. And here we've pulled out one of the key variables that they use which is the travel restrictions at the top is the international travel controls, and at the bottom are the internal movement controls. On the left hand side is Europe on the right hand side is Asia and again you can immediately see some quite significant differences. The total border closures for example the red, quite aptly the red stayed up when actually much higher in Asia and then also has stayed for a much longer sort of period. For example, internal controls similar types of dynamics and you can see the internal controls for Asia on the bottom right hand side. They have stayed up to a much higher degree, whether that's looking at complete closures or whether we're looking at the movements between specific regions and so forth you can see that they have actually stayed quite high within an internal migration context within Asia compared to Europe. Here is another COVID graph this is drawing on the Displacement Tracking Matrix, IOMs, DTM, Mobility, Restrictions data and here it's quite a complicated graph so I would encourage you to go and read the text around it but I just again wanted to show you two different regions, Africa and Asia again and you can see the patterns are quite different. Here we're looking at what is occurring both within the region on certain measures. We've got two disaggregated measures here, travel restrictions and health related measures and we can see that they change over time and Asia looks quite different again to Africa has taken a very different approach. A lot of that is of course to do with roll out of the health related measures, the ability to be able to institute those in different contexts and you can see, for example, that we have the health related measures and the border controls taking different directions across those regions. Europe looks different again as does Northern America, Latin America and the Caribbean and so forth. We also use data to show complex issues in particular regions and here we're highlighting the refugee and asylum seeker data for the top 10 African countries. This is snapshot data as at the end of 2020, the most current data available on refugees and asylum seekers and here we can see, for example, that within the region, we have some countries who are both the origins of refugees, as well as very significant host countries of refugee populations. And of course the top ones there, South Sudan, as well as Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to some extent, Ethiopia as well. And as you look across the report from region to region, you'll see very, very different patterns very quickly. And this pattern of having countries that are both origin and host countries of refugees is quite particular to Africa, to the continent, compared to other regions. Internal displacement, of course, is affecting the majority of countries around the world. We know this from the global chapter and for those who dialed in to the global webinar, the disaster displacement is affecting the vast majority of countries around the world. So when we go then to the regional chapter and we disaggregate that data and we look at it on a regional level, we can see some very stark differences. On the left hand side we have Latin America and the Caribbean here and we're looking at both disaster and conflict internal displacement and we can see the green is disaster and the dark, it's actually quite a dark purple is conflict and we can see that within Latin America and the Caribbean, it is predominantly disaster displacement that is occurring internally within countries. But then if we look on the right hand side, we can see that for Africa, we can see conflict displacement, new internal displacements for 2020 being both disaster displacement but predominantly conflict and violence displacement occurring. So again, you can get that sense and you can look across the different regional outputs and see very, very different dynamics occurring. Asia, as you would imagine, is dominated by disaster displacement and the scale is much larger than for other regions, for example. But of course again just underscoring the increase in disaster displacement and every region being affected and the vast majority of countries around the world now being affected by disaster displacement, of course, links to environmental change and climate change as we know. International Remittances is a new data series for Chapter 3 for this particular report and we have put this in, including because of the changes that we saw in real time, many of us were tracking the International Remittances data closely during COVID because it had such a big impact. But of course we also know that it was projected to have a greater impact than it did for 2020 at least at the end of the year. So here what we have produced is we've produced regional level international remittance inflows and outflows to show the changes, especially between 2019 and 2020 and highlighting again linking it to the analysis linked to COVID-19 impacts and again, underscoring that while many countries and regions were affected by COVID-19, it was vastly different to what was initially predicted and we did see many countries and regions around the world holding up reasonably well but not all, of course. Now I haven't gone into, we've got quite a long descriptive analysis sections at the subregional level, just on the right hand side there is an appendix that provides a bit of a cheat sheet in terms of which subregions are included and how we actually put those together. We use the UN regions but as we know the UN regions are not designed for international migration at all, therefore, you know, very, very, very many issues. So, while we use the six UN regions for the data series, we take a different approach in the context of the subregional descriptive analysis because it is much more than linked to migration dynamics. So for example, we have Western Central Africa, for example, you know, North Africa we look at Central Asia quite distinctly because there are particular dynamics, migration dynamics around those subregions. We draw on a wide range of data, UN data, including IOMs data, but also country statistics as well as a range of other types of, sorry, reporting to academic research and analysis which is much more likely to be at the subregional level rather than at the global level. So we draw on a range of different studies and so forth. And we look at what's happened in the previous two years. Here are just some examples of some of the thematic sort of content or demographic. We look at gender as well. But it depends on the subregion of course. International students is a very clear one. I think everybody was affected by COVID-19. So every subregion we tried to cover COVID-19. But of course, international students is for example a key feature in some subregions but not in others. For example, we look at irregular migration, smuggling and trafficking. It is a challenge and hats off to the team for working on this and trying to keep it succinct. We know that we could write a whole report just on one region or just on one subregion. And many of our regional office colleagues do just that. But it is really important to try and bring that together to use the data, the research and the analysis to highlight some of the similarities, the complexities, but also the differences that occur in different regional settings. Probably don't need to talk about this really. But this is just a bit of a plug for the World Migration Report interactive platform. We are finding through formal feedback that we're seeking but also informal feedback that it is being used increasingly as a tool for policymakers but also for educators and researchers. And we are extending that from report to report so there are new outputs on the interactive platform for this edition including of course COVID-19 which didn't exist for the previous edition. And finally, just a mention again in terms of the languages. Many people are, especially in the publications unit, beavering away on doing the layout for the translations which are well underway and many of them are near completion. So we do all six UN languages. We're also looking at chapters being produced in German, Portuguese, Bengali and also Swahili as well, which I haven't got in there, sorry. And then we're currently fundraising too for additional support, especially for official languages for developing country contexts. Thanks, I'll leave it there. Thank you very much, Mari, for your rich presentation of the key findings of this chapter. The chapter is really extensive with a lot of information. So, you know, it's almost in and of itself a little report or a big report with, you know, it's almost 60 pages. So really, that was a quick and succinct presentation of all that information. Thank you so much. I'm now pleased to turn to our two discussants that are with us today, and they are both long standing partners in migration research and members also of IOM's Migration Research and Publishing High Level Advisors. And first out, I'm happy to introduce Dr. Linda Ocho. Linda is a renowned migration expert and the executive director of the African Migration and Development Policy Centre based in Nairobi, Kenya. And if you want to look at Linda's full biography, it's also available on the web page of our High Level Advisors Network. You can access it using the link that is going to be shared with you in the chat so you can have a look. So many thanks, Linda, for being here with us today and for the collaboration we have with you. And we really appreciate your availability to be here with us today and share your views on the World Migration Report and the specific chapter. So, Linda, please, the floor is yours. Thank you so much, Eva and Marie, and I hope you can hear me sometimes. No problem. Yes, we hear you and see you. Great. Thank you so much for inviting me for this webinar session. I really enjoyed reading this chapter but it is indeed very long but very rich in terms of data and information. If I do run over my time, please just let me know because there's a lot to unpack but I sort of the way I approached reading this chapter was to sort of look at it holistically and what's happening with migration and development in the different regions. Now, I focus a lot on migration in Africa, but it was very interesting as a researcher to see what was happening in the different regions in terms of the impact of COVID-19 and how it affected mobility as well as development in the different regions. So, there are certain common features that I actually observed from the different regions and I actually enjoyed the different figures that actually showed us the trend of the different types of migration that takes place within and into a region which gives a sort of visual of where migrants are going. But I had some observations that I saw that were common across the regions. First, obviously with the COVID-19 we saw a lot of reduced mobility across the globe and that was quite obvious in terms of internal and international migration. And we see that a lot in different areas in terms of irregular migration, we did see an altered flow of reduced migration patterns from, for example, Africa, Latin America and also to an extent Asia. We found, I mean in the report it was highlighting cases of stranded migrants which was very common, especially those who were stranded in GCC, those lots of livelihoods and jobs. And this is quite critical because it actually raised questions as to whether there were return and integration programs that were actually working at operational and how they actually supported these migrants in these situations because these are not distressed migrants but these are migrants who are economic migrants who unfortunately due to circumstances lost their livelihoods. So it raised a lot of questions about whether countries are in a position to actually facilitate the return of their own nationals. So in Dublin, for example, in our region, we saw a reduction of irregular migration through the Eastern corridor via Yemen. It was actually reduced by 73% and this was because of the border restrictions in place. But this didn't mean that it wasn't taking place, it actually increased the cost of migration, the fees that smugglers were requesting for migrants to seek pathways to these different regions. And this was not a unique to the region. I saw that in the rest of the chapter to actually see that even in North Africa and also Latin America to an extent, there were issues regarding irregular migration. Another interesting feature that I think was more common in Asia, Latin America and Africa was the internal migration, the whole urban rural migration, the reverse migration as they called it in our area. And this actually was very interesting because I think this is a phenomenon that I think many governments were not prepared for. And a lot of the smaller cities and towns did not have resources to absorb these returnies. And in particular, in Kenya it was actually interesting because there was a concern about these migrants because of this perception it altered perceptions about migrants and health. So the idea that migrants were coming from cities were a risk of actually transmitting COVID-19. So there was an issue of awareness about whether the counties or the cities or the rural areas were prepared to absorb these migrants, these internal migrants. The other aspect that I noticed also was the mass return or attempted return of many migrants in Latin America and Asia and Africa. As I mentioned earlier, there was a lot of restrictions so in most areas you had to actually find your way financially to return to your country and most of these migrants have already lost livelihoods and have no way of returning. So there was an aspect of how do we now get back to our country and be supported and then when you get back to the country you have to meet the COVID regulations of self-quarantining at your cost over 10 days. So those are some aspects that I saw that was a pattern in all regions. Another key aspect that I thought that was interesting and it was reflected in one of the slides that Marie actually highlighted was the disaster-induced displacement. And this was actually very interesting in the sense that across the globe we are having more cases of disaster-induced displacement. In Africa we don't normally see hurricanes and we were seeing them in the southern part of Africa. And we saw increased droughts, famines and floods in eastern Africa and northern Africa and other parts of Africa. But this was not unique to the region because we saw droughts, floods in China, Germany, cyclones in Vanuatu, hurricanes in Caribbean and Latin America, wildfires in Greece, France, Canada and the US had a mix of everything it seems because it's like snowstorms, hurricanes, floods, everything that was coming and it's the frequency. It has actually increased. And my first thought is that we need to pay more attention to this type of mobility because it's actually going to increase with time. We don't have resources in place to address them and resources meaning let's understand the flows, let's understand whether our policies are in place to actually address these issues and whether we actually can reduce some of the shocks, especially that the low income countries experience as a result of climate change. And the previous webinar mentioned about remittances, I won't go into detail into it, but it was very interesting to see that remittances was increasing in most regions. And this was something that I think we thought would take the hardest hit but actually it actually increased, but it also reveals something, especially in low income countries, there's a lot of dependency on remittances for one. And also, it's actually created a safety net for those households that actually have migrants outside of the country to support themselves during the time of the pandemic. But that means we need to pay attention on how we can actually facilitate these remittances and how we can actually support different groups and also create a social protection system for very vulnerable populations. I'll try not to delve into Andrew's corner, but I am a bit tempted to start that conversation of migration governance because that was an observation I noticed in different regions. The different response mechanisms and what it meant in terms of migration and how the restrictions actually made a lot of migrants reconsider or not move at all, because they could not access different countries. But the interesting country that actually brought my attention was actually Canada, which actually adopted a different plan that actually was to attract migrants within this phase of 2021 and 2023. Other countries are putting policies in place to sort of control mobility into the countries and others were exploring ways of actually facilitating legal pathways to residing and migrating to the country for employment purposes. So I thought this was interesting because it actually challenges our perceptions about migration governance. We have policies in place, we have frameworks in place, but were they sufficient during this pandemic to actually address some of the key concerns of the different migrant groups that were actually on the move. And it actually strengthened our discussions about putting measures in place and putting strong policies in place to sort of support and protect these migrants on the move. So I think I've kind of like wrapped up some of my key comments on this chapter I thought it was very useful as a researcher I felt like I got a snapshot of the global trends on migration aspects and how COVID actually impacted different aspects of it, but also the development itself it's not everything so I would encourage people to actually read the chapter and go to the specific sections but also feel free to compare with the other sections because it actually changes the perception about the different types of migration that takes place. So with that I'll end my intervention, and I'll actually pass back to Eva so thank you so much for your attention. Thank you very much Linda. Thank you for these really interesting comments and remarks. And I'm sorry that everybody now has very little time to make, we could have had a longer discussion but that's for another time. Let me really quickly turn over to our second discussant, Andrew Geddes. Andrew is a professor of migration studies at the end the director of the migration policy center at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and his expertise is on migration, and he has a vast experience that would take a long time to summarize so I'm also again referring you to the website where you can read more about also about Andrew, the link has been posted in the chat so please Andrew I'm happy to hand over to you, the floor is yours. Thanks very much Eva and thanks to Mary, it's always, for those of us who work in this field it's always a highlight of the year when the World Migration Report arrives, and this time the, I mean I read the regional chapter again, more comes out of it so I think for all the participants, the opportunity to delve into this data is really valuable and the narratives around it really informative. I'll move on to the next issue because I think high important issues have been highlighted around the pandemic. A lot of important information around climate and environment, which I think are really important developments to track. I think governance actors tend to put particularly climbers an issue to be dealt with in the future and obviously it's a really important issue now. That's something that really came out to me from reading this report. Well, I think what I was going to do is really just focus on one issue which is really what this report tells us about regions. A lot of my research is on regions, I'm at my backgrounds in political science. And obviously what this report focuses on is regions as geographical expressions. And a lot of my research on regions as expressions of government politics. But also we can think of regions socially and culturally as well. So I'm, I'm interested in what this tells about regions, I think it tells us a huge amount. And the first thing that struck me is well, migration is strongly regional. And we kind of knew that and this report shows that the regions as geographical expressions are incredibly important. So we talk about international migration, but often what we're referring to is kind of regionalised migration. And so that kind of highlights the importance of the region. I think that has important implications, what we understand by the transnational and the global. Because I think in many ways the regional point of reference is so important and this also made me think about some work we've done here at the European University Institute on, well, human behaviour more generally. So we've done work which is looked at refugees on asylum seekers, migration, also on student mobility remittances. But you can add to that also data on tourism, online friendships through social media and also international phone calls. And what you see through this kind of data is linked to a project we've got called the Global Mobility Project. Some of my colleagues have been developing this and what they show is that human behaviour itself is also strongly regionalised. And so these data sets that have been developed by, not by me and myself, but by some of my colleagues are incredibly useful in showing this kind of regionalisation of human behaviour. So as I say for refugees asylum seekers, but also student mobility remittances, Facebook friendships, phone calls, tourism. So the regional dimension seems really significant and as many as we look at some of the data, we can see what came through from some of the data was the importance of kind of this inter regional circulation. Although of course one of the issues is what we mean by a region that this report is very focused on macro regions. And obviously what we have are a lot of the organisation regions is sub regional. And in terms of what this mean when I thought about three things that struck me which maybe just our points for further discussion because it seems to me that regions themselves are very significant as a locus fraction. Although they are very diverse. So when we scratch the surface of these regions we see very different forms of regional flow, we know what we're called regional flows occur but also regional organisation. And so that seems to me to be an important point in the discussion of regionalism is their diversity. The second thing that came out to me from this and as a point for discussion is the way that regions in a way mediate between the national and the global. So we're one of the things that I am is very associated with this important developments around migration mobility, then why more widely in the UN system around refugees. It seems to me that regions are absolutely fundamental to global norms and standards and the variation at regional level is probably likely to be an important predictor of adherence to global norms and standards then cooperation so it seems to me that that mediation role. And a third thing as well which it seems to me is that regions themselves can be very active producers of norms and standards so across all the regions that you focus on our regional organisations producing very important norms and standards around migration, which can be applied or do apply typically to smaller groups of states that can be hugely influential and sometimes because the proximity of the participants. There's kind of maybe greater chance of adherence to those norms and standards because of association through sub regional organisations and proximity to countries that are close to each other working with each other, not always of course but obviously the proximity can be a driver of a sense of interdependence. So what what this seems to me to me and I suppose just to wrap up this brief comment is that when we talk about the global and the transnational and the international. Their accounts with the regional that's actually really important. So we're thinking about responding to the issues challenges of this chapter shows out I'm very interested in the extent to which global norms and standards may actually be regionalised. So as they take effect and have power and resonance is because of the way that they may be a consistent with regional norms and standards. And I think that that's something that came out to me from this I suppose it's an issue that occurs is more of a general question is not necessarily something I've got an answer to. But the more I read this kind of analysis the more it seems to me that the regions are going to be so crucial to any kind of to the adaptation of global norms and standards it seems to me they're more like global norms and standards more likely to be regionalised and the regions are to be globalised. So I'll leave it there thanks once again for the opportunity to contribute to this thank you. Sorry, I forgot to unmute. Thank you very much, Andrew for these really interesting remarks and there are also so many questions there that we could spend a lot of time discussing, especially your last question there. But I'm mindful of time and actually we we don't ask of yet have a lot of questions in the chat maybe somebody will get going now, putting more questions in, but I'll be happy to actually hand back over to Mari to see if you would like to raise a couple of any questions to Linda and and Andrew from their presentation while we're also waiting for possible any question that might come in in the chat. And I'll pick up on something that that both Linda and Andrew pointed to but in quite different ways. And that is how important of course you know the regional dynamics are, but how they are spread right the way through the report as well so the global overview is really just the the introduction, I suppose it's the one that is used, you know by the media, most we get her, you know media reach on that one it's used to introduce the topic of international migration but for those people who are kind of working in the space, the practitioners the researchers, people who are studying international migration the policymakers, they do tend to look at the regional chapter, and we're, you know, doing research on how people use the report so that we can extend its utility and design new tools and tools and things, as well as you know update the content so any feedback on the content is also very useful for us as well. But what we find is that the regional chapter is very very critical for people who are actually working in the space and need to have sort of like but it then threads right the way through the thematic chapters so Andrew when you were talking about, you know, it's not really about the globalization it's more about, you know, really we're talking about the regionalization of governance in terms of international migration. Linda and I had a great time working on one of the thematic chapters for the current reports which we will do a webinar on a bit later is called we call it the step ladder chapter but it really looks at the global data in terms of how people are moving and and challenges the whole idea of the mobility transitions or hump migration kind of theory and we look at echo us free movement arrangements and shangan to see if there is an impact in terms of those regional policy setting that people are able to access and there is we find it both in terms of low HDI countries in echo us as well as in very high human development index HDI countries in the shangan arrangement. So it's an important but it's also features in the chapter that Celine led on on trafficking, the regional dimensions are very important. It's in the one Adrian led on the HDP and all the, you know, the global peace development connections in terms of humanitarian peace development nexus chapter for example, it is so important right the way through the entire report that it is I guess distilled is that we look back at the previous thematic areas and the thematic chapters and try and incorporate them into the regional chapter which is a bit of a challenge and it does end up being quite long because it is such a strong and important factor in terms of both governance and migration patterns and processes. It is the starting point we would very much welcome feedback. We're always trying to improve the contributions that we make as a team as an organization. So we're really looking forward to to feedback from a whole host of people feel free to contact us and and share your your how you use it what you would like to say we're most interested. Thanks. Thank you very much Mari and I'd be happy to also turn to Linda and Andrew if you would like if you have any question or comment on each other's reflections would also be of course of interest or something that you might have wanted to to raise but didn't have time to do you have, you know, to two minutes each before we go to the closing maybe Linda would you like to go first. I was just actually trying to look at my notes to see if I've actually missed out on anything. I think the interesting aspect that I don't know if I mentioned it I think it was the gendered nature of migration I was seeing aspects of it being raised in different countries and it's always within the regular migration patterns and the protection issues associated with the migration. I think that's something that I going forward I would like to see a little bit more on it in terms of different, maybe looking at it from the gut because now with COVID it has revealed other aspects that we need to take into consideration regionally nationally how our country is actually addressing this gendered aspect of migration. And I think going forward the next series would actually provide a different picture what an altered picture of what type of migration is taking place. So I think that's the only point that I felt that was pending from my extensive notes that I had, but it would be great to see if that's something that you can elaborate on or maybe even have something. Thank you very much Linda. Would you like to add something Andrew? Yeah, I would. I suppose it's beyond the scope of the report but it's something that occurs as I read it and it may not be something that you'd want to necessarily include in the report but one of the things I'm very interested in is about research and backgrounds of political scientists is the way that if we look across many of the world's major destination countries, globalization, regionalization, I mean also maybe cosmopolitanism are contested in domestic politics and these trends are very different across the world but obviously what we have seen and we're very interested in seeing how these trends evolve in the future is some kind of increased contestation of globalization and I think regionalism as part of that so we've seen in Europe, we saw in North America in the major destination countries where immigration became a very highly salient issue connected also to forms of governance beyond state, regions, the global, these kind of things and I think it does connect with some of the themes that you have been addressing this work around or kind of disinformation as well and kind of the general political climate in which migration is discussed and the kind of destabilizing components of that and I think that certainly in Europe and I think in the United States as well, there's evidence of kind of dividing lines in politics around the national and the international it's more difficult to I suppose to accommodate that but I think there are some very interesting aspects in the report that touch upon this and certainly something I think is quite relevant but very interesting to say one of the effects of the pandemic has been to take some of the heat out of the migration issue because of obviously other concerns and obviously now you know with the situation in Ukraine and obviously displaced in other parts of the world as well, I think there's some really interesting political developments that could you know in terms of the salience of migration that could also have regional ramifications as well so kind of disconnected a bit there sorry about that but there were things on my mind I'm not sure they've all connected any coherent way but yeah the report makes you think and those are some of the things it made me think, thanks. Thank you very much Andrew for that and I'm happy to hear that. And we've taken note both of Linda's and Andrew's suggestions also for upcoming reports which of course is being planned by Mari and her team already now. So, with that, I will just want to say thank you very much to our participants to Mari, Andrew and Linda for taking the time of joining us. We really sincerely appreciate your participation in this and before we close I just like to say that if you haven't done it yet, let me invite you to go through chapter three of the report. And also, please have a look at the WMR interactive webpage because it's really, really worth a visit. And I just want to also put a very short plug for upcoming events that we are doing when we are launching the World Migration Interactive Educators Toolkit, which provides resources for educators that teach about migration, migrants, human geography, and so on. And it of course builds on the World Migration Reports series. It will take place on the 30th of March and we have Michael Clements and Alejandro Moreno Savala who will be part of that as also as discussant. And you will be able to see in the chat a flyer for this event. And the next event in this series, the World Migration Report webinar series will take place on the 12th of April. So, please join us. I'm looking very much forward to seeing you all again at our next events. And thanks to everybody very much for participating today. Thank you and bye.