 In a review updating the evidence on human exposure and toxicity of pesticides, the body of evidence linking pesticide exposure and cancer is said to be so huge that the role of pesticides in cancer development can no longer be doubted. But most of the evidence that shows DNA damage from pesticides is from occupational exposure among farmers and workers in the fields, the pesticide industry itself, where those living in high-spray areas. There is evidence linking non-occupational exposure to pesticides to DNA damage, in this case single and double-stranded DNA fragmentation in sperm of men with higher levels of pesticides flowing through their bodies. But that was in China, where the average pesticide concentration is as much as four times higher than in some other parts of the world. Another way pesticides could potentially facilitate tumor growth is to adverse effects on anti-cancer immunity, NK cells, natural killer cells are a body's first line of white blood cell defense against cancer cells and virus-infected cells. And pesticides have been shown to induce harmful effects on these defender cells, reducing their ability to kill off tumor cells. For example, if you put a bunch of natural killer cells in a Petri dish, along with human leukemia cells without any pesticide, your natural killer cells can clean house and wipe out more than half of the cancer. But if you drip a tiny bit of pesticide on it, your NK cells are so disabled that the cancer wins the day. OK, but how much pesticide are we talking? The researchers used the maximum level found in those actively spraying pesticides. Most of us, however, privileged enough not to be forced into such a job. So what about looking at just the residual pesticides left on conventional produce? Is choosing organic for cancer prevention worth the investment? In the United States, more than 90% of the population has detectable pesticides in their urine and blood, regardless of where they work or live. And we know it's from the food we eat, because crossover trials where people are switched between consuming conventionally grown and organic foods show you can turn on and off urinary concentrations of pesticide metabolites like a light switch. But that doesn't necessarily mean the pesticides are harming you. The health consequences of consuming pesticide residues from conventionally grown foods remain unknown. But a recent study did find that those who self-reported the highest frequency of organic food consumption had about a 25% lower risk of getting cancer. And here it is. The first of its kind to evaluate the association between frequency of organic food consumption and cancer risk, controlling for a wide array of other factors. Doesn't it matter that organic consumers are younger? The researchers controlled for that. And still found significantly lower cancer risk. OK, but maybe organic consumers get less cancer because they're more affluent or more highly educated or skinny or exercise more or eat less meat or smoke less. Nope, they controlled for all that. And still found significantly lower cancer risk in organic consumers. Maybe their diets were different in other ways, though more fruits and vegetables overall or less junk food? Nope, they still found significantly lower cancer risk. They concluded, our results indicate that higher organic food consumption is indeed associated with a reduction in the risk of overall cancer. This is the most sophisticated study of its type to date, but there was an earlier study that was even bigger, and little evidence was found for a decrease in the incidence of all cancers, except for perhaps one kind of blood cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, here are the data. No difference in cancer overall between those who never choose organic or those who usually or always do, with the only significant findings at a lower risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an increased risk of breast cancer. Is it possible that women who choose organic food are more conscientious about getting screened for breast cancer, and that explains the higher diagnosis rate? We really don't know. Of course, what we care about the most is not just cancer, but so-called all-cause mortality, the risk of dying prematurely, period, and higher blood levels of a pesticide known as beta-hexaclorocyclohexane are associated with living a significantly shorter life. How do we cut down on our levels? Well, there was a study done way back when that found that the breast milk of a vegetarian mother was found to have less beta-hexaclorocyclohexane than the milk of her sister, who was also breastfeeding at the time, but included meat in her diet. The vegetarian sister apparently had levels of that pesticide that were lower by about a third compared with her omnivorous sibling. No surprise, since this class of chlorinated pesticides are fat-soluble, so they're found most frequently in foods of animal origin. A more recent study failed to look at beta-hexaclorocyclohexane, but they did find that chlorinated PCBs were associated with increased mortality risk. And again, the toxins were found in the same kinds of food— dairy products, eggs, and animal fats. So no surprise the blood of those eating vegan was found to be significantly less polluted than omnivores, regarding a whole series of PCBs, including those found in the study to be associated with increased mortality. But the vegans did not have lower levels of beta-hexaclorocyclohexane. The bottom line is that if you're worried about the adverse health effects of pesticides and pesticide-type compounds, you may want to lower your intake of animal products. But when it comes to fruits and vegetables, the benefits of consuming conventionally grown produce are likely to outweigh any possible risk from pesticide exposure. So concerns over pesticide risk should not discourage us from stuffing our faces with as many fruits and vegetables as possible. That would give us a huge health benefit, whereas the potential lifelong damage of any pesticides on those same fruits and veggies has been estimated to only cut up a few minutes off a person's life on average, which is nothing compared to the nutritional benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables.